Migraine headache
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The document defines migraine, its signs and symptoms, and management. Migraine is characterized by recurrent headaches that vary in intensity and duration, and are often unilateral. Common symptoms include nausea, vomiting, light and sound sensitivity. Management includes both non-pharmacological options like meditation and relaxation, as well as pharmacological treatments like triptans during acute attacks and preventative medications for frequent migraines. New treatments also include transcranial magnetic stimulation.
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Managament Of Migraine
The document discusses the management of migraines. Key points include:
- Migraines are a common cause of recurrent headaches affecting 10-20% of the population. They are often underdiagnosed and undertreated.
- Treatment involves both abortive and preventive therapies. Common abortive medications include NSAIDs, triptans, and ergot alkaloids. Preventive options include beta-blockers like propranolol, antidepressants, anti-seizure medications, and calcium channel blockers.
- Propranolol, especially the extended release formulation, is an effective and well-tolerated option for migraine prevention and reduces attack frequency, severity, and analgesic use
Management of migrine
Migraine is a recurrent headache disorder characterized by attacks of moderate to severe pain that is typically pulsating, lasting 4-72 hours and occurring on one side of the head. There are two main types - migraine without aura which involves headache only and migraine with aura which includes neurological symptoms prior to headache. Migraine involves distinct phases including prodrome, aura, headache and postdrome. It is more prevalent in females and peaks between ages 25-55. Management involves identifying triggers, lifestyle modifications, and acute or preventive pharmacological therapies like triptans, NSAIDs, beta-blockers or anti-convulsants.
Migraine and types
Migraine is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent headaches that are often severe and pulsating in nature. It is estimated to affect 10% of the worldwide population. There are two main types - migraine with aura, which involves neurological symptoms before or during the headache, and migraine without aura, which involves headaches without preceding neurological symptoms. Potential triggers include hormonal changes, stress, foods, and environmental factors like light and noise. Management involves lifestyle modifications and medications to abort acute attacks or prevent future attacks. Preventive medications include beta blockers, antidepressants, and anti-seizure drugs, while acute treatments include analgesics, triptans, and anti-nausea drugs.
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Migraine its presentation and management
This document summarizes information about migraines including what they are, common symptoms, triggers, types (aura vs without aura), overuse of medications leading to chronic migraines, management through lifestyle changes and medications, and resources for more information. Migraines involve recurrent attacks of moderate to severe headaches that can last hours to days, often accompanied by nausea, sensitivity to light/sound, and visual disturbances prior to pain for those with aura. Management focuses on avoiding triggers through lifestyle modifications, medications as directed by a doctor, and self-care techniques like rest, heat/ice, and biofeedback.
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1. The document discusses the efficacy and safety of betahistine (Vertin) in the treatment of vertigo based on various clinical trials.
2. A 1992 study found that 16 mg taken three times a day and 24 mg taken twice a day were equally effective in reducing the frequency, duration, and severity of vertigo attacks and had comparable tolerability.
3. A 2003 study showed that Vertin 48 mg per day significantly reduced the handicap induced by vertigo according to the Dizziness Handicap Inventory scale. It also improved associated vegetative symptoms like nausea.
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The document discusses the management of migraines. Key points include:
- Migraines are a common cause of recurrent headaches affecting 10-20% of the population. They are often underdiagnosed and undertreated.
- Treatment involves both abortive and preventive therapies. Common abortive medications include NSAIDs, triptans, and ergot alkaloids. Preventive options include beta-blockers like propranolol, antidepressants, anti-seizure medications, and calcium channel blockers.
- Propranolol, especially the extended release formulation, is an effective and well-tolerated option for migraine prevention and reduces attack frequency, severity, and analgesic use
Management of migrine
Migraine is a recurrent headache disorder characterized by attacks of moderate to severe pain that is typically pulsating, lasting 4-72 hours and occurring on one side of the head. There are two main types - migraine without aura which involves headache only and migraine with aura which includes neurological symptoms prior to headache. Migraine involves distinct phases including prodrome, aura, headache and postdrome. It is more prevalent in females and peaks between ages 25-55. Management involves identifying triggers, lifestyle modifications, and acute or preventive pharmacological therapies like triptans, NSAIDs, beta-blockers or anti-convulsants.
