This document summarizes a study on the micropropagation of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, an exotic medicinal plant, through root explants. Researchers found that surface sterilizing root explants with 0.25% mercury chloride solution eliminated contamination and mortality. Shoots were induced on root explants cultured on MS medium supplemented with 1.25mg/L BAP, resulting in 59.5% induction and 3.05cm shoot length. A combination of 1.25mg/L BAP and 0.5mg/L TDZ achieved the highest shoot induction of 89.5% and length of 3.75cm. Subculturing induced multiple shoot proliferation. Roots were induced through culturing micro
Package practice of Moringa or Drumstick. This PPT includes Moringa Taxonomy, Origin, Distribution, Varieties, Land Preparation, Soil, Propagation, Irrigation, Manure and Fertilizer, Disease, Pests and management, Harvesting, Yield with Clear Image.
Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) is a herbaceous plant native to Madagascar that is cultivated for its medicinal properties. It contains over 100 alkaloids, notably vinblastine and vincristine in its leaves which are important in cancer therapy. It is grown in tropical and subtropical regions with adequate rainfall. Propagation is through seeds sown directly or in a nursery, and through cuttings. Leaves are harvested twice and roots after one year. Yields of 4 tons/ha of leaves and 1.5 tons/ha each of stems and roots can be obtained under irrigation.
India is the second largest producer of fruits globally and fruit breeding research began in India in 1905 with the establishment of agricultural colleges. Several initiatives in the early 20th century helped boost fruit research. Fruit breeding is challenging due to long lifecycles, juvenile periods, heterozygosity, and other genetic factors of fruit crops. The objectives of fruit breeding are to develop varieties with high quality production, biotic/abiotic stress tolerance, and marketability. Fruit breeding plays an important role in developing improved varieties and meeting the needs of a growing population.
Potatoes originated in Peru but are now widely grown globally. India is the second largest producer of potatoes in the world. Potato varieties grown in India include Kufri Jyoti, Kufri Chandramukhi, and Kufri Chamatkar. Potatoes prefer cool temperatures between 15-25°C and well-drained soils. Production involves land preparation, planting seed potatoes in ridges or beds, applying fertilizers, irrigation, weed control, and protecting against diseases like early and late blight. Breeding methods aim to develop higher yielding, stress resistant varieties.
1. Castor is an important crop grown in India and other tropical countries. India is the largest producer and supplier of castor seed and oil.
2. Research has focused on developing hybrid varieties of castor through creating male sterile lines and evaluating hybrids for yield and other traits.
3. Further research is needed to develop hybrids adapted to rainfed conditions, improve pollination systems, identify heterotic loci, and address issues with genomic instability in wide hybrids. New end uses for castor oil and derivatives also need to be explored.
This document summarizes the cultivation practices of tuberose. It describes the botanical details of tuberose and discusses propagation through bulbs or bulb segments. Ideal growing conditions including climate, soil type, and spacing are outlined. The document also covers cultivation processes such as site selection, soil preparation, planting, irrigation, fertilization, pest and disease management, harvesting, post-harvest handling, and yield. Common tuberose varieties grown for their fragrance in cut flowers and essential oils are also mentioned.
Package practice of Moringa or Drumstick. This PPT includes Moringa Taxonomy, Origin, Distribution, Varieties, Land Preparation, Soil, Propagation, Irrigation, Manure and Fertilizer, Disease, Pests and management, Harvesting, Yield with Clear Image.
Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) is a herbaceous plant native to Madagascar that is cultivated for its medicinal properties. It contains over 100 alkaloids, notably vinblastine and vincristine in its leaves which are important in cancer therapy. It is grown in tropical and subtropical regions with adequate rainfall. Propagation is through seeds sown directly or in a nursery, and through cuttings. Leaves are harvested twice and roots after one year. Yields of 4 tons/ha of leaves and 1.5 tons/ha each of stems and roots can be obtained under irrigation.
India is the second largest producer of fruits globally and fruit breeding research began in India in 1905 with the establishment of agricultural colleges. Several initiatives in the early 20th century helped boost fruit research. Fruit breeding is challenging due to long lifecycles, juvenile periods, heterozygosity, and other genetic factors of fruit crops. The objectives of fruit breeding are to develop varieties with high quality production, biotic/abiotic stress tolerance, and marketability. Fruit breeding plays an important role in developing improved varieties and meeting the needs of a growing population.
