This document discusses mind reading computers. It begins by explaining that people express mental states through facial expressions and gestures, which computers currently do not understand. It then defines mind reading as attributing mental states to others based on their behavior. The document outlines several ways mind reading computers could work, such as using cameras and software to analyze facial expressions and infer mental states. It discusses potential advantages like helping disabled people control wheelchairs through thought and monitoring human interactions. However, it also notes disadvantages like privacy and prediction concerns if brain activity could be used to determine future behaviors. In conclusion, researchers are working to allow computers to respond to brain activity by having users wear headbands that can read parts of the brain during tasks.

1. MIND READING
COMPUTER
Presented By,
Abhishek Srivastava

2. CONTENTS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
IntroductIon
What Is MInd readIng?
Why MInd readIng?
hoW does It Work?
advantages and uses
dIsadvantages and probleMs
conclusIon

3. INTRODUCTION:
 People express their mental states including thoughts
and desire, all the time through facial expressions, vocal
nuances and gestures. This is true even when they are
interacting with machines.
 The ability to attribute mental states to others from
their behaviour and to use that knowledge to guide our
own actions and predict those of others is known as
theory of mind or Mind Reading.
 Existing human-computer interfaces are mind-blind,
oblivious to the user’s mental states and intentions.
 Even they do not take the initiative, like the now
retired Microsoft Paperclip, they are often misguided
and irrelevant and simply frustrate the user.

4. WHAT IS MIND READING?
 Drawing inspiration from psychology, computer vision and
machine learning has developed mind reading machine
computers.
 Using a digital video camera, the mindreading computer
system analyses a person’s facial expressions in real time
and infers that person’s underlying mental state.
 Prior knowledge of how particular mental states are
expressed in the face is combined with analysis of facial
expressions and head gestures occurring in real time.
 Software from Nevenvision identifies 24 feature points on
the face and tracks them in real time.
 The relationship between observable head and facial
displays and the corresponding hidden mental states over
time is modeled using Dynamic Bayesian Networks.

5. WHY MIND READING?
 The Mind Reading computer system presents
information about mental state as easily as a
keyboard and mouse present text and commands.
 Current projects in Cambridge are considering
further inputs such as body postures and gestures to
improve the inference.
 We are also looking at the use of mind reading to
support on-line shopping and learning systems.

6. The mind reading computer system may also be
used to monitor and suggest improvements in human –
human interaction.
 The Affective Computing Group at the MIT media
laboratory is developing an emotional-social
intelligence prosthesis that explores new technologies
to augment and improve people’s social interactions
and communication skills.
 To implement this system in cars, to detect driver’s
mental states such as drowsiness, distraction and
anger.

7. HOW DOES IT WORKS?
Futuristic Head Band:
 The mind reading actually involves measuring the
volume and oxygen level of the blood around the
subject’s brain using technology called functional nearinfrared spectroscopy (fNIRS).
 The user wears a futuristic head band that sends light
in that spectrum into the tissues of the head where it is
absorbed by active, blood filled tissues.

8. Futuristic Headband

9. HOW DOES IT WORKS?

10.  The results are often compared to an MRI, but can
be gathered with lightweight, non-invasive
equipment.
 Wearing the fNIRS sensor, experimental subjects
were asked to count the number of squares on a
rotating onscreen cube and to perform other tasks.
 Measuring mental workload, frustration and
distraction is typically limited to qualitatively
observing computer users.
 Preliminary results show that using buttonized
sensors.
 Biological signals arise when reading or
speaking to oneself with or without actual lip or
facial movement.

11. ADVANTAGES AND USES:
MIND CONTROLLED WHEEL CHAIR
 This prototype mind reading wheel chair developed
from the University of Electro communications in
Japan.
 A little from the Brain-Computer Typing machine,
this thing works by mapping brain waves when you
think about moving left, right, forward or back and
then assigns that to a wheelchair.
 The system could send command to rovers on other
planets, help injured astronauts control machines, or
aid disabled people.

12. DISADVANTAGES AND PROBLEMS:
TAPPING BRAINS FOR FUTURE CRIMES
 Using computer algorithms and functional magnetic
resonance imaging (fMRI), the scientists were able to
determine with 70percent accuracy.
 Individual brain differs, so scientists need to study a
subject's pattern before they can train a computer to identify
those patterns or make predictions.
 In Dec 19,2006 the issue of The Economist, an article
questioned the scientific validity of the notion of free will:
Individual with particular congenital genetic characteristics
are predisposed, if not predestined, to violence.
 Max Planck Institute, neuroscience and bioscience are not
at a point where we can reliably predict human behaviour.

13. DISADVANTAGES AND PROBLEMS:
 Nor is society deal with the ethical and practical
problems posed by a system that classifies and
categorises people based on oxygen flow, genetics
and environmental factors that are correlated as
much as poverty as with future criminality.
 In time, neuroscience may produce reliable
behaviour predictions. But until then, we should
take the lessons of science fiction to heart when
deciding how to use new predictive techniques.

14. CONCLUSION:
Tufts university researches have begun a 3
year research project which, if successful, will allow
computers to respond to the brain activity of the
computer’s users.
Users wear a futuristic looking headbands to
shine light on their foreheads and then performs a
series of increasingly difficult tasks while the
device reads what parts of the brain are absorbing
the light. That info is then transferred to the
computer and from there the computer can adjust
it’s interface and functions to each individual.

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