Migraine and types
Migraine is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent headaches that are often severe and pulsating in nature. It is estimated to affect 10% of the worldwide population. There are two main types - migraine with aura, which involves neurological symptoms before or during the headache, and migraine without aura, which involves headaches without preceding neurological symptoms. Potential triggers include hormonal changes, stress, foods, and environmental factors like light and noise. Management involves lifestyle modifications and medications to abort acute attacks or prevent future attacks. Preventive medications include beta blockers, antidepressants, and anti-seizure drugs, while acute treatments include analgesics, triptans, and anti-nausea drugs.
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This document provides the full prescribing information for GOCOVRI, including:
- Indications for use in treating dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease patients receiving levodopa therapy
- Dosing recommendations starting at 137mg daily and increasing to 274mg daily, with adjustments for renal impairment
- Contraindication for use in patients with end-stage renal disease
- Warnings about risks of falling asleep during activities, suicidality and depression, and hallucinations/psychosis
- Adverse reactions including hallucinations, dizziness, dry mouth, edema, constipation, falls, and hypotension
- Drug interaction precautions and recommendations for use in specific populations such as pregnancy and
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This document provides an overview of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), including its symptoms, diagnosis, and living with the condition. CFS is a complex illness characterized by severe fatigue and other symptoms like muscle pain and cognitive impairment that are worsened by physical or mental activity. While the cause is unknown, diagnosis involves ruling out other conditions and having specific symptoms for at least 6 months. Managing CFS requires an individualized treatment plan and coping strategies, as living with a fluctuating condition can be difficult both physically and emotionally.
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This document summarizes information about migraines including what they are, common symptoms, triggers, types (aura vs without aura), overuse of medications leading to chronic migraines, management through lifestyle changes and medications, and resources for more information. Migraines involve recurrent attacks of moderate to severe headaches that can last hours to days, often accompanied by nausea, sensitivity to light/sound, and visual disturbances prior to pain for those with aura. Management focuses on avoiding triggers through lifestyle modifications, medications as directed by a doctor, and self-care techniques like rest, heat/ice, and biofeedback.
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2. A 1992 study found that 16 mg taken three times a day and 24 mg taken twice a day were equally effective in reducing the frequency, duration, and severity of vertigo attacks and had comparable tolerability.
3. A 2003 study showed that Vertin 48 mg per day significantly reduced the handicap induced by vertigo according to the Dizziness Handicap Inventory scale. It also improved associated vegetative symptoms like nausea.
Chronic migraines management
The document discusses the Brain Initiative's multidisciplinary approach to treating chronic migraine headaches. It defines chronic migraine headaches based on International Headache Society criteria as headaches occurring on 15 or more days per month for at least 3 months. Management options discussed include medical treatments like medications, psychotherapy like cognitive behavioral therapy, and physiotherapy like massage and exercises. The outcomes of this multidisciplinary approach are said to include reduced pain experience, increased productivity and well-being, with clinical concerns being individual differences, scheduling challenges, and costs.
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Migraine (VK)
Migraine is characterized by episodic headaches that are typically unilateral and associated with symptoms like nausea, visual disturbances, photophobia, and phonophobia. It is believed to originate from changes in brain nerve cell activity and blood flow which can cause visual symptoms prior to headache onset. Treatment involves identifying and avoiding triggers, using over-the-counter pain relievers during attacks, and preventive medications if attacks occur frequently. Triptans and ergotamine are prescribed for acute attacks while beta-blockers and antidepressants are common preventive options.
Migraine 1
The document discusses the pathophysiology of migraines. It outlines three main theories: [1] the vascular theory which attributes migraines to vasodilation, [2] the neurogenic theory which points to neuronal events like cortical spreading depression, and [3] a combined neurovascular theory. Newer research highlights the role of CGRP, which is involved in trigeminal pain processing and vasodilation. CGRP antagonists and monoclonal antibodies show promise as preventive migraine treatments.
Pharmacotherapy of migraine
Migraine is a recurrent headache disorder characterized by attacks of moderate to severe pain that is typically pulsating and unilateral. It arises from abnormal brain activity that causes changes in blood vessels. Migraine affects 10-15% of people worldwide and is more common in women. Non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatments aim to relieve symptoms and reduce the frequency and severity of attacks. Naproxen and triptans are commonly used acute treatments, while preventive medications may include beta blockers or anti-seizure drugs. Migraine was historically treated with herbal remedies and bloodletting, and ergot alkaloids derived from fungi were among the earliest effective pharmaceutical treatments.
