This document is a report on a 6-week industrial training completed by Shubham Patel at the 220/132/33 KV substation in Barahuwa, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. It provides an overview of the substation, including its equipment like transformers ranging from 160MVA to 40MVA, incoming and outgoing transmission lines, and components within the substation like busbars, circuit breakers, protective relays, and current and voltage transformers. The report also discusses the selection of substation sites and provides a definition and overview of different types of substations.

1. 1
INDUSTRIAL SUMMER TRAINING
REPORT ON
UTTAR PRADESH POWER CORPORATION LIMITED
220/132/33 KV S/S BARAHUWA
GORAKHPUR
Submitted
In Partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Electrical Engineering
Submitted By
Shubham Patel
(1575120050)
Department of Electrical Engineering
KIPM-COLLEGE OF ENGGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Gorakhpur ( U.P. ) , India
JUNE – JULY 2018

2. 2
VOCATIONAL TRAINING
REPORT ON
220/132/33 KV S/S
BARAHUWA , GORAKHPUR
Under guidance of :
Er. M.K. Srivastava ( S.D.O)
E.T.S.D– I
Barahuwa , Gorakhpur
PreparedBy :
Shubham Patel
Electrical Engineering
Roll No. – 1575120050

3. 3
CERTIFICATE
This is to certified that Mr. Shubham Patel has completed 6 week Industrial Training during the
period from 08-06-2018 to 23-07-2018 in our organization as a Partial Fulfillment of Degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering. He was trained in the field of Power System
Equipment and Protection.
Head of Department
(signature)

4. 4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Summer training has an important role in exposing the real life situation in an industry.
It was great experience for me to work on the training at UTTAR PRADESH POWER
CORPORATION LIMITED through which I could learn how to work in a professional
environment.
Now, I would like to thank the people who guided me and have been a constant source
of inspiration throughout the tenure of my summer training.
I am sincerely grateful To Er. M.K. Srivastava (Sub divisional officer) at 220/132
KV substation, Barahuwa who rendered me his valuable assistance, constant encouragement
and able guidance which made this training actually possible.
I wish my deep sense of gratitude to Er. B.N. Sharma (JUNIOR ENGINEER) whose
affection guidance has enabled me to complete this training successfully.
I also wish my deep sense of gratitude to MR. PAWAN SEN (HOD: EE Department)
and Training coordinator MR. SANJAY GUPTA and Other Faculty members whose
guidance and encouragement made my training successfully.
SHUBHAM PATEL
ElectricalEngineering
Roll No.-1575120050

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UTTAR PRADESH POWER CORPORATION LIMITED
Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited (UPPCL) is the company responsible for
electricity transmission and distribution within the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Uttar Pradesh
Power Corporation Limited (UPPCL) procures power from; state government owned power
generators, central government owned power generators and Independent Power Producers
through power purchase agreement for lowest per unit cost of electricity.
The creation of Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Ltd. (UPPCL) on January 14, 2000 is the result
of power sector reforms and restructuring in UP (India) which is the focal point of the Power
Sector, responsible for planning and managing the sector through its transmission, distribution
and supply of electricity.
UPPCL will be professionally managed utility supplying reliable and cost efficient electricity to
every citizen of the state through highly motivated employees and state of art technologies,
providing an economic return to our owners and maintaining leadership in the country.
The causes of such a poor financial conditions of UPPCL include:
 Higher line losses due to aging over stressed infrastructure
 Pilferage of power at large scale

 Inferior quality of transformers and other equipments

 Selling power much below its purchasing cost.
These can be overcome by forward looking, reliable, safe and trustworthy organization, sensitive
to our customers interests, profitable and sustainable in the long run, providing uninterrupted
supply of quality power, with transparency and integrity in operation.

