This document defines key vocabulary terms used to identify minerals, including appearance, hardness as measured by the Mohs scale, luster which can be metallic or non-metallic with five sub-categories, streak which is the color of a mineral's powder, cleavage along a smooth surface or fracture with an uneven surface, and other unique properties of minerals.
Rocks and Minerals
A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic compound with a unique chemical structure and physical properties.
A rock is a solid, stony mass composed of a combination of minerals or other organic compounds.
For example, quartz and feldspars are minerals, but when formed together, they make a rock, granite”
To determine if an Earth rock is a mineral, it should exhibit the following characteristics
Naturally occurring
Inorganic
Can be represented by a chemical formula
Crystalline structure
Solid
Most minerals form by inorganic processes but some, identical in all respects to inorganically formed minerals, are produced by organic processes
Transparency describes how well light passes through a mineral sample
There are three degrees of transparency: transparent, translucent, and opaque.
Habit of a mineral may be define as the size and shape of the crystal, and the structure of form shown by the crystal.
1. Accicular minerals showing needle like crystal. E.g. natrolite
2. Fibrous minerals showing an aggregate of long thin fibers. E.g. Asbestos
3. Tabular minerals showing bladed habit occur as small knife blades. E.g. Kyanite
4. Granular minerals which occur as aggregate of equidimensional grains. E.g. chromites
5. Pisolitic minerals which occur as aggregate of rounded grains of a pea size. E.g. oolite
6. Columnar minerals showing columnar crystal. E.g. tourmaline
Minerals strength determines how easy the mineral breaks or deforms when exposed to stress.
Reaction with Acid. Some minerals, especially carbonate minerals, react visibly with acid. (Usually, a dilute hydrochloric acid [HCl] is used.)
When a drop of dilute hydrochloric acid is placed on calcite, it readily bubbles or effervesces, releasing carbon dioxide
Minerals' physical properties that distinguish every mineral including:
Color
Streak
Hardness
Cleavage
Fracture
Crystalline Structure
Luster
Others
and how to make difference between two minerals
Rocks and Minerals
A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic compound with a unique chemical structure and physical properties.
A rock is a solid, stony mass composed of a combination of minerals or other organic compounds.
For example, quartz and feldspars are minerals, but when formed together, they make a rock, granite”
To determine if an Earth rock is a mineral, it should exhibit the following characteristics
Naturally occurring
Inorganic
Can be represented by a chemical formula
Crystalline structure
Solid
Most minerals form by inorganic processes but some, identical in all respects to inorganically formed minerals, are produced by organic processes
Transparency describes how well light passes through a mineral sample
There are three degrees of transparency: transparent, translucent, and opaque.
Habit of a mineral may be define as the size and shape of the crystal, and the structure of form shown by the crystal.
1. Accicular minerals showing needle like crystal. E.g. natrolite
2. Fibrous minerals showing an aggregate of long thin fibers. E.g. Asbestos
3. Tabular minerals showing bladed habit occur as small knife blades. E.g. Kyanite
4. Granular minerals which occur as aggregate of equidimensional grains. E.g. chromites
5. Pisolitic minerals which occur as aggregate of rounded grains of a pea size. E.g. oolite
6. Columnar minerals showing columnar crystal. E.g. tourmaline
Minerals strength determines how easy the mineral breaks or deforms when exposed to stress.
Reaction with Acid. Some minerals, especially carbonate minerals, react visibly with acid. (Usually, a dilute hydrochloric acid [HCl] is used.)
When a drop of dilute hydrochloric acid is placed on calcite, it readily bubbles or effervesces, releasing carbon dioxide
Minerals' physical properties that distinguish every mineral including:
Color
Streak
Hardness
Cleavage
Fracture
Crystalline Structure
Luster
Others
and how to make difference between two minerals
PHYSICAL GEOLOGY Minerals Chapter 3 1 Not count.docxmattjtoni51554
PHYSICAL GEOLOGY Minerals
Chapter 3 1
Not counting elements and sub-atomic particles minerals are the
basic building block for the majority of earthen materials. Minerals
are the major constituent of nearly all rocks. Combinations of
minerals (mineral assemblages) in rocks can give insight into the
formation and possible alteration of the rocks in question.
Identification of minerals is a process of interpreting the
physical and other properties of the mineral. In this laboratory
assignment you will become familiar with many of the properties of
minerals and how to test these properties. Finally by utilizing this
data and identification charts you will be able to determine the
mineral species.
Mineral: Naturally occurring, inorganic, homogenous,
solid, element or compound with a characteristic chemical
composition and definite crystalline structure.
