Since the prehistoric era, spices and its products are being employed for their medicinal properties. Of all the countries, India has always been home to several spices that are widely used in folk medicine. Among the spices grown in various parts of the world, a major portion of it comes from Asia. While the natural path for enhancing the health and promoting wellness is the need of the hour the emphasis on healthy eating is drawing attention with the referral of spices as the critical ingredients which possess unique flavour profile along with aroma that get slowly degraded and lose their activity thus something called Microencapsulation presents new challenges to food product developers.
2. Dept.PMA
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURALAND HORTICULTURAL
SCIENCES –SHIV
AMOGGA
COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE, MUDIGERE
Name of the Student
I.D.No.
Degree Programme
Department
:Tamanna Arif
:MH2TAI240
: Sr. M.Sc. (Hort.)
: PSMAC
Seminar - I
on
Microencapsulation in spices
2
3. 11/01/2020 Dept. PMA
4
What is microencapsulation?
History
Application of microencapsulation
Need for encapsulation in spices
Morphology of microcapsules
Methods of encapsulation
Case studies
Conclusion
TOPIC DIVISION
3
4. What is microencapsulation?
• Microencapsulation is defined as a process in
which tiny particles or droplets are surrounded by
a coating or embedded in a homogeneous or
heterogeneous matrix, to give small capsules.
• Size range :1 to 1000 μm in diameter
11/01/2020 Dept. PSMAC (Poshadri and Aparna, 2010) 4
5. HISTORY
)
In 1932, introduction of microencapsulation procedure by
Bungen burg de John
Origin of microencapsulation lies in paper industries by 1940s
Commercial product - microencapsulated ink by
America in 1953 (Complex coacervation)
Textile industry started introducing many encapsulated products in
between 1960 and 1970
Pharmaceutical industry has long used microencapsulation for
capsule preparation.
Late 1970’s exploration in agriculture, food, cosmetic industries
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6. • The material to be coated is
called core material
• Core materials are either
solids, liquids or a mixture
of these such as dispersion
of solids in liquids.
• Core material proportion:
20-95% w/w
(Bansode et al., 2010)
• It is a shell or covering
material which protect core
material from deterioration
and evaporation of
volatiles.
• Example: Gums, lipids,
proteins, carbohydrates,
celluloses etc
• 0.5-150µm thick
(Snehal et al., 2013)
11/01/2020 Dept.PMA
CORE MATERIAL WALLMATERIAL
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7. Characteristics of wall material
• Stabilization of core material.
• Chemically compatible and non reactive.
• Pliable, stable and non- hygroscopic.
• Low viscosity.
• Soluble in an aqueous media or solvent.
• Inexpensive, food-grade status.
• Should be flexible, hard, thin, impermeable .
Dept.PSMAC ( Saikiran et al., 2018) 7
8. Commonly used coating materials in food industry
Dept.PSMAC
Natural polymers Synthetic polymers
• Proteins:
Albumin
Gelatin
Collagen
• Carbohydrates:
Chitosan
Starch
Poly dextran
Poly starch
• Gums
Gum arabic
Sodium alginate
• Lactides
• Glycolides
• Poly alkyl cyano acrylates
• Poly anhydrides
(Suganya et al., 2017) 8
10. Dept.PMA
• Spice oleoresin- complete flavor profile of spices
• Highly concentrated and viscous
• Usually volatile and chemically unstable
• Poor storage life
• Immiscible in aqueous matrix
(Dubey et al., 2009)
Why in spices ??
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11. • Conversion of liquids to free flowing solids
• Lowers volatility and increases shelf –life of fragrance
• Masking of odour, taste and activity of encapsulated
materials
• Provide protection from environment and oxidation
• Controlled release of active compounds
• Improves bioavailability and stability
Need for encapsulation
(Dubey et al., 2009) 11
14. 3. Extrusion
• Encapsulation of volatile and unstable flavours in glassy
carbohydrate matrices.