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ABSTRACT
The report gives an overview of 220/132/33 KV substation. It includes electricity transmission
and distribution processes at UPPCL, Barahuwa substation. Its substation, an assembly of
apparatus which is installed to control transmission and distribution of electric power, its two
main divisions are outdoor and indoor substation. Different equipments used in substations, Bus-
bar, surge arrestor, Isolator, Earth switches, Current Transformers etc. Transformer which is
being used here is core and shell type transformer for stepping up and down purposes. Different
Instruments transformers, voltage, Current and CV transformers are also being used. Finally the
CVT rating which gives a total output overview.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sr. no. Page No.
1. CERTIFICATE 3
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4
3. ABOUT SUBSTATION 5
4. INTRODUCTION 8
5. SUB-STATIONPROFILE 9-12
6. INCOMING /OUTGOING 13-14
7. SUB-STATION 15-17
8. SELECTIONOF SITE 18
9. COMPONENTOF S/S 19-29
10. SINGLELINEDIAGRAM 30
11. CONCLUSION 31
12. REFERENCE 32

8. 8
INTRODUCTION
The present day electrical power system is ac i.e. electric power is generated, transmitted and
distributed in the form of Alternating current. The electric power is produce at the power station,
which are located at favorable places, generally quite away from the consumers. It is delivered
to the consumer through a large network of transmission and distribution. At many place in the
line of power system, it may be desirable and necessary to change some characteristic (e.g.
Voltage, ac to dc, frequency power factor etc.) of electric supply. This is accomplished by
suitable apparatus called sub-station for example, generation voltage (11KV or 6.6KV) at the
power station is stepped up to high voltage (Say 220KV to 132KV) for transmission of electric
power. Similarly near the consumer’s localities, the voltage may have to be stepped down to
utilization level. This job is again accomplished by suitable apparatus called sub-station.
220 KV Barahuwa sub-station is the third largest sub-station of Gorakhpur District. The most
important of any substation is the grounding (Earthing System) of the instruments, transformers
etc. used in the substation for the safety of the operation personnel as well as for proper system
operation and performance of the protective devices. An earths system comprising of an earthing
mat buried at a suitable depth below ground and supplemented with ground rod sat suitable
points is provided in the substations. These ground the extra high voltage to the ground as it is
dangerous to us to go near the instrument without proper earth. If the instruments are not ground
properly they may give a huge shock to anyone who would stay near it and also it is dangerous
for the costly instrument as they may get damaged by this high voltage.

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SUB-STATION PROFILE (BARAHUA)
Voltage Ratio (220/132/11)KV T/F
1. 160 MVA T/F 1ST (AREVA)
Fig.1. 160 MVA T/F 1ST ( AREVA )

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2. 160 MVA T/F 2ND ( EMCO )
Fig.2. 160 MVA T/F 2ND ( EMCO )
3. 100 MVA T/F 1ST ( MITSHIBUSI )
Fig.3. 100 MVA T/F 1ST ( MITSHIBUSI )

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4. 100 MVA T/F 2ND ( MITSHIBUSI )
Fig.4. 100 MVA T/F 2ND ( MITSHIBUSI )
VOLTAGE RATIO ( 132/33 ) KV T/F
1. 63 MVA T/F ( ADITYA )
Fig.5. 63 MVA T/F ( ADITYA )

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2. 40 MVA T/F ( AREVA )
Fig.6. 40 MVA T/F ( AREVA )

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INCOMING LINES (220 KV )
1. PGCIL
2. NTPC TANDA
3. GKP CIRCUIT 1ST
4. GKP CIRCUIT 2ND
OUTGOING LINES ( 132 KV )
1. MOHADDIPUR
2. KAURIRAM
3. BARHALGANJ
4. ANAND NAGAR
5. FCI CIRCUIT 1ST
6. FCI CIRCUIT 2ND
7. IGL
8. GIDA

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OUTGOING LINES ( 33 KV )
1. LAL DIGGI
2. NAUSARH
3. RUSTAMPUR
4. PGCIL
5. HARPUR
6. SAHJANWA
7. GIDA
8. JACK BUS

