Migrane
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1. Serotonin is a widely distributed amine that is synthesized from tryptophan in humans, primarily in the gastrointestinal tract and platelets. 2. Serotonin has various roles as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, and influences processes like mood, sleep, and pain perception. 3. Drugs that modulate serotonin levels are used to treat conditions like depression, migraine headaches, and nausea/vomiting from chemotherapy by interfering with synthesis, reuptake, or receptor activity of serotonin.
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Migraine
- Migraine is a recurrent headache disorder that is one of the most common complaints in medicine. It is classified into migraine with aura and without aura.
- The pathophysiology involves complex vascular and neural mechanisms including cortical spreading depression, trigeminal nerve activation, and release of vasoactive substances. Genetic and environmental factors can also play a role in migraine triggers and risk.
- Diagnosis is based on criteria involving recurrent attacks of moderate to severe pulsating headache, photophobia, phonophobia, and possibly nausea. Physical exam is typically normal but may reveal associated neurological symptoms.
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This document discusses serotonin (5-HT), its pharmacological actions, and drugs that affect the serotonin system. Serotonin acts on various systems in the body like the cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems. Drugs can affect serotonin by inhibiting or enhancing its synthesis, reuptake, storage, or degradation. Some drugs are serotonin receptor agonists or antagonists that target specific receptor subtypes. Serotonin receptor antagonists are used to treat conditions like migraines, nausea/vomiting, and schizophrenia.
Serotonin & Their antagonists
This document discusses serotonin, its receptors, and drugs that affect the serotonin system. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter found in the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system that regulates mood, sleep, and body temperature. It acts through various receptor subtypes (5-HT1-7) located on neurons and other cells. Drugs that affect serotonin include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for depression, triptans for migraine, cisapride for gastrointestinal issues, and antagonists for conditions like nausea. Serotonin receptors and their roles are important targets for psychotherapeutic drugs.
Autocoids
This document discusses various autacoids, including histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes. It provides details on their classification, synthesis, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, clinical uses, and antagonists. Histamine and serotonin are classified as amine autacoids derived from amino acids and act as inflammatory mediators. Prostaglandins and thromboxanes are eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid that play important roles in inflammation and platelet aggregation. The document outlines the physiological roles and clinical applications of agonists and antagonists that target histamine, serotonin, and prostaglandin receptors.
16.THE PHARMACOLOGY OF SEROTONIN (5-HT).ppt
This document discusses the pharmacology of serotonin (5-HT). It begins by describing the historical identification of 5-HT and its role as a neurotransmitter and hormone. It then discusses the distribution, biosynthesis, metabolism, and receptors of 5-HT. The major receptors discussed are 5-HT1-5HT4 receptors, and their roles in the CNS and periphery. The effects of 5-HT at different receptors, such as its effects on blood vessels, platelets, and smooth muscle are summarized. Finally, the mechanisms and uses of serotonergic drugs like SSRIs and ergot alkaloids are discussed.
Autac5hthistamine
This document summarizes information about serotonin and histamine, including their biosynthesis, pharmacological effects, mechanisms of action, and examples of agonists and antagonists. Serotonin is produced in the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system. It has diverse effects, including acting as a neurotransmitter, regulating cardiovascular and gastrointestinal functions, and mediating platelet aggregation. Histamine acts through H1, H2, and H3 receptors and is involved in allergic responses. Examples are given of several drugs that act as serotonin or histamine receptor agonists or antagonists for conditions like migraine, depression, anxiety, motion sickness, and allergy treatment.
Atropine
This document summarizes the properties of atropine, a competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist. It is found naturally in plants like deadly nightshade and is also synthesized. Atropine acts both centrally and peripherally, blocking muscarinic receptors. This leads to effects like dilated pupils, dry mouth, constipation, difficulty focusing, and increased heart rate. Atropine is used clinically to dilate pupils, treat poisoning from cholinesterase inhibitors, and relieve symptoms of Parkinson's, asthma, COPD, and urinary incontinence. Adverse effects include tachycardia, dry eyes/mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, flushing, and delirium in overdose.