Potatoes originated in Peru but are now widely grown globally. India is the second largest producer of potatoes in the world. Potato varieties grown in India include Kufri Jyoti, Kufri Chandramukhi, and Kufri Chamatkar. Potatoes prefer cool temperatures between 15-25°C and well-drained soils. Production involves land preparation, planting seed potatoes in ridges or beds, applying fertilizers, irrigation, weed control, and protecting against diseases like early and late blight. Breeding methods aim to develop higher yielding, stress resistant varieties.
1. Castor is an important crop grown in India and other tropical countries. India is the largest producer and supplier of castor seed and oil.
2. Research has focused on developing hybrid varieties of castor through creating male sterile lines and evaluating hybrids for yield and other traits.
3. Further research is needed to develop hybrids adapted to rainfed conditions, improve pollination systems, identify heterotic loci, and address issues with genomic instability in wide hybrids. New end uses for castor oil and derivatives also need to be explored.
This document summarizes the cultivation practices of tuberose. It describes the botanical details of tuberose and discusses propagation through bulbs or bulb segments. Ideal growing conditions including climate, soil type, and spacing are outlined. The document also covers cultivation processes such as site selection, soil preparation, planting, irrigation, fertilization, pest and disease management, harvesting, post-harvest handling, and yield. Common tuberose varieties grown for their fragrance in cut flowers and essential oils are also mentioned.
This document provides information about Bengalgram or chickpea. It discusses the plant family, origin, nutritional value, production areas and yields, soil and climate requirements, varieties, and cultivation practices like seed treatment, sowing, fertilizer use, irrigation, weed control, harvesting, threshing, and cropping systems. India is the largest producer of chickpeas, with 77% of global area and production. Common varieties include Desi and Kabuli types. Proper sowing time, fertilizer use, irrigation, and weed control are needed to optimize yields, which average 20-25 quintals per hectare.
This document summarizes information about genetic diversity and status of Ziziphus species in India. It discusses two main species cultivated in India - Ziziphus mauritiana (Indian ber) and Ziziphus jujuba (Chinese ber). It provides details on their origin, distribution, cultivation practices, morphological characteristics, flowering and fruiting patterns. It also describes the genetic resources conserved in germplasm collections and the diversity within the Ziziphus genus. Factors influencing productivity and strategies to improve the species through exploitation of wild relatives are summarized.
This document discusses the origin and breeding of maize. It provides three main views on the origin of maize: 1) from teosinte, 2) from pod corn through natural mutation, and 3) from a common ancestor of maize, teosinte and tripsacum. The key tool for hybrid maize seed production is detasseling, which is the removal of the male tassel from the female plant, allowing it to be pollinated in a controlled manner. Breeding objectives include increasing yield, pest and disease resistance, protein and oil content. Breeding methods include introduction, mass selection, ear-to-row, hybridization and selection, and population improvement.
Exercise 2 emasculation and hybridization in maizeNugurusaichandan
This document discusses hybridization techniques in maize. It notes that maize is predominantly wind pollinated. The key hybridization techniques discussed are:
- Emasculation of the female plant by removing the tassel to prevent self-pollination.
- Bagging the female ear shoot and male tassel to collect pollen for cross-pollination.
- Dusting the collected pollen from the male parent onto the silks of the female ear after removing the bag, ensuring no contamination from other pollen sources. Proper labeling of the hybridization details is also important.
Advances in Vegetable Improvement through Biotechnological ApproachAditika Sharma
The document discusses various biotechnological approaches that can be used to improve vegetables, including genetic engineering, molecular markers, and tissue culture techniques. It provides examples of how transgenic crops have been developed with traits like virus resistance, herbicide tolerance, and improved nutrition. Molecular markers can be used for marker-assisted selection, genetic mapping, and introgressing traits from wild relatives. The global adoption of biotech crops is also summarized. Genome sequencing of various crops is helping with marker development and gene discovery.
IMPORTANCE OF ROOTSTOCK IN CANOPY MANAGEMENT AND FRUIT PRODUCTIONAbhimanyu Tomar
The document discusses canopy management in fruit crops through the use of dwarfing rootstocks. It explains that dwarf rootstocks allow for higher density planting and better light penetration to optimize fruit production and quality. Several factors influence a rootstock's dwarfing effects, including genetic differences, hormonal interactions, and bark thickness. Standard, semi-dwarf, and dwarf rootstocks are compared. The rootstocks' effects on tree size, nutrition, flowering, and disease resistance are examined. Regional soil and climate adaptations must also be considered when selecting rootstocks. New dwarfing rootstocks continue to be evaluated for different fruit species.
