Mind reading machines use techniques from psychology, computer vision, and machine learning to analyze facial expressions and infer mental states. By tracking over 20 facial feature points in real-time, these systems can identify emotions like anger, fear, happiness and more. Researchers are working to expand these systems to incorporate other inputs like body language. Potential applications include monitoring driver alertness, helping paralyzed people control devices, and communicating with patients in comas. However, some experts warn that fully developed mind reading could enable future crimes if used by malicious actors or compromise privacy and security.
The team in the Computer Laboratory at the University of Cambridge has developed mind reading computers that implement a computational model of mind reading to infer mental states of people from their facial signals.
Using a digital video camera, the mind reading computer system analyzes a person’s underlying mental state, such as whether he/she is agreeing or disagreeing, interested or bored, thinking or confused.
The team in the Computer Laboratory at the University of Cambridge has developed mind reading computers that implement a computational model of mind reading to infer mental states of people from their facial signals.
Using a digital video camera, the mind reading computer system analyzes a person’s underlying mental state, such as whether he/she is agreeing or disagreeing, interested or bored, thinking or confused.
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Introduction:Simple way of Mind Reading is by just seeing and understanding the facial expressions. Example a smile can give the expression of happiness. Now a days it is possible that a computer can understand what the person is thinking about.
People express their mental states, including emotions, thoughts and desires, all the time through facial expressions, and gestures. Our mental states shape the decisions that we make, govern how we communicate with others, and affect our performance. Some equipments are used to gather data & then analyzed to use those data for further predictions of mind-This is known as theory of Mind Reading.
A computer can, in a very real sense, read human minds. Although the dot's gyrations are directed by a computer, the machine was only carrying out the orders of the test subject.
The computer mind-reading technique is far more than a laboratory stunt. Though computers can solve extraordinarily complex problems with incredible speed, the information they digest is fed to them by such slow, cumbersome tools as typewriter keyboards or punched tapes.
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Introduction:Simple way of Mind Reading is by just seeing and understanding the facial expressions. Example a smile can give the expression of happiness. Now a days it is possible that a computer can understand what the person is thinking about.
People express their mental states, including emotions, thoughts and desires, all the time through facial expressions, and gestures. Our mental states shape the decisions that we make, govern how we communicate with others, and affect our performance. Some equipments are used to gather data & then analyzed to use those data for further predictions of mind-This is known as theory of Mind Reading.
A computer can, in a very real sense, read human minds. Although the dot's gyrations are directed by a computer, the machine was only carrying out the orders of the test subject.
The computer mind-reading technique is far more than a laboratory stunt. Though computers can solve extraordinarily complex problems with incredible speed, the information they digest is fed to them by such slow, cumbersome tools as typewriter keyboards or punched tapes.
Blue brain enables humans to give new dimensions to science and technology and make enormous development in making the best possible enlightenment to the present scenario.the details can be seen by going though the power point presentation
The Blue Brain Project is the first attempt to reverse-engineer the brain of
mammalian, so that simulations of the function of brain can be understood. BLUE BRAIN is the
name of the world's first virtual brain, which is a machine that can function as human brain.
Today, scientists are attempting to create an artificial brain that can think, respond, take decision,
and store anything in memory as like humans do. The primary goal of this project is to preserve
the knowledge, intelligence, personalities, feelings and memories of a person that can be used for
the development of the human society.
Imagine a day when you will be able to transfer your memories onto a computer. A day when you will have a ‘backup’ of everything that is stored in your head right now.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
2. INTRODUCTION
• People express their mental states, including emotions, thoughts and desires, all
the time through facial expressions, vocal nuances and gestures. This is true when
they are interacting with machines.
• Mind reading machine is co-ordination of human psychology and computer
techniques.
• Some equipment are used to gather data & then analysed. To use those data for
further prediction of mind is known as theory of mind reading.
3. • Mind reading is a technique to read the mind state of other person. This can be
done by getting the facial expressions and seeing his activity.
• “The ability to attribute mental states to others from their behaviour and to use that
knowledge to guide our own actions and predict those of others is known as theory
of mind or Mind Reading.”
4.
5. What is Mind reading?
• Drawing inspiration from psychology, computer vision and machine learning has
developed mind reading machine computers.
• Using a digital video camera, the mindreading computer system analyzes a
person’s facial expressions in real time and infers that person’s underlying mental
state.
• Prior knowledge of how particular mental states are expressed in the face is
combined with analysis of facial expressions and head gestures occurring in real-
time , its very use full for future.