Seretonin (5HT) and Its Antagonists Pharmacology
Serotonin is a chemical that has a wide variety of functions in the human body. It is sometimes called the happy chemical, because it contributes to wellbeing and happiness.
The scientific name for serotonin is 5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT. It is mainly found in the brain, bowels, and blood platelets.
Serotonin is used to transmit messages between nerve cells, it is thought to be active in constricting smooth muscles, and it contributes to wellbeing and happiness, among other things. As the precursor for melatonin, it helps regulate the body’s sleep-wake cycles and the internal clock.
It is thought to play a role in appetite, the emotions, and motor, cognitive, and autonomic functions. However, it is not known exactly if serotonin affects these directly, or if it has an overall role in co-ordinating the nervous system.
Antiemetic drugs
This document discusses emesis (vomiting) and anti-emetic drugs. It begins by defining emesis and distinguishing it from nausea and retching. It then covers the causes, symptoms, and consequences of vomiting. The pathophysiology section explains the role of the chemoreceptor trigger zone, vomiting center, vestibular nuclei, and other structures. It also identifies the receptor types involved like 5-HT3, D2, H1, muscarinic M1, and neurokinin NK1. The pharmacology section provides details on common anti-emetic drug classes that act on these receptors, including 5-HT3 blockers, D2 antagonists, H1 antagonists, ant
Serotonin receptors agonists & antagonists
This document discusses serotonin receptors and their agonists and antagonists. It begins by describing the sources and chemistry of serotonin in the body. It then details the seven main families of serotonin receptors, their locations and functions. The document outlines various pathophysiological roles of serotonin. Finally, it examines several classes of drugs that act as agonists or antagonists at serotonin receptors, describing their mechanisms, indications, and side effects.
Adrenergic Drugs II
This document summarizes the actions and clinical applications of major adrenergic drugs, including:
1) Sympathomimetics like amphetamine and ephedrine act indirectly by releasing catecholamines from neurons, while direct-acting drugs interact directly with adrenoceptors.
2) Sympatholytics include direct-acting antagonists that block adrenoceptors and indirect-acting drugs that interfere with norepinephrine release or synthesis.
3) Adrenergic drugs have applications for conditions like hypotension, shock, asthma, and hypertension. Common side effects include hypotension, tachycardia, and sedation.
Autonomics Parasympathetic
1. Direct-acting cholinergic drugs like acetylcholine and its esters directly stimulate both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors, increasing parasympathetic effects like decreased heart rate and contraction.
2. Indirect-acting drugs like physostigmine and neostigmine inhibit acetylcholinesterase, increasing the level and duration of action of acetylcholine.
3. Atropine is an antimuscarinic drug that blocks muscarinic receptors, reducing parasympathetic effects and producing symptoms like dilated pupils, dry mouth, and increased heart rate. It is used as an antidote for organophosphate or cholinergic drug poisoning.
Autonomics Parasympathetic
1. Direct-acting cholinergic drugs like acetylcholine and its esters directly stimulate both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors, increasing parasympathetic effects like decreased heart rate and contraction.
2. Indirect-acting drugs like physostigmine and neostigmine inhibit acetylcholinesterase, increasing the level and duration of action of acetylcholine.
3. Atropine is an antimuscarinic drug that blocks muscarinic receptors, reducing parasympathetic effects and producing symptoms like dilated pupils, dry mouth, and increased heart rate. It is used as an antidote for organophosphate or cholinergic drug poisoning.
Drugs acting on ANS By MIW sir ,department of pharmacy,university of rajshahi...
The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary bodily functions through its two main branches - the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system is involved in the body's fight or flight response and activates processes like increased heart rate, while the parasympathetic nervous system is involved in rest and digest functions like digestion. Drugs can target the autonomic nervous system by acting on receptors in its pathways, like adrenergic receptors modulated by sympathomimetic drugs that mimic sympathetic effects or sympatholytic drugs that block sympathetic effects. These drugs have clinical applications in conditions like low blood pressure, asthma, and hypertension.