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SUB - STATION
1. Definition of sub-station:
“The assembly of apparatus used to change some characteristics (e.g. Voltage ac to dc freq. p.f.
etc) of electric supply is called sub-station”.
Fig.7. Barahuwa Substation
2. Sub-Station:
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system.
Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other
important functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow
through several substations at different voltage levels.
Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may be owned by a large
industrial or commercial customer. Generally substations are unattended, relying on SCADA for
remote supervision and control.
A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission
voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different transmission
voltages. The word substation comes from the days before the distribution system became a

16. 16
grid. As central generation stations became larger, smaller generating plants were converted to
distribution stations, receiving their energy supply from a larger plant instead of using their own
generators. The first substations were connected to only one power station, where the generators
were housed, and were subsidiaries of that power station.
3. Types of Substation:
Substations may be described by their voltage class, their applications within the power system,
the method used to insulate most connections, and by the style and materials of the structures
used. These categories are not disjointed; to solve a particular problem, a transmission substation
may include significant distribution functions, for example.
 Transmission substation
 Distribution substation
 Converter substation

 Switching substation

 Transmission substation:
A transmission substation connects two or more transmission lines. The simplest case is where
all transmission lines have the same voltage. In such cases, substation contains high- voltage
switches that allow lines to be connected or isolated for fault clearance or maintenance. A
transmission station may have transformers to convert between two transmission voltages,
voltage control/power factor correction devices such as capacitors, reactors or static VAR
compensators and equipment such as phase shifting transformers to control power flow between
two adjacent power systems.
Transmission substations can range from simple to complex. A small "switching station" may be
little more than a bus plus some circuit breakers. The largest transmission substations can cover
a large area (several acres/hectares) with multiple voltage levels, many circuit breakers and a
large amount of protection and control equipment (voltage and current transformers, relays and
SCADA systems). Modern substations may be implemented using international standards such
as IEC Standard 61850.
 Distribution substation:
A distribution substation in Scarborough, Ontario disguised as a house, complete with a
driveway, front walk and a mown lawn and shrubs in the front yard. A warning notice can be
clearly seen on the "front door". Disguises for substations are common in many cities.
A distribution substation transfers power from the transmission system to the distribution system
of an area. It is uneconomical to directly connect electric ity consumers to the main transmission
network, unless they use large amounts of power, so the distribution station reduces voltage to a
level suitable for local distribution.

17. 17
The input for a distribution substation is typically at least two transmission o r sub transmission
lines. Input voltage may be, for example, 115 kV, or whatever is common in the area. The output
is a number of feeders. Distribution voltages are typically medium voltage, between 2.4 kV and
33 kV depending on the size of the area served and the practices of the local utility. The feeders
run along streets overhead (or underground, in some cases) and power the distribution
transformers at or near the customer premises.
 Converter substation:
Converter substations may be associated with HVDC converter plants, traction current, or
interconnected non-synchronous networks. These stations contain power electronic devices to
change the frequency of current, or else convert from alternating to direct current or the
reverse. Formerly rotary converters changed frequency to interconnect two systems; such
substations today are rare.
 Switching station:
A switching station is a substation without transformers and operating only at a single voltage
level. Switching stations are sometimes used as collector and distribution stations. Sometimes
they are used for switching the current to back-up lines or for parallelizing circuits in case of
failure. An example is the switching stations for the HVDC Inga–Shaba transmission line.
A switching station may also be known as a switchyard, and these are commonly located directly
adjacent to or nearby a power station. In this case the generators from the power station supply
their power into the yard onto the Generator Bus on one side of the yard, and the transmission
lines take their power from a Feeder Bus on the other side of the yard.
An important function performed by a substation is switching, which is the connecting and
disconnecting of transmission lines or other components to and from the system. Switching
events may be "planned" or "unplanned". A transmission line or other component may need to
be de-energized for maintenance or for new construction, for example, adding or removing a
transmission line or a transformer. To maintain reliability of supply, no company ever brings
down its whole system for maintenance. All work to be performed, from routine testing to
adding entirely new substations, must be done while keeping the whole system running.