Marker-assisted Selection (MAS) in fruit cropsMANDEEP KAUR
This document discusses the use of molecular markers in fruit crop breeding. It begins by explaining how molecular markers like RFLPs, AFLPs, RAPDs, ISSRs, SSRs, and SNPs can be used in marker-assisted selection to improve the efficiency of breeding programs through early trait assessment, selection of complex traits, and distinguishing hybrids from parental lines. It then provides examples of studies using ISSR and SSR markers in citrus and peach breeding. The document concludes by summarizing achievements in various fruit crops using different molecular marker techniques and outlining ongoing research projects at PAU utilizing biotechnology approaches like marker-assisted breeding.
Cauliflower is a cool season crop that is cultivated for its white curd. It originated in Europe but is now grown worldwide, including in Pakistan. Cauliflower thrives in cool, moist climates and requires careful temperature management throughout growth. It grows best in nutrient-rich, well-draining soil between pH 6.0-7.0. There are early, mid-season, and late varieties that are planted at different times to produce curds during their respective harvest seasons. Proper planting, irrigation, fertilization, weed control, and harvesting are needed to produce high yields of cauliflower.
Plant growth regulators are small, naturally occurring chemicals that regulate plant growth and development. The five major plant hormones are auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, abscisic acid, and ethylene. Abscisic acid induces and maintains seed dormancy, while gibberellins promote seed germination by breaking dormancy. Auxin promotes fruit development and cell elongation. Gibberellins stimulate stem elongation and seed germination. Abscisic acid and ethylene generally act as growth inhibitors by suppressing bud growth and promoting senescence.
Physiology of flowering in temperate fruit cropsMANDEEP KAUR
The document discusses the physiology of flowering in temperate fruit crops. It covers several topics:
1. The process of flowering involves three stages - differentiation, development, and opening of flower buds.
2. Flowering is triggered by various environmental and genetic factors like photoperiodism, temperature, hormones. Increased temperatures have inhibited growth and development in temperate fruits.
3. Low temperatures can damage flowers and young fruit through frost. The ovules and styles are more susceptible than pollen. Frost damage depends on developmental stage and temperature.
This document discusses the status, scope, and processing of arecanut in India. It provides details on:
1. India's position as the world's largest producer and consumer of arecanut, with Karnataka being the top producing state.
2. The various uses and health benefits of arecanut.
3. The two main types of arecanut processing - for ripe "kottapak" and tender "kalipak" nuts. This involves harvesting at different maturity stages and methods of drying, dehusking, and preservation.
4. Key challenges in arecanut production including pests, diseases, irrigation issues, and low productivity compared to other countries.
Role of tissue culture techniques in overcoming major breeding constraints in...MANDEEP KAUR
This document discusses how tissue culture techniques can help overcome major constraints in fruit crop breeding. It covers techniques like embryo rescue, haploid production, somatic hybridization, somaclonal variation, cryopreservation, and in vitro germplasm storage. Embryo rescue allows the development of interspecific and intergeneric hybrids by rescuing immature or weak embryos. Haploid production through anther or pollen culture can generate pure lines more quickly. Somatic hybridization combines genomes from incompatible parents to create novel hybrids. Somaclonal variation and in vitro mutagenesis are used to select stress-tolerant variants. Cryopreservation and in vitro storage help conserve genetic resources long-term. Overall, integrating these bi
Cuscuta, commonly known as dodder, is a genus of parasitic plants that can damage crops. It has thin, leafless stems and attaches to host plants through haustoria, extracting water and nutrients. Dodder ranges from moderate to severe in the damage it causes by reducing host plant growth or even killing it. Management strategies include prevention, cultural control like using non-host plants, biological control with disease organisms, development of resistant varieties, and chemical control with herbicides applied before or after dodder emergence.
- Cole crops like cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower originated in southern Europe and the Mediterranean region. They were first domesticated as annual, non-heading types.
- Important cole crops include cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, brussel sprouts, and kohlrabi, which are varieties of Brassica oleracea.
- Cole crops are low in calories, fat and carbohydrates but high in vitamins, minerals and antioxidants. They have known anticancer properties.
RECENT ADVANCES IN IMPROVEMENT OF VEGETABLE CROPS IN INDIAAditika Sharma
This document provides an overview of recent advances in improving vegetable crops in India. It discusses the development of higher yielding and stress resistant varieties through both conventional breeding methods like hybridization, selection, and mutation breeding as well as advanced techniques like genetic engineering and marker assisted selection. Key achievements include the development of gynoecious lines in cucumber, seedless varieties of watermelon, varieties adapted to year-round cultivation, hybrid varieties with disease resistance, and nutritionally enriched varieties. The application of biotechnology tools such as transgenic approaches, molecular markers, and genome sequencing in vegetable improvement is also summarized.
