This document provides an overview of electrical power systems and their history. It discusses: - The development of early DC and AC power networks, and the eventual dominance of AC systems due to advantages like transformer use for higher voltage transmission. - Key developments over time like standardization of frequencies, growth of regional grids, introduction of HVDC transmission, and the roles of important pioneers. - The history and structure of India's power sector, including generation and transmission milestones covered in various Five Year Plans. - Current statistics on India's total installed capacity, source-wise breakdown, regional capacities, per capita consumption trends, and transmission/distribution losses.

1. ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM
A PRESPECTIVE
G.VARATHAN
Asst.Professor (Sr.Grade)
Department of EEE
SETHU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

2. Why Electrical Energy is So Coveted?
 Centralized Generation
 Plug and play
 Ease of transportation
 Conversion Flexibility
 Clean and cheap
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3. Power System History
 Power System Development
 The first power network in the US
 the first electric network in the US was established
in 1882 at New York City by Thomas Edison which
operated at 110 V d.c.
 the power was generated by dc generators and
distributed by underground cables
 because of high RI2loss at low voltage, the energy
could only be delivered to short distance from the
power station
 high loss, short deliver distance are the limitations
of the dc power network
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4. Power System History
 Power System Development
 Development of AC Power System
 At 1885 William Stanley invented transformer to raise the
level of ac voltage for transmission and distribution purpose
 At 1888 Nikola tesla invented induction motor which are
simpler and rugged in construction and cheaper as
compared to DC motor
 Both William Stanley and Nikola tesla conducted extensive
research and got patents for their invention for the sake of
George Westinghouse
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5. Power System History
 Power System Development
 Battle between AC and DC Power network
 The use of transformer for transmitting power over longer
distances and at higher voltages justified the use of a.c.
 The polyphase induction motor which serve the majority of
industrial and residential purposes replaced the use of d.c.
motors
 The advantage of the a.c. system is that due to lack of
commutators in the ac generators, more power can be
produced conveniently at higher voltages
 The use of steam generators which have a higher efficiency
at high speed made the use of a.c. generator superior to
d.c. generator
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6. Power System History
 Power System Development
 Battle between AC and DC Power network
 The George Westinghouse calls for prevalent AC system
with the support of Nikola tesla and William Stanley While
Edison’s company supported the DC Transmission
 But owing to the advantages of AC system and limitations
of DC system the power was generated, transmitted and
distributed as alternating current
 Finally the first single phase AC system was established at
the end of 18th century
 In the beginning of the 19th century Edison company
installed first three phase system at 2.3 kV
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7. Power System History
 Power System Development
 Interconnection
 In the beginning, many electrical companies were
developed and started generating AC power at different
frequencies anywhere between 25Hz to 133Hz
 As the need for interconnection and parallel operation
became evident, standard 60Hz was adopted in the US,
Canada, Taiwan, etc. European adopts 50Hzsystem
 fewer generators are required as a reserve
 energy generation and transmission more economical and
reliable
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8. Sculptor of Today’s Power System
Thomas Edison1882
• Power system-central stations
George Westinghouse1890’s
• Battle of the currents: AC vs DC
Samuel Insull1920’s
• Regulated monopoly
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9. Power System History
 Power System Development
 Development of HVDC Transmission
 DC transmission line has advantages in transferring more
power for the same ac line due to no reactance,
asynchronous link between two ac systems
 DC transmission is an effective means to improve
performance
 The first commercially used high voltage dc (HVDC) link in
the world was built in 1954 between the mainland of Sweden
and island of Gotland
 At present the world has over 60 schemes in the operation
for a total capacity of more than 66000 MW
 The highest transmission voltage reached ±1500kV