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SELECTION OF SITE
Main points to be considered while selecting the site for Grid Sub-Station are as follows:
i) The site chosen should be as near to the load center as possible.
ii) It should be easily approachable by road or rail for transportation of equipments.
iii) Land should be fairly leveled to minimize development cost.
iv) Source of water should be as near to the site as possible. This is because water is
required for various construction activities (especially civil works), earthing and
for drinking purposes etc.
v) The sub-station site should be as near to the town / city but should be clear of
public places, aerodromes, and Military / police installations.
vi) The land should be have sufficient ground area to accommodate substation
equipments, buildings, staff quarters, space for storage of material, such as store
yards and store sheds etc. with roads and space for future expansion.
vii) Set back distances from various roads such as National Highways, State
Highways should be observed as per the regulations in force.
viii) While selecting the land for the Substation preference to be given to the Govt.
land over private land.
ix) The land should not have water logging problem.
x) Far away from obstructions, to permit easy and safe approach/termination of high
voltage overhead transmission lines.

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EQUIPMENT IN A 220KV SUB-STATION
The equipment required for a transformer Sub-Station depends upon the type of Sub-
Station, Service requirement and the degree of protection desired.
220KV EHV Sub-Station has the following major equipments:
1. Bus-bar
2. Insulators
3. Circuit breaker
4. Protective relay
5. Instrument Transformer
6. Current Transformer
7. Voltage Transformer
8. Transformer
9. Lightening arrestors
10. Wave trap

 Bus-bar:

When a no. of lines operating at the same voltage have to be directly connected electrically, bus-
bar are used, it is made up of copper or aluminum bars (generally of rectangular X-Section) and
operate at constant voltage.
The bus is a line in which the incoming feeders come into and get into the instruments for
further step up or step down. The first bus is used for putting the incoming feeders in LA single
line. There may be double line in the bus so that if any fault occurs in the one the other can still
have the current and the supply will not stop. The two lines in the bus are separated by a little
distance by a Conductor having a connector between them. This is so that one can work at a time
and the other works only if the first is having any fault.
 Insulators:

The insulator serves two purpose, they support the conductor (or bus bar) and confine the current
to the conductor. The most commonly used material for the manufactures of insulators is
porcelain. There are several type of insulator (i.e. pine type, suspension type etc.) and there used
in Sub-Station will depend upon the service requirement.
 Transformer:

Transformer is a static machine, which transform the potential of alternating current at same
frequency. It means the transformer transforms the low voltage into high voltage and high
voltage into low voltage at same frequency. It works on the principle of static induction

20. 20
principle. When the energy transformed into higher voltage, the transformer is called step up
transformer but in case of other is known as step down transformer.
There are four transformers in the incoming feeders so that the four lines are step down at the
same time. In case of a 220KV or more KV line station auto transformers are used. While in case
of lower KV line such as less than 132KV line double winding transformers are used Auto
transformer.
Fig.8. 220/132 KV 160 MVA Transformer at barahuwa sub-station
As the system voltage goes up, the techniques to be used for the Design, Construction,
Installation, Operation and Maintenance also become more and more critical. If proper care is
exercised in the installation, maintenance and condition monitoring of the transformer, it can
give the user trouble free service throughout the expected life of equipment which of the order of
25-35 years. Hence, it is very essential that the personnel associated with the installation,
operation or maintenance of the transformer is through with the instructions provided by the
manufacture diverted around the protected insulation in most cases to earth.
The transformer is based on two principles: firstly, that an Electric current can produce a
magnetic field (electromagnetism) and secondly that a changing magnetic field within a coil of
wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil (electromagnetic induction). Changing the
current in the primary coil changes the magnetic flux that is developed. The changing magnetic
flux induces a voltage in the secondary coil.
It is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively
coupled conductors — the transformer's coils. Except for air-core transformers, the conductors
are commonly wound around a single iron-rich core, or around separate but magnetically -