Migrane ppt
This document provides an overview of migraines including:
- Migraines affect 10-20% of the general population and are characterized by recurrent attacks of headache that vary in intensity and duration.
- Triggers include disturbed sleep, hormones, drugs, exertion, and sensory or weather stimuli. Attacks progress through prodrome, aura, headache, and postdrome phases.
- Treatment involves avoiding triggers, acute abortive medications like triptans for pain relief, and preventive medications if attacks are frequent or debilitating to reduce severity and frequency.
- Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches are used to manage migraines, establish diagnoses, educate patients, and improve quality of life
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Migraine in children, Childhood migraine, Headache syndromes in children, managing a child with headache
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This document summarizes the pharmacotherapy of migraine. It outlines the pathophysiology including vascular, neurogenic, and neurovascular theories. It discusses acute treatment with non-specific medications like NSAIDs and specific treatments like triptans. Preventive treatment options are also covered including antidepressants, beta-blockers, anti-epileptics, calcium channel blockers, and newer targets such as CGRP antagonists and nitric oxide synthase inhibitors.
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Headache
This document summarizes several primary headache syndromes:
Tension type headache is the most common and involves gradual onset of bilateral dull pain that increases throughout the day. Migraine is the second most common and involves severe unilateral throbbing pain along with nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound. Trigeminal neuralgia causes brief, severe facial pain triggered by activities like eating or shaving. Cluster headache is characterized by severe unilateral pain around the eye accompanied by redness, tearing and nasal congestion. These primary headache syndromes are differentiated based on their symptoms and pathophysiology.
Migraine
This document discusses migraine, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent headaches. It notes that migraines significantly impact quality of life, with over 25% missing at least a day of work/school and over 30% reducing household productivity. The text describes migraine symptoms like pulsating one-sided headaches along with sensitivity to light and sound. It explains that migraines originate in the brain and involve changes in nerve cell activity and blood flow that can cause visual disturbances and pain. Common types of migraines are also outlined.
Pathophysiology of migraine
Migraine is a central nervous system disorder with a genetic basis. People with migraines have a hyperexcitable brain that is more sensitive to triggers. During migraine attacks, there is a wave of reduced blood flow called cortical spreading depression that starts in the occipital cortex and progresses forward. Repeated attacks can lead to changes in brain structures involved in pain processing like the periaqueductal gray, and an increased risk of white matter lesions. Preventive treatments aim to reduce central nervous system excitability underlying migraine while acute treatments target trigeminal pain pathways activated during attacks.
MIGRAINE AND TENSION TYPE HEADACHE
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Migraine
A 35-year-old female patient has been experiencing recurrent severe headaches over the last 4 months, with unilateral pulsating pain lasting over 6 hours accompanied by nausea and sometimes vomiting. She prefers sitting in a dark room during attacks and is unable to be active. Migraine should be suspected in patients presenting with recurrent headaches that are unilateral, pulsating, long-lasting and inhibit daily activities, especially in women aged 20-50. Migraine is characterized by moderate to severe throbbing headache on one side of the head and can present with aura, nausea, photophobia, phonophobia, or other neurological symptoms. Treatment involves managing acute attacks and considering prophylaxis for frequent episodes.
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The document discusses the Brain Initiative's multidisciplinary approach to treating chronic migraine headaches. It defines chronic migraine headaches based on International Headache Society criteria as headaches occurring on 15 or more days per month for at least 3 months. Management options discussed include medical treatments like medications, psychotherapy like cognitive behavioral therapy, and physiotherapy like massage and exercises. The outcomes of this multidisciplinary approach are said to include reduced pain experience, increased productivity and well-being, with clinical concerns being individual differences, scheduling challenges, and costs.
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This document provides information on migraine including classification, pathophysiology, treatment of acute attacks, and preventive therapy. It notes that migraine is a recurrent headache disorder characterized by attacks lasting 4-72 hours with symptoms like throbbing pain and sensitivity to light/sound. Treatment involves analgesics, triptans, or ergot derivatives for acute attacks and medications like propranolol, amitriptyline or topiramate for prevention. The pathophysiology involves dilatation and constriction of cranial blood vessels triggered by the trigeminal nerve.