• Microcapsules have very long shelf life.
• Commercially used for encapsulating nutraceuticals.
11/01/2020 Dept.PMA
(Quellet et al., 2001)
0.25-2mm
(0–500 atm and 70–500°C)
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15. 4. Fluidized bed coating
• Also known as suspension coating
• Principle : Spraying - Evaporation
• Coating materials used are melted fats, waxes or
emulsifiers as shell materials.
• Particle size: 20 to 1000μm
0 Dept.PMA
( Saikiran et al., 2018)
15
16. 5. Lyophilization
Dept.PSMAC
• Dehydration of heat sensitive materials and aromas.
• Sample frozen (-90 to -40oC)
• Particle Size – 20µm to 5mm
(Shami and Bhasker, 2009)
16
17. 6. Coacervation
• Known as Phase separation method
• Core material is dispersed in the solution of coating material.
The shell starts to precipitate from the solution.
• Commonly used wall material- Gum arabic and gelatin.
• Particle size: 10–800µm
Dept.PSMAC
(Nicolaas and Shimoni , 2010)
17
19. 7. Co-crystallization
Dept.PSMAC
• New encapsulation process
• Wall material – Sucrose
Flow-chart of co-crystallization process
Sucrose syrup
(supersaturated state )
Addition of
core material
Vigorous
Mechanical
agitation
Nucleation
Crystallize
Agitation is continued Agglomerates are discharged Dried
(Sanjoy Kumar Das et al., 2011) 19
23. Type Oleoresin
t1/2
(weeks)
Gum arabic
t1/2
(weeks)
Modified starch
t1/2
(weeks)
EP - -
Y=‒0.0097x +4.601
R²= 0.921
71.44
Y= ‒0.0126x + 4.601
R² = 0.959
55
TP
Y= ‒0.125x + 4.604
R² = 0.994 55.44
Y= ‒0.0057x + 4.604
R² = 0.943 121.57
Y= ‒0.0054x +4.603
R² = 0.958 120.33
TV
Y= ‒0.0295x +4.606
R² = 0.999 23.49
Y= ‒0.0269x +4.605
R² = 0.997 25.76
Y= ‒0.0263Xx+ 4.618
R² = 0.972 26.34
NV
Y= 0.0098x + 4.6045
R² = 0.999 70.71
Y= 0.0089x+ 4.6007
R² = 0.981 77.86
Y= 0.0167x+ 4.5969
R² = 0.981 41.49
Dept.PSMAC
Table 1. Analysis for *EP, TP, TV and NV in free and encapsulated oleoresin
Oleoresin at 2.5 % based on carrier materialused
R2 indicated correlationcoefficient
(Shaikh et al., 2006)
*EP- Entrapped piperine
TP- Total piperine
TV- Total volatiles
NV- Non-volatiles
23
24. Dept.PSMAC
(b) Modified starch HiCap-100
Size: 7-20 µm
Nearly spherical with smooth surface
Size: 5-15 µm
Nearly spherical with smooth surface
(Shaikh et al., 2006) 24
Fig. 1. Scanning electron microscopic image of spray
dried microcapsules
(a) Gum arabic
25. Dept.PSMAC
(Xiao et al., 2014)
MEY- Microencapsulation Yield
MEE- Microencapsulation Efficiency
25
Fig. 2. Effect of emulsification temperature on the morphology,
efficiency and yield of capsanthin microcapsules
26. Dept.PSMAC
Fig. 3. Effect of wall concentration on the morphology,
efficiency and yield of capsanthin microcapsules
(Xiao et al., 2014)
MEY- Microencapsulation Yield
MEE- Microencapsulation Efficiency
26
27. Dept.PSMAC
Fig. 4. Effect of core to wall ratio on the morphology,
efficiency and yield of capsanthin microcapsules
(Xiao et al., 2014)
MEY- Microencapsulation Yield
MEE- Microencapsulation Efficiency
27
28. Fig. 4 Effect of temperature on
the stability of capsanthin in
microcapsules
Fig. 5.Stability of capsanthin in microcapsule in dark (a) and outdoor light (b)
(Xiao et al., 2014)
(a) Dark (b) Outdoorlight
28
29. • Optimum conditions for capsanthin microencapsulation -
emulsification temperature 45°C, wall concentration 15 g/l and
core to wall ratio 1:2 (w/w)
• Under these conditions, droplets in emulsion were even in
size distribution without agglomeration.
