The document discusses the development of mind reading computers. It describes how these computers use techniques like facial expression analysis and functional near-infrared spectroscopy to infer a person's mental states. The technology has potential applications in helping paralyzed people communicate, assisting those in comas, and aiding the disabled. However, concerns exist around privacy breaches and the risk of the technology being misused if it could accurately predict human behavior.

1. MIND READING COMPUTER
Presented By,
Anjali Agarwal

2. CONTENTS
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


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Introduction
What is Mind Reading?
Why Mind Reading?
How does it Work?
Application
Advantages and uses
Disadvantages and Problems
Conclusion
Reference

3. INTRODUCTION

People express their mental states, including
emotions, thoughts and desires, all the time through
facial expressions, vocal nuances and gestures. This
is true when they are interacting with machines

Mind reading machine is co-ordination of human
psychology and computer techniques.

Some equipment are used to gather data & then
analyzed. To use those data for further prediction of
mind is known as theory of mind reading.

4. 


The ability to attribute mental states to others from
their behavior and to use that knowledge to guide
our own actions and predict those of others is known
as theory of mind or Mind Reading.
Existing human-computer interfaces are mindblind, oblivious to the user’s mental states and
intentions.
Even they do not take the initiative, like the now
retired Microsoft Paperclip, they are often
misguided and irrelevant and simply frustrate the
user.

5. WHAT IS MIND READING?
WHAT IS MINREADING?

Drawing inspiration from psychology, computer
vision and machine learning has developed mind
reading machine computers.

Using a digital video camera, the mindreading
computer system analyzes a person’s facial
expressions in real time and infers that person’s
underlying mental state.

Prior knowledge of how particular mental states
are expressed in the face is combined with
analysis of facial expressions and head gestures
occurring in real-time , its very use full for future.

6. 
Software from Nevenvision identifies 24 feature
points on the face and tracks them in real time.

The relationship between observable head and
facial displays and the corresponding hidden
mental states over time is modeled using Dynamic
Bayesian Networks.

7. WHY MIND READING?



The Mind Reading computer system presents
information about mental state as easily as a
keyboard and mouse present text and
commands.
Current projects in Cambridge are
considering further inputs such as body
postures and gestures to improve the inference.
We are also looking at the use of mind reading
to support on-line shopping and learning
systems.

8. 


The mind reading computer system may also be
used to monitor and suggest improvements in
human –human interaction.
The Affective Computing Group at the MIT
media laboratory is developing an emotionalsocial intelligence prosthesis that explores new
technologies to augment and improve people’s
social interactions and communication skills.
To implement this system in cars, to detect
driver’s mental states such as drowsiness,
distraction and anger.

10. HOW DOES IT WORKS?
Futuristic Head Band:


The mind reading actually involves measuring
the volume and oxygen level of the blood
around the subject’s brain using technology
called functional near-infrared spectroscopy
(fNIRS).
The user wears a futuristic head band that
sends light in that spectrum into the tissues of
the head where it is absorbed by active, blood
filled tissues.

11. Futuristic Headband

12. Process:

13. 


The results are often compared to an MRI,
but can be gathered with lightweight, noninvasive equipment.
Wearing the fNIRS sensor, experimental
subjects were asked to count the number of
squares on a rotating onscreen cube and to
perform other tasks.
Measuring mental workload, frustration
and distraction is typically limited to
qualitatively observing computer users.

14. 
Preliminary
results
show
that
using
buttonized sensors.

Biological signals arise when reading or
speaking to oneself with or without actual
lip or facial movement.

15. Web search:




For the first test of sensors,
scientists trained the program to
recognize six words-including
”go", "left” and “right” -10
numbers.
Then researchers put the letters of
the alphabet in to a matrix with
each column and row labeled with a
single digit number.
These were used to silently spell
”NASA” into a web search engine
using program.
“This proved we could browse the
web without touching a keyboard”.

16. 1.Neuroscience
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

It deals with anatomy and molecular
biology of neurons.
A neuron is a nerve cell that is the basic
building block of the nervous system.
Neurons are specialized to transmit
information throughout the body.
It is done by measuring oxygen level of
blood using FNIRS.

17. 2. Techniques:

Facial effect detection
It is done using hidden Markov Model, Neural
Network processing or active appearance
model.

Emotional Classification
Classification by Paul Ekman Anger, Fear,
Happiness, Disgust, Sadness, Surprise.

18. Facial Electromyography:
It is used to measure electrical activity of
the facial Muscles. Muscles used are
”corruguator supercilii muscle” and
others.
 Galvanic Skin Response:
It is a measure of Skin conductivity,
Which is dependent on how moist the
skin is.


19. Blood Volume Pulse:

It is measured by process called
photoplethysmography.

It produce a graph indicating blood
flow through the extremities.

