3. Introduction
• Nanoparticle defined as a submicronic colloidal systems
made of polymer nanoparticle are at least ten times
smaller than microparticles
• Nanosphere in matrix system in which solid drug
dispersed within the polymer through the particle
• Nanocapsule can be defined as nano-vesicular systems
that exhibit a typical core-shell structure in which the drug
is confined to a reservoir or within a cavity surrounded by
a polymer membrane or coating. The cavity can contain
the active substance in liquid or solid form.
• Nano-encapsulation involves forming drug loaded
particles with diameters ranging from 1 to 1000 nm.
3
5. Advantages of nanocapsules
• Higher dose loading
• Reduce irritation of drug at site of administration.
• Greater protection from degradation during storage & after
administration.
• Site specific action.
• Increase bioavailability of drug.
• Control and sustain release of the drug at the site of localization.
• The system can be used for various routes of administration
including oral, nasal, parenteral, intra-ocular etc
• Improve patient compliance.
5
6. Structure of nanocapsule
Liquid core
Polymeric membrane
Polymeric matrix
Polymeric membrane
Polymeric membrane
Liquid core
Active substance in
molecular state
6
8. 1. Nano precipitation
• In the nanoprecipitation method, also termed solvent
displacement method,
• Nanocapsules are formed by creating a colloidal
suspension between two separate phases.
• The organic phase consists of a solution and a mixture
of organic solvents.
• The aqueous phase consists of a mixture of non-
solvents that forms a surface film.
• The organic phase is slowly injected in the aqueous
phase which then is agitated to form the colloidal
suspension.
• The size and shape of the nanocapsule depend on the
rate of injection along with the rate of agitation 8
9. Cont…
Oil
Magnetic Stirrer bar
Continuous Phase
Stabilizer
solution
Drug +Polymer In
organic Solvent
(Oil)
Polymer precipitation
Solvent Diffusion
Stabilizer
Diagrammatic presentation of preparation method of nanocapsules by
precipitation method
9
10. 2. Emulsion-diffusion method
• This method consists of three phases: organic, aqueous, and
dilution phase.
• In this method the organic phase is added to the aqueous phase
under conditions of high agitation which form an emulsion.
• During this process water is added to the emulsion which causes
the solvent to diffuse.
• The result of this emulsion-diffusion is nanocapsule formation.
Organic phase
Aqueous phase
Emulsification
(highshear mixer)
Diffusion
(moderate stirring)
Dilution phase
10
12. 3. Double emulsification method
• Double emulsions are complex heterodisperse systems called
emulsions of emulsions
• That can be classified into two major types: water-oil-water
emulsion and oil-water-oil emulsion
• Double emulsions are prepared in a two-step emulsification
process using two surfactants: a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic
Organic phase
Emulsification
sonication
(highshear mixer)
Emulsification w/o
(sonication)
Aqueous phase
1
Aqueous phase
2
12
14. 4. Emulsion-coacervation method
• Coacervation is a simple technique which involves formation of a
homogeneous layer of the polymeric wall material around the
core material.
• Coacervation process involves three main steps:
(1) Formation of an oil-in-water emulsion, in which the oily
droplets of core material are dispersed into the aqueous polymeric
solution;
(2) Formation of the coating induced by a change in the aqueous
phase;
(3) Stabilization of the coating by thermal treatment, crosslinking or
desolvation techniques.
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17. 5. Polymer-coating method
• In the polymer coating the first step is to prepare the
nanoemulsion template and then coat it by polymer deposition on
the water/oil nanoemulsion surface.
• In this method steps involved :
1. The organic and aqueous phases are mixed under moderate
stirring and the o/w nanoemulsion is formed by solvent
displacement.
2. The solvents are subjected to evaporation under vacuum till it
reaches a specific volume.
3. Finally nanoemulsion is coated by the polymer by simple
incubation in the polymer solution
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20. Characterization of nanocapsules
1. Particle size
Particle size and size distribution plays a crucial role in nanocapsule
systems and it establishes the in vivo distribution, bioavailability,
toxicity and the targeting capacity of nanoparticulate systems.