• Microencapsulation increased the stability of capsanthin
against heat and light.
Dept.PSMAC
Xiao et al., 2014 29
33. Dept.PSMAC
Fig. 9. Response surface and contour
plots for Moisture content
Fig 10. Response surface and contour
plots for Particle size
( Noshad et al., 2015)
33
34. Dept.PSMAC
Fig. 12. Morphology of microcapsules
at optimal model point
(184°C, 8.5%. 0.36%)
Fig .11. Response surface and contourplots
for Encapsulation efficiency
(Noshad et al., 2015)
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35. • Optimal condition for vanillin microencapsulation
found in 184ºC with 8.5 per cent malto dextrin
concentration and 0.36 per cent vanillin
concentration to obtain maximum encapsulation
efficiency (58.3%) and minimum moisture content
(3.153g/100g) and particle size (6.95µ)
Dept.PSMAC
(Noshad et al., 2015)
35
36. Table. 3. Overview of microencapsulation in various spices
Encapsulated
material
Wall material Method Remarks
Cardamom oleoresin
(Savitha, 2005)
Gum arabic,
Maltodextrin,
modified starch
Spray- drying
Gum arabic was found to be
better wall material than
maltodextrins and modified
starch
Turmeric oleoresin
(Kshirsagar et al., 2008)
Gum arabic
and maltodextrin
Spray - drying
Gum Arabic supplemented with
1% pullulan proved to be a
better wall material in terms of
stability and film forming ability
for encapsulation of turmeric
oleoresin
Ethyl vanillin (Verica et
al., 2008)
Alginate gel Extrusion
Release of ethyl vanillin occurs
at about 260°C
Dept.PSMAC (Renu and Zehra, 2015)
36
37. Encapsulated
material
Wall material Method Remarks
Ginger oleoresin
(Kadam et al.,2010)
Acacia gum Spray- drying
Inlet temperature of 160°C was
optimum in encapsulating
ginger oleoresin
Star –anise oleoresin
( Wang et al., 2011)
Maltodextrin and
soy protein
Spray- drying
Encapsulate of 5% oleoresin
with 20% maltodextrin and 7.5%
soy protein at an inlet
temperature of 180°C was
considered as best
Nutmeg oleoresin
(Arshad et al., 2014)
Gum arabic, Native
and modified
sorghum starches
Spray- drying
The highest oil retention of 95%
with 84.07% encapsulation
efficiency was achieved when
GA: NA starch was used in the
fraction of 25:75.
Dept.PSMAC
Contd..
(Renu and Zehra, 2015)
37
40. CHALLENGES
•To produce effective encapsulated products,
the appropriate selection of coating material
is a great challenge.
•Multidisciplinary based research approach
and consideration of industrial requirements
and constraints has to be carried out.
40
vnillin Spray- drying soy protien isolate and maltodextrin as wal materials.
Figure 1 indicates a decrease in moisture content with an increase in temperature at process duration because the diffusion is faster.
3)It is for this reason that increasing total solids leads to an increase in emulsion viscosity, reducing the circulation movements inside the droplets
and thus, resulting in a rapid skin formation also, the increase in temperature leaded to increased particle size
The decrease in the encapsulation efficiency with the increase in temperature could be related to the fact that higher inlet air temperatures affect the balance between the water evaporation rate and film formation, leading to a breakdown of the crust.
the second polynomial was found to be stastically significant.