Crop regulation, also known as bahar treatment, involves giving fruit crops a resting period through methods like withholding water or using chemicals. This alters the natural flowering cycle to produce higher yields at specific times. For pomegranate, bahar treatment can induce flowering in June-July, September-October, or January-February depending on rainfall patterns. For guava, bahar involves restricting water from February to May to induce heavy flowering and winter crop yields of higher quality fruit. Methods like root exposure, deblossoming of rainy season crops, and growth regulators like urea or potassium iodide are used to regulate guava flowering cycles.
Groundnut, also known as peanut, is a self-pollinating legume crop grown underground. It is an important oilseed crop cultivated in over 100 countries. There are four main types of groundnuts grown - Spanish, Virginia, Runner, and Valencia. Breeding objectives for groundnut include developing high yielding varieties with good drought tolerance, quality traits like high shelling percentage and oil content, and resistance to diseases like tomato spotted wilt virus. Breeding methods used include introduction, selection, hybridization, mutation breeding, and use of wild relatives to transfer beneficial traits.
This document provides information about bitter gourd and bottle gourd. It discusses the botany, origin, domestication, breeding, and improved varieties of bitter gourd. It describes that bitter gourd is widely cultivated in many countries for its nutrient-rich immature fruits. The document also summarizes key details about the botany and origin of bottle gourd from Africa and Asia. It mentions that bottle gourd is a monoecious vine grown for its tender fruits and used to make sweets.
Dioscorea species, commonly known as yams, are an important food crop grown in tropical regions for their starchy tubers. The three major species cultivated are D. alata, D. rotundata, and D. esculenta. Africa is the largest producer, with Nigeria, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire, and Benin being major producers. Yams are vegetatively propagated and grown in warm, humid climates with adequate rainfall. Pests and diseases that affect yams include anthracnose, dry rot caused by nematodes, and mosaic virus. Tubers are manually harvested after 9-10 months, dried, and stored in well-ventilated structures for several months
Analytical characterization of fatty acids composition of datura albaPCSIR
- The document analyzes the fatty acid composition of Datura alba seed oil using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
- A total of 15 different fatty acids were identified and quantified, with linoleic acid found to have the highest concentration at 16.22%. Other major fatty acids identified were palmitic acid (6.59%), oleic acid (5.41%), and stearic acid (1.35%).
- This work provides the first analytical characterization of the fatty acid composition of D. alba seed oil using GC-MS, which can help explore its potential pharmacological importance.
In vitro phytochemical, antibacterial and antifungal activities of leaves, st...PCSIR
This study investigated the phytochemical and antimicrobial activities of extracts from the leaves, stems, and roots of Adiantum capillus veneris. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and other compounds. Water, methanol, and ethanol extracts showed significant antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains isolated from clinical samples, as well as antifungal activity against medically important fungi. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy identified compounds such as aldehydes, amides, alcohols, and carboxylic acids in the extracts. This research concluded that A. capillus veneris extracts have valuable phytochemicals and significant
This document provides information about Bengalgram or chickpea. It discusses the plant family, origin, nutritional value, production areas and yields, soil and climate requirements, varieties, and cultivation practices like seed treatment, sowing, fertilizer use, irrigation, weed control, harvesting, threshing, and cropping systems. India is the largest producer of chickpeas, with 77% of global area and production. Common varieties include Desi and Kabuli types. Proper sowing time, fertilizer use, irrigation, and weed control are needed to optimize yields, which average 20-25 quintals per hectare.
This document summarizes information about genetic diversity and status of Ziziphus species in India. It discusses two main species cultivated in India - Ziziphus mauritiana (Indian ber) and Ziziphus jujuba (Chinese ber). It provides details on their origin, distribution, cultivation practices, morphological characteristics, flowering and fruiting patterns. It also describes the genetic resources conserved in germplasm collections and the diversity within the Ziziphus genus. Factors influencing productivity and strategies to improve the species through exploitation of wild relatives are summarized.
This document discusses the origin and breeding of maize. It provides three main views on the origin of maize: 1) from teosinte, 2) from pod corn through natural mutation, and 3) from a common ancestor of maize, teosinte and tripsacum. The key tool for hybrid maize seed production is detasseling, which is the removal of the male tassel from the female plant, allowing it to be pollinated in a controlled manner. Breeding objectives include increasing yield, pest and disease resistance, protein and oil content. Breeding methods include introduction, mass selection, ear-to-row, hybridization and selection, and population improvement.