21. 21
coupled cores. A varying current in the first or "primary" winding creates a varying magnetic
field in the core (or cores) of the transformer. This varying magnetic field induces a varying
electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the "secondary" winding. This effect is called mutual
induction.
If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the seconda ry winding
and electrical energy will flow from the primary circuit through the transformer to the load. In an
ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (VS) is in proportion to the
primary voltage (VP), and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary to the
number of turns in the primary as follows:
By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus allows an alternating current
(AC) voltage to be "stepped up" by making NS greater than NP, or "stepped down" by making
NS less than NP.
TYPES OF TRANSFORMER:
 Power Transformer

 Instrument Transformer

 Auto Transformer
 POWER TRANSFORMER:

Fig 9: 132/33 KV 40 MVA transformer at barahuwa sub-station
 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER:


22. 22
The line in Sub-station operate at high voltage and carry current of thousands of amperes. The
measuring instrument and protective devices are designed for low voltage (generally 110V) and
current (about 5A). Therefore, they will not work satisfactory if mounted directly on the power
lines. This difficulty is overcome by installing Instrument transformer, on the power lines.
There are two types of instrument transformer-
1. Current Transformer:
A current transformer is essentially a step-down transformer which steps-down the current in a
known ratio, the primary of this transformer consist of one or more turn of thick wire connected
in series with the line, the secondary consist of thick wire connected in series with line having
large number of turn of fine wire and provides for measuring instrument, and relay a current
which is a constant faction of the current in the line. Current transformers are basically used to
take the readings of the currents entering the substation. This transformer steps down the current
from 800 amps to 1amp. This is done because we have no instrument for measuring of such a
large current.

23. 23
Fig.10. Current Transformer
The main use of his transformer is:
(a) Distance protection
(b) Backup protection
(c) Measurement
2. Potential Transformer:
It is essentially a step – down transformer and step down the voltage in known ratio. The
primary of these transformer consist of a large number of turn of fine wire connected across the
line. The secondary way consist of a few turns and provides for measuring instruments and relay
a voltage which is known fraction of the line voltage.
Fig.11. Potential Transformer ( Voltage Transformer )

24. 24
3. C V T:
A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT ) is a transformer used in power systems to step-down
extra high voltage signals and provide low voltage signals either for measurement or to operate a
protective relay. In its most basic form the device consists of three parts: two capacitors across
which the voltage signal is split, an inductive element used to tune the device to the supply
frequency and a transformer used to isolate and further step-down the voltage for the
instrumentation or protective relay. The device has at least four terminals, a high- voltage
terminal for connection to the high voltage signal, a ground terminal and at least one set of
secondary terminals for connection to the instrumentation or protective relay. CVTs are typically
single-phase devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one hundred kilovolts where the
use of voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In practice the first capacitor, C1, is often
replaced by a stack of capacitors connected in series. This results in a large voltage drop across
the stack of capacitors that replaced the first capacitor and a comparatively small voltage drop
across the second capacitor,C2, and hence the secondary terminals.
Fig.12. Capacitor Voltage T/f ( CVT )

25. 25
 Circuit breaker:
A circuit breaker is an equipment, which can open or close a circuit under normal as well as fault
condition. These circuit breaker breaks for a fault which can damage other instrument in the
station.
It is so designed that it can be operated manually (or by remote control) under normal conditions
and automatically under fault condition.
For the latter operation a relay which is used with a C.B. generally bulk oil C.B. are used for
voltage up to 66 KV while for high voltage low oil & SF6 C.B. are used. For still higher voltage,
air blast vacuum or SF6 cut breaker are used.
The use of SF6 circuit breaker is mainly in the substations which are having high input kv input,
say above 220kv and more. The gas is put inside the circuit breaker by force i.e. under high
pressure.
When if the gas gets decreases there is a motor connected to the circuit breaker. The motor starts
operating if the gas went lower than 20.8 bar. There is a meter connected to the breaker so that it
can be manually seen if the gas goes low. The circuit breaker uses the SF6 gas to reduce the
torque produce in it due to any fault in the line. The circuit breaker has a direct link with the
instruments in the station, when any fault occur alarm bell rings.
Fig.13. Vaccum Circuit Breaker

26. 26
Fig.14. Gas Circuit Breaker
 Lightening Arrester:

To discharge the switching and lightening voltage surges to earth.
Fig.15. Lightening arrester

27. 27
 Insulators:

The insulator serves two purpose, they support the conductor (or bus bar) and confine the current
to the conductor. The most commonly used material for the manufactures of insulators is
porcelain. There are several type of insulator (i.e. pine type, suspension type etc.) and there used
in Sub-Station will depend upon the service requirement.
An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not flow freely, and
therefore make it nearly impossible to conduct an electric current under the influence of an
electric field. This contrasts with other materials, semiconductors and conductors, which conduct
electric current more easily. The property that distinguishes an insulator is its resistivity;
insulators have higher resistivity than semiconductors or conductors.
A perfect insulator does not exist, because even insulators contain small numbers of mobile
charges (charge carriers) which can carry current. In addition, all insulators become electrically
conductive when a sufficiently large voltage is applied that the electric field tears electrons away
from the atoms. This is known as the breakdown voltage of an insulator. Some materials such as
glass, paper and Teflon, which have high resistivity, are very good electrical insulators. A much
larger class of materials, even though they may have lower bulk resistivity, are still good enough
to prevent significant current from flowing at normally used voltages, and thus are employed as
insulation for electrical wiring and cables. Examples include rubber-like polymers and most
plastics.
Fig 16: Insulators

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ISOLATORS:
Isolator is used to ensure that an electrical circuit is completely de-energized for service or
maintenance.
In Sub-Station, it is often desired to disconnect a part of the system fo r general maintenance and
repairs. This is accomplished by an isolating switch or isolator.
An isolator is essentially a knife Switch and is design to often open a circuit under no load, in
other words, isolator Switches are operate only when the line is which they are connected carry
no load. For example, consider that the isolator are connected on both side of a circuit breaker, if
the isolators are to be opened, the C.B. must be opened first.
“An Isolator or a disconnector is a mechanical switch device, which provides in the open
position, an isolating distance in accordance with special requirements. An isolator is capable of
opening and closing a circuit when either negligible current is broken/made or when no
significant change in the voltage across the terminals of each of the poles of isolator occurs. It is
also capable of carrying current under normal circuit conditions and carrying for a specified
time, current under abnormal conditions such as those of short circuit.”
Fig 17: Isolator
 WAVE TRAP
Line trap is also known as wave trap. What it does is trapping the high frequency communication
signals sent on the line from the remote sub-station and diverting them to the
telecom/teleprotection panel in the substation control room (through coupling capacitor and
LMU).

29. 29
This is relevant in power line carrier communication (PLCC) systems for communication among
various substations without dependence on the telecom company network. The signals are
primarily teleprotection signals and in addition, voice and data communication signals.
The line trap offers high impedance to high frequency communication signals thus obstructs the
flow of these signals in to the substations bus-bars. If there were not to there, then signal loss in
more and communication will be ineffective/probably impossible.
Wave trap is an instrument using for tripping of the wave. The function of this trap is that it traps
the unwanted waves. Its function is of trapping wave. Its shape is like a drum. It is connected to
the main incoming feeder so that it can trap the waves which may be dangerous to the
instruments here in the substation.

30. 30
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM (SLD)
Fig 18: single line diagram of 220 KV substation Barahuwa

31. 31
CONCLUSION
Now from this report we can conclude that electricity plays an important role in our life. We are
made aware of how the transmission the transmission of electricity is done. We too came to
know about the various parts of the substation system. The three wings of electrical system viz.
generation, transmission and distribution are connected to each other and that too very perfectly.
Thus for effective transmission and distribution a substation must:
 Ensure steady state and transient stability
 Effective voltage control

 Prevention of loss of synchronism
 Reliable supply by feeding the network at various points
 Fault analysis improvement in respective field

 Establishment of economic load distribution

32. 32
REFERENCES
 IEEE Journals
 Electrical Magazines
 Substation Report of UPPCL
 “Electrical Power System” by C.L. Wadhwa
 “Electrical Power System” by D Daas
 “Electrical Power Distribution System” by V. Kamaraju

33. 33