6. • Software from Nevenvision identifies 24 feature points on the face and tracks
them in real time.
• The relationship between observable head and facial displays and the
corresponding hidden mental states over time is modelled using Dynamic
Bayesian Networks.
• This mainly uses LDA, k-NN, SVM, Decision Tree Algorithm.
7. Why Mind Reading?
• The Mind Reading computer system presents information about mental state easily.
• Projects in Cambridge are considering further inputs such as body postures and gestures
to improve the inference.
• The mind reading computer system also be used to monitor and suggest improvements in
human to human interaction.
• MIT (Massachusettus Institute of Technology) media laboratory at Cambridge, US, is
developing an emotional-social intelligence prosthesis which makes mind reading useful
to improve communication skills and social interactions.
8. • To implement this system in cars,
to detect driver’s mental states
such as drowsiness, distraction and
anger.
9. How does it works?
Futuristic Head Band:
• The mind reading actually involves measuring the volume and oxygen level of the
blood around the subject’s brain using technology called functional Near-Infrared
Spectroscopy (fNIRS).
• The user wears a futuristic head band that sends light in that spectrum into the
tissues of the head where it is absorbed by active, blood filled tissues.
10. • The Headband then
measures how much light
was not absorbed, letting
the computer gauge the
metabolic demands that the
brain is making.
11.
12. • The results are often
compared to an MRI,
but can be gathered
with lightweight, non-
invasive equipment.
13. Web Search
• For the first test of the sensors, scientists trained the software program to
recognize six words - including "go", "left" and "right" - and 10 numbers.
• Participants hooked up to the sensors silently said the words to themselves
and the software correctly picked up the signals 92 per cent of the time.
• Then researchers put the letters of the alphabet in to a matrix with each
column and row labeled with a single digit number.
14. • In that way, each letter was
represented by a unique pair of
number co-ordinates. These were
used to silently spell "NASA" into a
web search engine using the
program.
• “This proved we could browse the
web without touching a keyboard”.
15. Techniques
• Facial effect detection:
It is done using hidden Markov Model, Neural
Network processing or active appearance
model.
• Emotional Classification:
Classification by Paul Ekman Anger, Fear,
Happiness,Disgust ,Sadness, Surprise.
16. • Facial Electromyography
It is used to measure the electrical activity
of the facial muscles. Muscles used are
“corrugator supercilii muscle” and others.
• Galvanic Skin Response
It is a measure of skin conductivity, which
is dependent on how moist the skin is.
• Blood Volume Pulse
It is measured by a process called
photoplethysmography. It produces a graph
indicating blood flow through the
extremities.
17. Applications
• Mind-reading computers could 'save your life’
• Facial recognition.
• Control robots by brain power
• The mind-reading computer that could communicate with coma patients
18. Mind-reading computers could 'save your life’
• Devices allowing people to write letters or play pinball using just the
power of their brains have become a major draw at the world’s biggest
high-tech fair.
• Scientists are researching ways to monitor motorist’s brain waves to
improve reaction times in a crash.
19. The mind-reading computer that could
communicate with coma patients:
• Canadian researchers have developing a mind-reading computer that
could help communicate with people in a coma.
• The University of Western Ontario researchers used neuroimaging to
read human thoughts via brain activity when they are conveying
specific ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answers.
20. Advantages
• Can read minds
• Help paralytic patients
• Help Handicapped people
• Help Comma patients
• Help people who cant speak
• Can be used for military purposes & sting operations
• Can be combined with consoles & used for mind gaming, robotics & stuff.
• Eliminate the capability to lie.
21. Disadvantages
• Tapping Brains for Future Crimes
• Can extract, through an individual, an important, secure & confidential
information of individual, state or even a country
• If developed or used by sinners, can be highly dangerous
22. This prototype mind-controlled
wheelchair developed from the
University of Electro-Communications
in Japan lets you feel like half
Professor X and half Stephen
Hawking—except with the theoretical
physics skills of the former and the
telekinetic skills of the latter.
23. A little different from the Brain-Computer Typing machine, this thing
works by mapping brain waves when you think about moving left,
right, forward or back, and then assigns that to a wheelchair command
of actually moving left, right, forward or back.
24. Conclusion
• Tufts University researchers have begun a three-year research project which, if
successful, will allow computers to respond to the brain activity of the computer's
user.
• Users wear futuristic-looking headbands to shine light on their foreheads, and then
perform a series of increasingly difficult tasks while the device reads what parts of
the brain are absorbing the light. That info is then transferred to the computer, and
from there the computer can adjust it's interface and functions to each individual.