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This document discusses different types of headaches, including their classification, causes, characteristics, and pathophysiology. It covers primary headaches like tension, migraine, and cluster headaches as well as secondary headaches that can result from conditions like head injuries, infections, raised intracranial pressure, and eye diseases. Management involves treating the underlying cause, keeping a headache diary, and referring patients to their GP or an emergency department depending on the severity and suspected etiology of the headache.
Migraine - Presented By Dr.Tewari At NHMA On 06 06 09
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Primary headaches include tension-type headaches which cause intermittent dull bilateral pain, and migraines which cause severe throbbing pain that is often unilateral and associated with sensitivity to light, sound, and nausea. Secondary headaches can be signs of underlying medical conditions and include temporal arteritis which requires high-dose steroids to prevent blindness and stroke if left untreated, and intracranial mass lesions where headache is often the first symptom of a brain tumor. The document provides classifications, descriptions, causes, and treatment approaches for different types of primary and secondary headaches.
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This was a presentation for PG Teaching activity- seminar. It was presented to audience of faculty and PG students of MD pharmacology
Migraine (VK)
Migraine is characterized by episodic headaches that are typically unilateral and associated with symptoms like nausea, visual disturbances, photophobia, and phonophobia. It is believed to originate from changes in brain nerve cell activity and blood flow which can cause visual symptoms prior to headache onset. Treatment involves identifying and avoiding triggers, using over-the-counter pain relievers during attacks, and preventive medications if attacks occur frequently. Triptans and ergotamine are prescribed for acute attacks while beta-blockers and antidepressants are common preventive options.
Migraine 1
The document discusses the pathophysiology of migraines. It outlines three main theories: [1] the vascular theory which attributes migraines to vasodilation, [2] the neurogenic theory which points to neuronal events like cortical spreading depression, and [3] a combined neurovascular theory. Newer research highlights the role of CGRP, which is involved in trigeminal pain processing and vasodilation. CGRP antagonists and monoclonal antibodies show promise as preventive migraine treatments.
Pharmacotherapy of migraine
Migraine is a recurrent headache disorder characterized by attacks of moderate to severe pain that is typically pulsating and unilateral. It arises from abnormal brain activity that causes changes in blood vessels. Migraine affects 10-15% of people worldwide and is more common in women. Non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatments aim to relieve symptoms and reduce the frequency and severity of attacks. Naproxen and triptans are commonly used acute treatments, while preventive medications may include beta blockers or anti-seizure drugs. Migraine was historically treated with herbal remedies and bloodletting, and ergot alkaloids derived from fungi were among the earliest effective pharmaceutical treatments.
Migrane ppt
This document provides an overview of migraines including:
- Migraines affect 10-20% of the general population and are characterized by recurrent attacks of headache that vary in intensity and duration.
- Triggers include disturbed sleep, hormones, drugs, exertion, and sensory or weather stimuli. Attacks progress through prodrome, aura, headache, and postdrome phases.
- Treatment involves avoiding triggers, acute abortive medications like triptans for pain relief, and preventive medications if attacks are frequent or debilitating to reduce severity and frequency.
- Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches are used to manage migraines, establish diagnoses, educate patients, and improve quality of life
Migraine
Migraine in children, Childhood migraine, Headache syndromes in children, managing a child with headache
Migraine treatment ppt
Migraine is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent moderate to severe headaches often in association with a number of autonomic nervous system symptoms.
http://www.sldint.com/a/All_products/Anti/Ache/acherid.html
Pharmacotherapy of migraine
This document summarizes the pharmacotherapy of migraine. It outlines the pathophysiology including vascular, neurogenic, and neurovascular theories. It discusses acute treatment with non-specific medications like NSAIDs and specific treatments like triptans. Preventive treatment options are also covered including antidepressants, beta-blockers, anti-epileptics, calcium channel blockers, and newer targets such as CGRP antagonists and nitric oxide synthase inhibitors.