UNIT II SYMPATHOLYTIC AGENTS
Adrenergic antagonists are drugs that inhibit the function of adrenergic receptors. There are two main groups - alpha adrenergic blockers and beta adrenergic blockers. Alpha blockers relax smooth muscles in blood vessels and the prostate gland, and are used to treat high blood pressure, BPH, and other conditions. Beta blockers are used to treat high blood pressure, angina, arrhythmias, heart failure, and migraine by blocking the effects of epinephrine and slowing the heart rate. Common alpha blockers discussed are prazosin, tamsulosin, and terazosin, while common beta blockers include propranolol, metoprolol, and aten
Cholinergic antagonists
The document summarizes the pharmacology of muscarinic receptor blockade. It discusses how atropine and scopolamine are competitive muscarinic antagonists that do not affect nicotinic transmission. It describes the dose-dependent effects of atropine on various tissues and symptoms. Therapeutic uses of muscarinic antagonists include treating bradycardia, peptic ulcers, and bladder problems. Tertiary and quaternary antagonists have distinct properties and uses. M1, M2, and M3 receptor subtypes and their antagonists are also discussed.
SEROTONIN for better understanding .pptx
Serotonin (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter that has diverse functions including mood, cognition, and physiological processes. It is found widely in nature, especially in the gastrointestinal tract, blood platelets, and central nervous system. 5-HT is synthesized from tryptophan and stored in neurons and chromaffin cells. It is released and acts on several receptor subtypes to exert its effects before being reuptaken or metabolized. Key 5-HT receptors include 5-HT1 receptors which inhibit adenylate cyclase, and 5-HT2 receptors which stimulate phospholipase C. Agonists and antagonists that target these receptors are used to treat various conditions like anxiety, migraine, and hypertension.
Class anticholinergic drugs
This document discusses the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and acetylcholine. It focuses on antimuscarinic agents like atropine, describing their mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects. Atropine is a competitive inhibitor of muscarinic receptors that blocks the effects of acetylcholine. It has various clinical uses including as a bronchodilator for asthma, to dilate the pupils, and to treat Parkinson's disease. Common side effects include dry mouth and blurred vision. The document provides details on the pharmacology of atropine and other anticholinergic drugs.
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Drugs acting on ANS By MIW sir ,department of pharmacy,university of rajshahi...
Drugs acting on ANS By MIW sir ,department of pharmacy,university of rajshahi...
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The placenta
The placenta develops from fetal and maternal tissues to function as the respiratory, nutritive, excretory, barrier and endocrine organ of pregnancy. It transfers oxygen, nutrients and waste between the mother and fetus. The placenta can develop abnormalities in its shape, size, position or adhesion to the uterine wall which may cause complications like preterm birth or hemorrhage. Placental lesions like infarcts may also occur due to conditions like hypertension.
The foetal membranes
The document discusses the fetal membranes, which include the chorion and amnion. The chorion is the outer membrane that is attached to the placenta and uterine wall. The amnion lines the chorion and encloses the fetus and amniotic fluid. The amniotic fluid provides protection and nutrition for the fetus, and aids in temperature regulation and movement. It is composed primarily of water, carbohydrates, proteins and minerals. The amniotic fluid circulates continuously, with production from the fetal membranes, fetal urine and transudation from maternal and fetal blood.
Physiology of reproduction
The document summarizes the key stages in human reproduction from fertilization through early pregnancy development. It describes how sperm mature and are capacitated in the female reproductive tract. Upon ovulation, sperm meet and fertilize the ovum in the fallopian tubes. The zygote then undergoes cell division and develops into a blastocyst that implants in the uterus. The trophoblast cells of the blastocyst invade the uterine lining and develop into a placenta to exchange nutrients and waste with the mother's blood. Major developmental milestones in early pregnancy include chorion, amnion and decidua formation.
Minor complaints during pregnancy
The document discusses several minor complaints that may occur during pregnancy, including gingivitis, ptyalism, heartburn, constipation, hemorrhoids, varicosities, dyspnea, urinary symptoms, leucorrhea, leg cramps, paraethesia, and backache. For each complaint, the causes and recommended treatments are provided.