Properties
Color: The color of the mineral. Color is not the best
property to use to identify minerals. Many minerals occur in multiple
colors, impurities in the chemical composition may alter the color.
Many different minerals occur in the same colors.
Luster: The way in which light is reflected off the minerals
surface.
Metallic – reflects light like a polished metal (such as
gold, silver, lead, bronze, and iron)
Submetallic – reflects light like a corroded metal (such
as cast iron or rust)
Vitreous – reflects light like glass (might not be
transparent)
Adamantine – reflects light like a diamond
Resinous – reflects light like amber
Pearly – reflects light like mother-of-pearl
Satiny – reflects light like satin or silt cloth, more
reflective in one direction
Greasy/oily - reflects light like an oil coated substance
Waxy - reflects light like a candle or a crayon
Dull/earthy – reflects light like dirt or rust
Streak Color: The color of the mineral when powdered.
Minerals softer than a Mohs hardness of seven can be powdered by
rubbing the sample on an unglazed porcelain plate. Minerals with a
hardness seven or higher must be crushed.
Cleavage: The tendency of some minerals to break along
parallel planar surfaces (parting: pseudo cleavage).
Habit: The form (shape) the mineral will grow if
unimpeded.
Acicular – needle like
Bladed - like a knife blade
Equant – roughly box-like or ball like e.g. cubic,
octahedral
Mammillary – rounded masses
Micaceous – thin sheets
Oolitic – small spheres (~1-3mm)
Prismatic – elongated with opposite parallel
faces
Tabular – flat, plate-like
Hardness: The minerals resistance to being scratched. In
1812 Friedrich Mohs created a scale using ten common rock forming
mineral to compare the differing hardnesses of all minerals. Starting
at the softest and proceeding to the hardest. 1. talc 2. gypsum 3.
calcite 4. fluorite 5. apatite 6. feldspars 7. quartz 8. topaz 9.
corundum 10. diamond. Besides Mohs’ minerals; there.
Mineral is a naturally occurring substance, representable by a chemical formula, that is usually solid and inorganic, and has a crystal structure. It is different from a rock, which can be an aggregate of minerals or non-minerals and does not have a specific chemical composition.
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Introduction to Minerals
Minerals, by definition, are naturally occurring “inorganic” (Not containing any organic) substances, often characterized by a precise crystal structure. Its “chemical structure” (The atomic arrangement of a substance) can be exact or can vary within a range. “Native elements” (Group of minerals with a molecular structure of only one element; examples are Copper, Sulfur, and Diamond). that occur in nature are also considered minerals.
Minerals are economic goods. They are mined for the valuable elements they contain or the need for unique properties. Other minerals are mined for their beauty and rarity, giving many specimens world-recognized value and new ones are being discovered all the time. Little known to professional mineral collectors, they are rare, have no commercial purpose, and almost never make good specimens.
Characteristic Properties of Minerals:
Minerals can be identified by various physical and chemical properties. It is important to understand that minerals are typically identified by a variety of properties.
There is no single characteristic that can diagnose all minerals. Common diagnostic features include:
Color
Streak
Luster
Hardness
Other properties that can be used for mineral diagnostics include:
Crystal form
Cleavage
Fracture
Smell
Taste and many more
Color:
Color seems like a simple property, but identifying minerals by color alone can be dangerous. Most minerals can exhibit a wide range of colors due to small amounts of impurities, like these quartz examples. Another example: Ruby and sapphire are the same mineral, corundum, and come in a variety of colors. Therefore, color alone is not very diagnostic.
Img
Streak
Mineral Streak is the color of powdered minerals on streak slabs (unglazed porcelain tiles). This property is useful for diagnosis of a small number of minerals (usually those with a metallic sheen). Although the mineral colors vary, the stripe colors are remarkably consistent.
Luster
Luster describes the way a mineral surface reflects light. There are many types of glosses, but the most common are
• Metallic
• Nonmetallic
• glassy
• brilliant
• dull
Hardness:
Hardness is a mineral's ability to withstand scratches.
The Mohs Hardness Scale is a unit less 10-point scale of where each hardness value is represented by a common mineral.
The Mohs hardness scale is not linear! hardness can be directly related to bond strength – hardness is the representation of the weakest bond. Compare the hardness of graphite (H=1) and diamond (H=10). They have the same chemical composition but different bonds/structures
Crystal Form
Some minerals that grow without being impeded by their environment develop characteristic crystal shapes or crystal form that represents symmetry in the crystal structure. Crystalline form may be a diagnostic characteristic of some minerals
The internal structure of quartz is six-sided symmetrical (hexagonal). As a result, quartz
crystals generall
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