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10. TIMES GONE BY INDIAN POWER
SECTOR
 Power System Development
In Pre independent India
 the commissioning of 130KW generator, in 1897,at
sidrapong in Darjeeling
 the Calcutta Electric Supply (CSEC) company
established the first 1000KW steam engine driven plant
in 1899 at Calcutta
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11. TIMES GONE BY INDIAN POWER
SECTOR
 Power System Development
When India attains Independence
 Generation and distribution of electrical power
was carried out primarily by private utility
companies.
 the installed capacity was as low as 1360 MW
 Government of India took upon itself the task
of developing the power sector
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12. TIMES GONE BY INDIAN POWER
SECTOR
 Power System Development
 First Five year Plan (1951-1956)
 the total installed capacity was around 3420MW
 for transporting this power to load centers, transmission
line up to 110KV voltage levels were constructed
 Second Five Year Plan (1956 – 1961)
 Emphasis was on the development of basic and heavy
industries
 total installed capacity increased to 5700 MW
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13. TIMES GONE BY INDIAN POWER
SECTOR
 Third Five year Plan (1961-1966)
 the total installed capacity was around 10170MW
Emphasis was on rural electrification and emergence of
inter state grid system
 for transporting this power to load centers, transmission
line up to 230KV voltage levels were constructed
 Fourth Five Year Plan (1969 – 1974)
 tarapur nuclear power plant 2×210MW units were
commissioned in April – May 1969
 by August 1972 the first unit of 220MW of the Rajasthan
Atomic power project kota was added to the nuclear
generating capability
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14. TIMES GONE BY INDIAN POWER
SECTOR
 Fifth Five year Plan (1974–1979)
 the total installed capacity was around 20500 MW
The Electricity Supply Act was amended in 1975, which
enabled the central government to enter into power
generation and transmission.
 NTPC and NHPC was set up in 1975
First 400KV voltage level
 Sixth Five Year Plan (1980 – 1985)
 the total installed capacity was around 42584.72MW
 GOI approved the setting up of gas based combined
cycle projects by NTPC. World bank agreed to provide
480 million US$ which was the largest single loan in the
history of the bank
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15. TIMES GONE BY INDIAN POWER
SECTOR
 Seventh Five year Plan (1985–1990)
 the total installed capacity was around 63636.34MW
 Growth of Regional grids-400kV back bone
NPCIL was incorporated as Public limited company on
1987
First HVDC 400kV,500MW Back-Back scheme has
been commissioned (singrauli – vindyachal)
 Formation of Power grid corporation of India limited
 First HVDC Bi-pole line
 Generation of electricity opened to private sector
 Eighth Five Year Plan (1992 – 1997)
 the total installed capacity was around 85795.37 MW
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16. TIMES GONE BY INDIAN POWER
SECTOR
 Ninth Five Year Plan (1998 – 2002)
the total installed capacity was around 105,045.96 MW
Electricity regulatory commission Act was formed in 1998
Installation of 765kV Transmission line( initially charged at
400kV)in 1998
 Tenth Five year Plan (2002 – 2007)
the total installed capacity was around 132329.21MW
Electricity Act 2003 was formed
The Rajiv Gandhi scheme of rural electricity infrastructure
and house hold electrification
Synchronization of NR with ER-NER- WR
765 KV Transmission System
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17. TIMES GONE BY INDIAN POWER
SECTOR
 Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007 – 2012)
the total installed capacity was around 199,877.03 MW
800kV HVDC Bi-pole line
 Twelfth Five year Plan (2012– 2017)
the total installed capacity was around 227,356.73 MW as
on 31.08.13
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18. All India Generating Installed Capacity(MW)
(As on 30-09-13)
1,34,388.39
20,380.85
1,199.75
39,788.40
4,780.00
28,184.35
Coal Gas Diesel Hydro Nuclear RES
TOTAL: 228,7271.73MW
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19. All India Generating Installed Capacity(MW)
(As on 30-09-13)
1,55,968.99
4,780
(2%)
39,788.40
28,184.35
2,28,721.73
34,444
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
THERMAL NUCLEAR HYDRO RES TOTAL CAPAITIVE
100 %
68 %
17 %
12 %
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20. Region wise Installed Generation
Capacity(MW)
(As on 30-09-13)
61301.1MW
78757.3 MW
56823.19 MW
28858.11MW
2905.92 MW
Northern Region
Western Region
Southern Region
Eastern Region
NE and Island Region
27 %
34 %
25 %
13 %
(1%)
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Source: https://powermin.gov.in/en/content/power-sector-glance-all-india