Secondary headache
This document discusses various causes of headache including intracerebral bleeding from subdural hematoma or subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage presenting with neurological deficits, tumors presenting with headache among other symptoms depending on location, obstructive hydrocephalus, idiopathic intracranial hypertension in young obese females, meningitis or encephalitis presenting with fever and neck stiffness, brain abscess with seizures and fever, temporal arteritis in those over 50 with fever and jaw claudication, referred pain from structures like the eye, post concussion headaches, headaches from conditions like hypertension and pheochromocytoma, and iatrogenic headaches from medications or procedures like lumbar punct
Primary headache
This document summarizes several types of primary headaches including trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TACs). TACs are short-lasting headache attacks associated with cranial autonomic symptoms and include cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, and SUNCT. Cluster headaches are characterized by severe, unilateral pain and periodicity with daily bouts. Paroxysmal hemicrania causes very severe, short-lasting unilateral headaches very frequently and responds well to indomethacin. SUNCT involves severe orbital or temporal pain with stabbing or throbbing quality and cutaneous triggerability of attacks. The document also briefly outlines other primary headache types such as hemicrania continua,
Headache
This document summarizes several primary headache syndromes:
Tension type headache is the most common and involves gradual onset of bilateral dull pain that increases throughout the day. Migraine is the second most common and involves severe unilateral throbbing pain along with nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound. Trigeminal neuralgia causes brief, severe facial pain triggered by activities like eating or shaving. Cluster headache is characterized by severe unilateral pain around the eye accompanied by redness, tearing and nasal congestion. These primary headache syndromes are differentiated based on their symptoms and pathophysiology.
Migraine
This document discusses migraine, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent headaches. It notes that migraines significantly impact quality of life, with over 25% missing at least a day of work/school and over 30% reducing household productivity. The text describes migraine symptoms like pulsating one-sided headaches along with sensitivity to light and sound. It explains that migraines originate in the brain and involve changes in nerve cell activity and blood flow that can cause visual disturbances and pain. Common types of migraines are also outlined.
Pathophysiology of migraine
Migraine is a central nervous system disorder with a genetic basis. People with migraines have a hyperexcitable brain that is more sensitive to triggers. During migraine attacks, there is a wave of reduced blood flow called cortical spreading depression that starts in the occipital cortex and progresses forward. Repeated attacks can lead to changes in brain structures involved in pain processing like the periaqueductal gray, and an increased risk of white matter lesions. Preventive treatments aim to reduce central nervous system excitability underlying migraine while acute treatments target trigeminal pain pathways activated during attacks.
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MIGRAINE AND TENSION TYPE HEADACHE
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A 35-year-old female patient has been experiencing recurrent severe headaches over the last 4 months, with unilateral pulsating pain lasting over 6 hours accompanied by nausea and sometimes vomiting. She prefers sitting in a dark room during attacks and is unable to be active. Migraine should be suspected in patients presenting with recurrent headaches that are unilateral, pulsating, long-lasting and inhibit daily activities, especially in women aged 20-50. Migraine is characterized by moderate to severe throbbing headache on one side of the head and can present with aura, nausea, photophobia, phonophobia, or other neurological symptoms. Treatment involves managing acute attacks and considering prophylaxis for frequent episodes.
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This document discusses migraine headaches including prevalence, definition, subtypes, mechanisms, clinical manifestations, treatment and conclusions. Some key points:
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- Migraines are defined by the International Headache Society criteria as recurrent headaches lasting 4-72 hours with characteristics like pulsating pain, nausea, sensitivity to light/sound.
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Neurological diseases 1 with Psychiatric disorders
A PPT from my classroom lectures mentioning various neurological diseases in part 1 and various psychiatric disorders
Headaches
Headaches are one of the most common medical complaints. They can be classified as primary or secondary, with primary headaches like migraines occurring independently and secondary headaches resulting from another underlying condition. Migraines specifically involve recurrent attacks of moderate to severe throbbing head pain and other symptoms like sensitivity to light and sound. They can be further divided into migraines with aura, which include neurological symptoms before the headache, and migraines without aura. Potential triggers of migraines include certain foods, environmental factors, and behaviors.
Headache
This document provides information on primary headache disorders, with a focus on migraine. It discusses the structures in the head that are sensitive to pain, and classifies headaches as either primary (having no underlying cause) or secondary (having an identifiable structural or metabolic cause). The primary headaches are further classified, with detailed descriptions and diagnostic criteria provided for migraine without aura, migraine with aura, and tension-type headache. Pathophysiology, epidemiology, triggers, management approaches including acute and preventive therapies are summarized for migraine. Botulinum toxin, triptans, ergot alkaloids, and other medication options are outlined for migraine treatment.
