.

2. WHAT ARE PROKARYOTES?
 These are organisms whose cells lack -bound
nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
 They are small and unicellular (made of only
once cell)

3. WHAT ARE PROKARYOTES?
 They have cell walls that provide protection
from the outside world.
 Their genetic information is contained in a
“nucleoid” (nucleus-like)
 Most prokaryotes are “autotrophic”, meaning
that they can make their own food.

4. WHAT ARE PROKARYOTES?
 Prokaryotes can be one of three different shapes:

5. WHAT ARE PROKARYOTES?

6. 1. KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA
 The word "archaebacteria" derives from the
Greek word "arkhaion." It is the neuter
singular of the word "arkhaios," which is a
combination of "ancient" and "bacteria."
 These are the first prokaryotes and live in
extreme environment.

7. 1. KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA
 Many archaebacteria thrive under extreme
conditions, such as in sulfur pools or in rock deep
inside the Earth. They even exist on the ocean
floor, though they lack oxygen and sunlight there.
 They have some things in common with
bacteria and some things with eukaryotic
organisms (like us).

8.  Archaea are divided into three categories:
1. THERMOPHILES - Thermophilic bacteria can be
found growing naturally in the hottest places on
Earth. Hot springs, volcanoes and geysers are great
places for them. They are also found in all types of
manure and thrive in compost heaps.
 They are heat lovers and thrives at relatively high
temperatures, between 41 and 122 °C (106 and 252
°F).

9. 1. THERMOPHILES
 It is estimated that 1 trillion bacteria can fit into a
single teaspoon of waste material. They are the
organisms responsible for the breakdown of
organic matter in the compost. Due to the high
heat required, and the additional heat they create
when eating the materials in the heap, they are
the reason for spontaneous compost fires.

10. 1. THERMOPHILES

11. 2. HALOPHILES
 Halophiles are organisms that live in extremely
salty environments. The name 'halophile' means
'salt-loving' in Greek.
 Many halophiles accumulate compatible solutes in
cells to balance the osmotic stress in their
environment. Some halophiles produce acidic
proteins that are able to function in high salinity by
increasing solvation and preventing aggregation,
precipitation and denaturation.

12. 2. HALOPHILES

13. 3. METHANOGENS
 These are microscopic organisms that produce methane
as a byproduct of their metabolism.
Methanogens belong to a group of organisms called
archaea and are obligate anaerobes, or organisms that
live without oxygen.
 Methanogens play a vital ecological role
in anaerobic environments by removing excess
hydrogen and fermentation products produced by
other forms of anaerobic respiration.

14. 3. Methanogens

15. 2. KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
 Members of Eubacteria are unicellular and
microscopic.
 They are referred to as “true bacteria” and
are usually called the “bacteria” group.
 There cell walls are made of “peptidoglycan”,
a carbohydrate.

16. 2. KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
 They are often classified according to their
modes of respiration and nutrition.
 Bacteria reproduce by dividing into two new
bacteria (binary fission)

17.  Binary Fission

18. 2. KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
 A bacterium of a large group typically having
simple cells with rigid cell walls and often
flagella for movement. They are found mainly
in the intestines of vertebrates and in the soil.
 Based on the mode of nutrition, bacteria are
broadly classified into “autotrophic” and
“Heterotrophic”.

19. CLASSIFICATION OF KINGDOM EUBACTERIA

20. a. AUTOTROPHIC EUBACTERIA
1. CHEMOSYNTHETIC – Are those which prepare
their food with the help of inorganic substrates.
2. PHOTOSYNTHETIC – Are autotrophic bacteria
which prepare their own food by the process of
photosynthesis.

21. a. AUTOTROPHIC EUBACTERIA

22. a. AUTOTROPHIC EUBACTERIA

23. b. HETEROTROPHIC EUBACTERIA
1. PARASITIC– Are those which depend on the
host for nutrition. They are most abundant and
important decomposers.
2. SAPROPHYTIC– Are those which feed on dead
and decaying matter.

26. Common Bacteria on Earth
1. Propionibacterium acnes
It causes your oil glands to swell and
result to pimples

27. Common Bacteria on Earth
2. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
 It causes the disease, tuberculosis.

28. Common Bacteria on Earth
3. Leptospira interrogans
 It causes the bacterial infection called
“leptospirosis”. These bacteria are present in
the urine and tissues of cattle, pigs, horses,
dogs, rats, and wild animals. It has been
found out that the largest number of this
bacteria are in the urine of rats.

29. Common Bacteria on Earth
4. Bacillus anthracis
 It is responsible for the disease called anthrax. The
bacterium is found in the soil and can survive for many
years. The disease affects animals like cows and
carabaos but can be transmitted to humans. Inhalation
and intestinal anthrax caused by inhaling spores and
eating of contaminated and undercooked meat,
respectively, are more deadly.

30. Common Bacteria on Earth
5. Streptomyces griseus
Streptomycin, an anti-biotic used to treat
tuberculosis and certain types of
pneumonia is made from these bacteria.

31. Common Bacteria on Earth
6. Streptomyces venezuelae
It produces chloramphenicol used in
killing bacteria that cause typhoid fever
and skin infections.

32. Common Bacteria on Earth
7. Escherichia coli
 It is naturally found in the large intestines of
humans. It feeds on partially digested food
moving from the stomach to the small intestines.
E. coli once present in other areas in the body can
produce poisons causing diarrhea or kidney
damage and even death.

33. Common Bacteria on Earth
8. Lactobacilli bulgaricus and
Streptococcus thermophilus
 They are in the lactic acid bacteria group.
These are specifically involved in making sour
milk or yogurt.