20. APPLICATION:
1)
Mind-reading computers could 'save
your life‘
2)
Emergency
3)
Control robots by brain power
4)
Mind-Reading Technology Speeds
Ahead
5)
The mind-reading computer that could

21. Mind-reading computers could 'save
your life‘

Devices allowing people to write letters or play
pinball using just the power of their brains
have become a major draw at the world's
biggest high-tech fair.

Scientists are researching ways to monitor
motorists' brain waves to improve reaction
times in a crash.

22. Emergency
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In an emergency stop situation, the brain
activity kicks in on average around 200
milliseconds before even an alert driver
can hit the brake.
There is no question of braking
automatically for a driver - "we would never
take away that kind of control," said
Tangermann.
Using this brain-wave monitoring
technology, a car can also tell whether the
driver is drowsy or not, potentially warning
him or her to take a break.

23. Control robots by brain power:


Another device allows users to control
robots by brain power. The small box has
lights flashing at different frequencies at
the four points of the compass.
The user concentrates on the
corresponding light, depending on whether
he wants the robot to move up, down, left
or right and the brainwaves generated by
viewing that frequency are monitored and
the robot is controlled.

24. Mind-Reading Technology Speeds
Ahead

By scanning blogs of brain activity, scientists
may be able to decode people's thoughts,
dreams and intentions By Kerri Smith and
Nature magazine

Jack Gallant perches on the edge of a swivel
chair in his lab at the University of California,
Berkeley, fixated on the screen of a computer
that is trying to decode someone's thoughts.

25. The mind-reading computer that could
communicate with coma patients:
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Canadian researchers have developing a
mind-reading computer that could help
communicate with people in a coma.
The University of Western Ontario
researchers used neuroimaging to read
human thoughts via brain activity when
they are conveying specific ‘yes’ or ‘no’
answers.
The team say their research could lead to
dramatic new ways of attempting to
communicate with patients in a vegetative
state.

26. ADVANTAGES AND USES:

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Can read minds
Help paralytic patients
Help Handicapped people
Help Comma patients
Help people who cant speak
Can be used for military purposes & sting
operations
Can be combined with consoles & used for
mind gaming, robotics & stuff.
Eliminate the capability to lie.

27. 

his device doesn't give you MINDBULLETS (apologies
to Tenacious D) but it does allow people who cant use
other wheelchairs get around easier.
The system could send commands to rovers on other
planets, help injured astronauts control machines, or
aid disabled people.

The finding raises issues about the application of such
tools for screeningsuspectedterrorists as well as for
predicting future dangerousness more generally.

The day when computers will be able to recognize the
smallest units in the English language—the 40-odd
basic sounds (or phonemes) out of which all words or
verbalized thoughts can be constructed.

28. DISADVANTAGES AND PROBLEMS:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Breach in privacy
Can extract, through an individual, an
important,
secure
&
confidential
information of individual, state or even a
country
If developed or used by sinners, can be
highly dangerous
Eavesdropping
No way to neutralize this technology

29. 
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Nor is society deal with the ethical and practical
problems posed by a system that classifies and
categorises people based on oxygen flow, genetics and
environmental factors that are correlated as much as
poverty as with future criminality.
In time, neuroscience may produce reliable
behaviour predictions. But until then, we should take
the lessons of science fiction to heart when deciding
how to use new predictive techniques.
Max Planck Institute, neuroscience and bioscience
are not at a point where we can reliably predict
human behaviour.

30. CONCLUSION:
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
Tufts university researches have begun a 3 year
research project which, if successful, will allow
computers to respond to the brain activity of the
computer’s users.
Users wear a futuristic looking headbands to shine
light on their foreheads and then performs a series
of increasingly difficult tasks while the device
reads what parts of the brain are absorbing the
light. That info is then transferred to the computer
and from there the computer can adjust it’s
interface and functions to each individual.

31. REFERENCES:
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www.eurescom.de/message/default_Dec2004.as
p
blog.marcelotoledo.org/2007/10
www.newscientist.com/article/dn4795-nasadevelops-mindreading-system
http://blogs.vnunet.com/app/trackback/95409
Facestation tracking cti, 2002.
S. Baron-Cohen. How to build a baby that can
read minds: Cognitive mechanisms in
mindreading. Current Psychology of Cognition,
13(5):513–552, 1994.
S. Baron-Cohen and T. H. E. Tead. Mind reading:

32. 


S. Baron-Cohen, S. Wheelwright, J. Hill, Y. Raste,
and I. Plumb. The reading the mind in the eyes test
revised version: A study with normal adults, and
adults with asperger syndrome or high-functioning
autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,
42(2):241– 251, 2001.
M. Bartlett, G. Littlewort, B. Braathen, and T.
Sejnowski. A prototype for automatic recognition of
spontaneous facial actions. In Advances in Neural
Information Processing Systems, volume 15, 2003.
I. Cohen, N. Sebe F. Cozman, M. Cirelo, and T.
Huang. Learning bayesian network classifiers for
facial expression recognition with both labeled and
unlabeled data. In Proceedings of IEEE International
Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern
Recognition, volume 1, pages 595–604, 2003.