Pediatric headache by dr. milind bapat
Headaches are common in children, affecting 39% by age 6 and 75% by age 15. Migraines, the most common type of primary headache in children, can cause school absences and impair academic performance. Evaluation of childhood headaches should consider secondary causes from infections, injuries, or intracranial pathology. For primary headaches like migraines, treatment involves acute abortive medications and lifestyle changes to prevent triggers as well as prophylactic medications if headaches are frequent or severe.
Headache
It is a brief presentation on headache disorders. My reference was mainly Medscape. I mentioned treatment in a concise way so you may want to read up more on that.
Migrine :pain management.
Migraine is a common type of primary headache characterized by recurrent attacks of moderate to severe pulsating headache accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound. It is classified into migraine with aura and migraine without aura, and treatment involves both acute abortive medications as well as preventive medications and lifestyle modifications to reduce triggers and attack frequency. Diagnosis is based on clinical history and examination along with diagnostic criteria, while management involves a multifaceted approach including both pharmacological and non-pharmacological options.
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Neurological diseases 1 with Psychiatric disorders
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pilon fractures or " plafond "
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Migraine headache
- 1. Mohammed Nabil J AlAli 5th Year Medical Student At King Faisal University Group B (210006209)
- 2. OUTLINES : - DEFINITION - SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS - MANAGMENT
- 3. The word derives from the Greek (hemikrania) : pain on one side of the head ( hemi- "half“ , kranion "skull” ) “Migraine is a familial disorder characterized by recurrent attacks of headache widely variable in intensity, frequency and duration. Attacks are commonly unilateral and are usually associated with anorexia, nausea and vomiting” 2/23/2014 3
- 4. According to stage : is the complex of neurological symptoms that occurs just before or at the onset of migraine headache Vague symptoms that begin from 12 to 36 hours before the aura and headache 1- Prodrome 2- Aura 4- Postdrome 3- Headache resolution stage , recovery -Deprresion - fatigue For hours to two days 2/23/2014 from 4 to 72 hours 4
- 5. Throbbing or pulsatile headache, with moderate to severe pain that intensifies with movement or physical activity Unilateral and localized pain in the frontotemporal and ocular area, but the pain may be felt anywhere . Pain builds up over a period of 1-2 hours, progressing posteriorly and becoming diffuse Headache lasts 4-72 hours Nausea (80%) and vomiting (50%), including anorexia and food intolerance, and light-headedness Sensitivity to light and sound 2/23/2014 5
- 6. May precede or accompany the headache phase or may occur in isolation Usually develops over 5-20 minutes and lasts less than 60 minutes Most commonly visual (can be sensory, motor, or combination ) Visual symptoms may be positive or negative Scintillating scotoma is the most common positive visual phenomenon . 2/23/2014 6
- 7. 2/23/2014 7
- 8. Non-pharmacological Pharmacological - Identification of triggers - Meditation ( Yoga ) - Relaxation training - Psychotherapy Classified as : 2/23/2014 -Abortive ( acute phase ) - Prophylactic (preventive). 8
- 9. Selective serotonin receptor (5-hydroxytryptamine–1, or 5-HT1) agonists (triptans) 2/23/2014 Ergot alkaloids (eg, ergotamine, dihydroergotamine [DHE]) Analgesics NSAIDs Combination products Antiemetics 9
- 10. Some indications : Frequency ( greater than 2 per month) Duration of attacks ( longer than 24 hours) Cause major disruptions in the patient's lifestyle, with significant disability that lasts 3 or more days Abortive therapy fails or is overused Symptomatic medications are contraindicated or ineffective Use of abortive medications more than twice a week Risk of permanent neurologic injury[ 2/23/2014 10
- 11. 2/23/2014 Antiepileptic drugs Beta blockers Tricyclic anti-depressants Calcium channel blockers Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) NSAIDs Serotonin antagonists Botulinum toxin 11
- 12. In December 2013, the FDA approved the Cerena Transcranial Magnetic Stimulator (Cerena TMS), the first device to relieve pain caused by migraine headache with aura for use in patients aged 18 years and older . 2/23/2014 12
- 15. Thank you