21. Per Capita Energy Consumption(kWh)
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1100
1181
1208 1255
1350
1430
Per Capita Energy Consumption(kWh)
FY2018 FY2019 FY2020 FY2022 FY2022 FY2023 FY2024
FY2018 FY2019 FY2020 FY2022 FY2022 FY2023 FY2024
1530
Growing Trends in Electricity Consumption in India

22. Transmission and Distribution Loss
24.23 23.84
20.73
22.32
17
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
FY 17 FY18 FY19 FY20 FY21
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23. Average Cost of power supply and Average
Realization
Year Cost of supply
(Paisa/ unit)
Realization(Paisa/unit)
Including
Agriculture
Only
agriculture
2004-05 254 209 75.68
2005-06 260 221 76.36
2006-07 276 227 74.23
2007-08 293 239 77.27
2008-09 340 263 87.13
2009-10 355 268 88.70
2010-11 378 301 115.12
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24. Capacity Addition for 12th FY Plan
MW Thermal Hydro Nuclear Total
72,340.00 10,897.00 5,300.00 88,537.00
% age 81.71 12.31 5.99 100.00
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25. Vision 2020 for the power
sector
 Sufficient power to achieve GDP growth rate
of 9%
 Reliability of power
 Quality power
 Optimum power cost
 Commercial viability of power industry
 Power for ALL
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26. Power Sector in Tamil Nadu
 Institutional Structure
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27. Power Sector in Tamil Nadu
 Installed Generation Capacity
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9914.19 MW
(49%)
2182.2 MW
(11%)
524 MW
(3%)
7491.25 MW
(37%)
Thermal
Hydro
Nuclear
RES

28. Power Sector in Tamil Nadu
 Central Grid Share
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7593.95 MW
3830.23 MW
8687.46 MW
20111.64 MW
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
State
Central
Private
TOTAL

29. Power Sector in Tamil Nadu
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30. Power Sector in Tamil Nadu
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31. MICROGRID AND FUTURE
OF MACROGRID
A PRESPECTIVE
G.VARATHAN
22PHD0519
SELECT
VELLORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY VELLORE

32. All India Generating Installed Capacity(MW)
(As on 30-01-23)
2,04,435
24,874
589
46,850
6,780
1,21,550
Coal Gas Diesel Hydro Nuclear RES
TOTAL: 4,11,649 MW
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Source: https://powermin.gov.in/en/content/power-sector-glance-all-india

33. Per Capita Energy Consumption(kWh)
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1100
1181
1208 1255
1350
1430
Per Capita Energy Consumption(kWh)
FY2018 FY2019 FY2020 FY2022 FY2023 FY2024 FY2025
1530
Growing Trends in Electricity Consumption in India
Source: “Scenarios of future Indian electricity demand accounting for space cooling and electric
vehicle adoption”by Marc Barbar, Dharik S. Mallapragada, Meia Alsup &Robert Stoner
Scientific Data volume 8, Article number: 178 (2021)

34. Aggregate Technical & Commercial Loss in %
24.23 23.84
20.73
22.32
17
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
FY 17 FY18 FY19 FY20 FY21
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Source: Data taken from Ministry of power GOI

35. Energy Demand - Projections
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1400
1700
2300
2800
3700
4300
5200
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Energy
Demand
(TWh)
Source: Power Finance Corporation (GOI undertaking)

36. Issues and Challenges in front of
Indian power sector
Fuel quality and availability
Price of the fuel
Power generation technology
Land accusation problem
Power evacuation route
Environmental Clearance
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37. GENERAL MICROGRID STRUCTURE
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