Diagnosis of pregnancy
This document discusses the diagnosis of pregnancy over three trimesters. In the first trimester, common symptoms include missed periods, morning sickness, frequent urination, and breast changes. Signs include enlarged, soft breasts and uterus, and a softer, purplish cervix. Pregnancy tests detect human chorionic gonadotropin in urine or blood. Ultrasounds can visualize the gestational sac after 4-5 weeks. In the second trimester, symptoms decrease while the abdomen enlarges and fetal movement is felt. Signs include skin changes and palpable fetal parts. The third trimester confirms pregnancy through palpation of fetal parts and auscultation of the fetal heart.
Antenatal care
Antenatal care involves regular checkups during pregnancy to monitor the health of the mother and baby. Checkups include exams, tests, and education on nutrition, exercise, hygiene, warning signs and avoiding risks. The goals are to prevent or treat complications, detect issues, and ensure healthy development. Women receive more frequent exams as their due date approaches, and are instructed on a nutritious diet, moderate exercise, adequate rest, hygienic practices, and when to seek medical help if problems arise.
Postpartum mood disorders
The document discusses postpartum mood disorders, including prevalence, risk factors, screening tools, diagnosis, and treatment options. It notes that postpartum mood disorders range from mild and temporary postpartum blues to more severe postpartum depression and postpartum psychosis. Screening tools like the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale can help identify at-risk women. Treatment involves psychosocial therapies and may include antidepressant medication depending on severity. A multidisciplinary approach is important to address biological, psychological and social factors.
Normal and abnormal puerperium
Uterine fibroids are benign smooth muscle tumors that develop in the uterus. They are the most common solid pelvic tumors, affecting 20-25% of women during their reproductive years. Fibroids can vary in size and location, and may cause heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pressure or pain. Treatment options include observation, medical therapy to reduce estrogen levels, or surgical removal of fibroids.
Version
Version refers to changing the fetal lie or position in the uterus. There are three main types: external cephalic version, internal podalic version, and bipolar podalic version. External cephalic version involves manipulating the fetus externally to convert a breech presentation to head-first. Internal podalic version is performed under anesthesia when the cervix is fully dilated to grasp the fetus's feet and convert a transverse lie to breech. Bipolar podalic version uses both internal and external manipulation through a partially dilated cervix for special circumstances. Complications can include fetal distress, premature separation of the placenta, and maternal hemorrhage.
Vacuum extraction (ventouse)
Vacuum extraction is a method to assist in childbirth using suction from a cup placed on the baby's head to help with traction during contractions. There are different types of cups including metal, soft, and bird's cups. Vacuum extraction is indicated when forceps cannot be used and has advantages over forceps like less need for anesthesia and less compression force applied. Complications can include maternal lacerations and cervical injuries or fetal issues like cephalhematomas and scalp lacerations.
Symphysiotomy
Symphysiotomy is a surgical procedure that divides the symphysis pubis bone to widen the pelvis during childbirth. It is indicated when cephalopelvic disproportion makes vaginal delivery difficult or dangerous but cesarean section is not available or advised. The procedure involves making a small incision above the pubic bone and gradually separating the joint using a scalpel. Complications can include bleeding, injury to nearby organs, infection, and long-term issues like incontinence or an unstable pelvis.
Forceps delivery
This document discusses obstetric forceps, which are metal instruments used to extract a baby's head during delivery. It describes different types of forceps and their proper application techniques. Forceps are indicated for prolonged second stage of labor, maternal distress, or fetal distress. Correct application involves inserting one blade along each side of the baby's head. Potential complications include laceration, hemorrhage, nerve injury, or problems for the baby such as skull fractures. Failure to deliver with forceps may require removal and assessment to determine if cesarean section is needed.
Episiotomy
This document discusses episiotomy, which is an incision made in the perineum during childbirth to widen the vaginal opening. It can help prevent tearing and complications. The two main types are median and mediolateral episiotomies. Median episiotomies involve a midline incision while mediolateral incisions extend laterally towards the ischial tuberosity. Episiotomies are usually performed when the vaginal opening is distended during crowning to prevent stretching injuries. They are sutured closed after delivery.