2. Surface properties of the nanocapsules
The zeta potential of nanocapsule is efficiently used to characterize
charge on the surface property of nanocapsule. Necessary to
diminish opsonization and lengthen their circulation in vivo
3. Fluorescence quenching
Quenching of fluorescence is mainly utilized to confirm the
localization of nanocapsules, which contains the aqueous core
containing oligonucleotides.
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21. Evaluation of nanocapsules
1. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) studies
Phase analysis of the products is performed by powder XRD Phase
analysis of the products is performed by powder XRD. The XRD
pattern shows the phase composition of prepared products
2. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
It's a method of looking at things using an electron microscope
(SEM).The self-similar characteristics of the structure are
confirmed by the architecture of hierarchical branching aggregates,
which is characterised by nanocapsules and may include flocculent
structure, tiny clusters, giant clusters, and enormous branches
3. Differential scanning Calorimetry (DSC):
Samples are exposed to DSC analysis (pan-capped with a tiny hole
in the centre), both open (without a cover) and closed (with a lid).
The observations show that the thermal properties of the two
methods are identical. 21
22. Cont…
4. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM):
This type of electron microscopy can be used to analyse the
transport of insulin-loaded nanocapsules through the epithelium in
both in vitro and in vivo experiments
5. Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID):
Magnetic properties of nanocapsules are measured using Quantum
Design MPMS-7s or MPMS-5s superconducting quantum
interference devices.
6. FT-IR analysis:
The presence of characteristic peaks is confirmed by using the
FTIR analysis. The peaks indicate the characteristic functional
groups of compound
22
23. Application of nanocapsules
1. Drug delivery
Nanocapsules can be coated with an antibody on the surface, and is
carried along the bloodstream directed to an induced tumor. After
reaching the tumor, the capsules open up in a blast and discharge
their therapeutic contents.
2. Oral delivery of peptides and proteins
Nanocapsules are used as carriers for oral administration of
peptides and proteins, particularly biodegradable nanocapsules. e.g.,
the loaded insulin nanoparticles.
3. Treatment of cancer
The study showed that specific siRNAs encapsulated in
nanocapsules can be used to target estrogen receptor alpha (ERα).
There is a significant decrease in tumour growth and ERα
expression in tumour cells.
23
24. Cont…
4. Diagnosis and bioimaging:
A number of molecular imaging techniques are available, such as
optical imaging (OI), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),
ultrasound imaging (USI), positron emission tomography (PET)
and others have been reported for imaging of in vitro and in vivo
biological specimens
5. Food Science and agriculture
The spherical bilayer vesicles liposome form the dispersion of polar
lipids in hydrophilic solvents. They are very efficient drug delivery
vehicles by protecting most reactive and sensitive compounds
immediate to release.
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25. Conclusion
• The main goal of this presentation was to describe the different
preparation techniques available for production of polymeric
nanoparticals. The drug loaded Nanosphere/nanocapsules now
can be produced by simple, safe and reproducible technique
available.
• Nano particle preparation methods have been marked by three
aspects important applications in biochemical, pharmaceutical,
electronic and molecular diagnostic filed.
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26. References
1. Karnarkar B, Arvapalli S, Jabeen S, Vaishnvi A, Rishika P S,
Sharma J. A systemic Review on Nanocapsule: A NDDS.JBPR.
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2. Kothamasu P, Kanumur H, Ravur N, Maddu C, Parasuramrajam
R;Nonocapsule: the weapons for novel drug delivery
system,Bioimpacts, 2012:2(2);71-81
3. Madhuri K; A review on the functions, preparation and future
aspects of nanocapsules. IJSRA. 8(1),2023, January 30; 421-
426
4. Pisal M, Barbade P, Dudhal S, Nanocapsule, IJPSRR;60(2) Jan-
Feb 2020; 153-625
5. Wadavkar S D, Mali S R;A systematic review on Nano. capsule:
A NDDS IRJETS, 05(3); march 2023; 3390-3401
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