DETECTION OF LEAD- various methods used, range and the things which all contains lead etc

1. In 1991, CDC recommended Universal blood lead level testing for
children.
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2. DETECTION OF LEAD
DR KOMAL JADHAV
2ND YEAR PG SCHOLAR
DEPT. OF AGADA TANTRA

3. Introduction
 Lead was one of the first metals known to man and have been widely
used during the last 2000 years for domestic, industrial and therapeutic
purposes.
It is abundant in soil, being distributed throughout the earth’s crest.
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4. Lead appear as a trace metal in virtually all foods and beverages(lead-
soldered canned ) though fortunately absorption from such sources is
relatively low.
Adults ingest 300mg and inhale 15mg of lead approximately each day,
on which only 10% is absorbed, but children may absorb up to 50%.
Lead in drinking water may be absorbed to greater extent than in food.
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5. Lead is heavy, soft, steel-grey metal which gives off toxic fumes when
it is melted.
Lead and its compounds are toxic.
Lead is the commonest metal involved in chronic poisoning.
When it combines with Sulphhydryl enzymes and inhibits cell
metabolism.
It inhibits some of the enzymes required for heme synthesis and
causes anemia.
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6. CONTENTs
Introduction
Objectives
History
Types of Investigation
Instruments
Methods of Investigation
Method of calibration and possible errors
Application
Incarporation of own research view
Summary
References
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7. Objectives
oTo understand the various investigations to rule out lead toxicity
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8. History
 The toxic effects of arsenic, mercury, and lead were known to the ancients, but
methodical studies of the toxicity of some heavy metals appear to date from only 1868.
 In the year, Wanklyn and Chapman speculated on the adverse effects of the heavy metals
"arsenic, lead, copper, zinc, iron and manganese" in drinking water.
 Lead Poisoning -
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9. Types of Investigation
Blood Investigations
Urine Investigations Bone Investigations
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Analytical Method Radiological Method

10. INSTRUMENTS
oMicroscope
oAutomated hematology analyser
oInductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
oElectrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry etc
oX-RAY radiations
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11. A) BLOOD
TOTAL BLOOD COUNT
DIFFERENTIAL COUNT
PERIPHERAL BLOOD SMEAR
BLOOD LEAD LEVEL – AAS, EAAS, ASV, ICPAES, MS, X – ray
fluorescence, PIXE
CHEMICAL TESTS
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12. • EARLY STAGE - ANAEMIA associated with polycythaemia with
polychromatophilia.
• LATER STAGE - ANAEMIA associated with Normo/Hypochromic
polychromasia,
Punctate basophilia/Basophilic Stippling
Reticulocytosis( increase in no of premature cells)
Anisocytosis(abnormal shape)
Poikilocytosis(increases in no abnormal shape RBCs)
Sideroblasts (nucleated RED cells)
Increase in mononuclear cells
Decrease in polynuclear cells and platelets
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13. PERIPHERAL BLOOD SMEAR
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PUNCTATE /BASOPHILIC
STIPPLING
Presence of many dark blue coloured
pinhead sized spots( Ribosomes) in
the cytoplasm of blood cells.

14. INFERENCE
Hypochromia and Basophilic Stippling – lead intoxication
Basophilic Stippling – chronic poisoning
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15. BLOOD LEAD LEVEL
oMILD – BL 20 to 35 mg/100ml
oMODERATE – 45 to 75 mg/100ml
oSEVERE _ >75 mg/100ml
• Accepted BL is 35 mgm/100ml in adults
• In children <5mgm/100ml is acceptable.
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Electromagnetic Atomic
Absorption Spectrometry,
Anodic Stripping
Voltammetry
Inductively Coupled Plasma
Atomic Emission
Spectroscopy
ATOMS IONS
DETECTOR

16. CHEMICAL TESTS
 HCL ACID TEST - HCL acid produces a white precipitate, soluble in
boiling water but insoluble in ammonia.
POTTASIUM IODIDE TEST – potassium iodide gives a yellow
precipitate, insoluble in boiling water, but reappears on cooling
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17. B)URINE
ALA – fluorometry
URINE LEAD LEVEL
URINE PORPHYRIN LEVEL
Calcium disodium EDTA mobilization test –
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18. ALA – FLUOROMETRY
• Delta – ALA is a protein
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19. URINE PORPHYRIN LEVEL
• heme containing protein – 20 to 120mg / L
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20. URINE LEAD LEVEL
• <150mgm/L Normal for adults
• <80mgm/L Normal for children
• >500mgm/24hours in children – indication for chelation therapy
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21. Calcium disodium EDTA mobilization test
 only suitable for children BL 25 – 41mcg/100ml’
 The test positive when lead excretion ratio is >0.6____childrens
should undergo chelation therapy
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22. C)BONE
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X -RAY
Radiation – Lead particles stimulation –
Detector - Reflects the image
Through regression equations we can estimate
mean skeletal lead concentration of the entire
body
EPIPHYSEAL
LINE

23. possible errors
external contamination of sample.
Non calibrated instruments.
Only single test is not reliable for diagnosing the lead posing.
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24. Application
These investigations are helping to know the level of lead in our body
and for application of appropriate treatment.
Early detection of lead levels in the body helps in preventing the
chronic poisoning.
Helping for quantitative and qualitative measurement.
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25. Incarporation of own research view
• In Ayurveda, some tests can be introduced to detect such kind of
toxicity
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26. STOP LEAD POISONING
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27. References
• Textbook of MODERN MEDICAL TOXICOLOGY by V V Pillay.
• MEDICAL JURISPTRUDENCE AND TOXICOLOGY by Rai
Bahadur JAISING P. MODI
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