Caesarean section
The document discusses Caesarean section, including indications, types, procedure, complications, and mode of delivery in subsequent pregnancies. A Caesarean section is a surgical procedure to deliver one or more babies through incisions in the abdomen and uterus. The rate of Caesarean sections has increased from 5% in 1970 to 25% in 1990 due to factors such as abandoning difficult procedures in favor of C-sections and increased use for breech births. Complications can include hemorrhage, infections, and injuries to the mother or baby.
Normal labour
Normal labour involves the spontaneous expulsion of a single, mature fetus through the birth canal within 3-18 hours without complications. It occurs when hormonal and mechanical factors cause the cervix to efface and dilate in stages from 3cm to full 10cm dilation. Labour proceeds through four stages: 1) cervical dilation, 2) expulsion of the fetus, 3) expulsion of the placenta, and 4) recovery. The fetus descends through the birth canal with increased flexion to facilitate delivery of the head.
Anatomy of the foetal skull
The fetal skull consists of three parts: the vault, face, and base. The vault is made up of the frontal, parietal, and occipital bones which are separated by sutures. The face extends from the chin to the nose. Fontanelles are soft spots located where sutures meet which are important for assessing fetal position and flexion. The skull has various longitudinal and transverse diameters used to determine which will engage and pass through the birth canal during delivery.
Anatomy of the female pelvis
The female pelvis is divided into the false pelvis and true pelvis. The true pelvis is further divided into the pelvic inlet, cavity, and outlet. The document describes the boundaries and diameters of each region including the anatomical transverse diameter of 13cm at the inlet. It also discusses the pelvic planes and axes, and the Caldwell-Moloy classification of pelvic types including the gynaecoid, anthropoid, android, and platypelloid pelvis.
Active management of normal labour
This document outlines the active management of normal labour in 4 stages: antenatal preparation, first stage (history, exam, procedures), second stage (delivery of baby), third stage (delivery of placenta), and fourth stage (postpartum care of mother and baby). The goal is a healthy delivery with minimal effects. Key procedures include monitoring contractions/fetal heart with a partogram, positioning, nutrition, analgesia, perineal support, and immediate newborn care.
Thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy
Thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy can cause complications like abortion and preterm labour. Clinical features include weight loss, heat intolerance, tremors, and fast heart rate. It is treated with antithyroid drugs like propylthiouracil or carbimazole. Epilepsy in pregnancy commonly presents as grand mal seizures, which are treated with phenobarbitone or phenytoin along with folic acid. Rhesus isoimmunization occurs when an Rh-negative mother develops antibodies against Rh-positive blood from her baby. It can be prevented by giving the mother anti-D immunoglobulin after delivery or pregnancy events involving blood transfer from baby to mother. Affected babies may require monitoring, phot
Preterm labour
Preterm labour is defined as the onset of labour before 37 weeks of pregnancy and has an incidence rate of 5-10%. It can be caused by maternal medical disorders like preeclampsia, foetal congenital anomalies, or may have no identifiable cause. Premature infants are at risk for birth trauma like intracranial hemorrhage. They also face risks like respiratory distress syndrome where their underdeveloped lungs lack sufficient surfactant, causing breathing difficulties and potential death. Other risks include hypothermia due to reduced heat production and increased heat loss in underdeveloped preterm infants.
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Migrane
- 2. N C N C NH 2 COOH COOH NH 2 OH N C NH 2 OH H Tryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptamine N C COOH 5-OH Indole Acetaldehyde 5-Hydroxy Indole Acetic Acid Tryptophan hydroxylase 5-OH Tryptophan decarboxylase MAO Aldehyde dehydrogenase (Rate limiting) In diet. Active CNS transport www.freelivedoctor.com
- 14. Unknown Trigger Activation antidromic Orthodromic conduction Trigeminal neuron Inhibitory receptor (5-HT1D) Mast cell PAIN Cortex Thalamus Trigem. Nucleus caudalis Blood Vessel nausea autonomic www.freelivedoctor.com