Exercise 2 emasculation and hybridization in maizeNugurusaichandan
This document discusses hybridization techniques in maize. It notes that maize is predominantly wind pollinated. The key hybridization techniques discussed are:
- Emasculation of the female plant by removing the tassel to prevent self-pollination.
- Bagging the female ear shoot and male tassel to collect pollen for cross-pollination.
- Dusting the collected pollen from the male parent onto the silks of the female ear after removing the bag, ensuring no contamination from other pollen sources. Proper labeling of the hybridization details is also important.
Advances in Vegetable Improvement through Biotechnological ApproachAditika Sharma
The document discusses various biotechnological approaches that can be used to improve vegetables, including genetic engineering, molecular markers, and tissue culture techniques. It provides examples of how transgenic crops have been developed with traits like virus resistance, herbicide tolerance, and improved nutrition. Molecular markers can be used for marker-assisted selection, genetic mapping, and introgressing traits from wild relatives. The global adoption of biotech crops is also summarized. Genome sequencing of various crops is helping with marker development and gene discovery.
IMPORTANCE OF ROOTSTOCK IN CANOPY MANAGEMENT AND FRUIT PRODUCTIONAbhimanyu Tomar
The document discusses canopy management in fruit crops through the use of dwarfing rootstocks. It explains that dwarf rootstocks allow for higher density planting and better light penetration to optimize fruit production and quality. Several factors influence a rootstock's dwarfing effects, including genetic differences, hormonal interactions, and bark thickness. Standard, semi-dwarf, and dwarf rootstocks are compared. The rootstocks' effects on tree size, nutrition, flowering, and disease resistance are examined. Regional soil and climate adaptations must also be considered when selecting rootstocks. New dwarfing rootstocks continue to be evaluated for different fruit species.
Marker-assisted Selection (MAS) in fruit cropsMANDEEP KAUR
This document discusses the use of molecular markers in fruit crop breeding. It begins by explaining how molecular markers like RFLPs, AFLPs, RAPDs, ISSRs, SSRs, and SNPs can be used in marker-assisted selection to improve the efficiency of breeding programs through early trait assessment, selection of complex traits, and distinguishing hybrids from parental lines. It then provides examples of studies using ISSR and SSR markers in citrus and peach breeding. The document concludes by summarizing achievements in various fruit crops using different molecular marker techniques and outlining ongoing research projects at PAU utilizing biotechnology approaches like marker-assisted breeding.
Cauliflower is a cool season crop that is cultivated for its white curd. It originated in Europe but is now grown worldwide, including in Pakistan. Cauliflower thrives in cool, moist climates and requires careful temperature management throughout growth. It grows best in nutrient-rich, well-draining soil between pH 6.0-7.0. There are early, mid-season, and late varieties that are planted at different times to produce curds during their respective harvest seasons. Proper planting, irrigation, fertilization, weed control, and harvesting are needed to produce high yields of cauliflower.
Plant growth regulators are small, naturally occurring chemicals that regulate plant growth and development. The five major plant hormones are auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, abscisic acid, and ethylene. Abscisic acid induces and maintains seed dormancy, while gibberellins promote seed germination by breaking dormancy. Auxin promotes fruit development and cell elongation. Gibberellins stimulate stem elongation and seed germination. Abscisic acid and ethylene generally act as growth inhibitors by suppressing bud growth and promoting senescence.
Physiology of flowering in temperate fruit cropsMANDEEP KAUR
The document discusses the physiology of flowering in temperate fruit crops. It covers several topics:
1. The process of flowering involves three stages - differentiation, development, and opening of flower buds.
2. Flowering is triggered by various environmental and genetic factors like photoperiodism, temperature, hormones. Increased temperatures have inhibited growth and development in temperate fruits.
3. Low temperatures can damage flowers and young fruit through frost. The ovules and styles are more susceptible than pollen. Frost damage depends on developmental stage and temperature.
This document discusses the status, scope, and processing of arecanut in India. It provides details on:
1. India's position as the world's largest producer and consumer of arecanut, with Karnataka being the top producing state.
2. The various uses and health benefits of arecanut.
3. The two main types of arecanut processing - for ripe "kottapak" and tender "kalipak" nuts. This involves harvesting at different maturity stages and methods of drying, dehusking, and preservation.
4. Key challenges in arecanut production including pests, diseases, irrigation issues, and low productivity compared to other countries.
Role of tissue culture techniques in overcoming major breeding constraints in...MANDEEP KAUR
This document discusses how tissue culture techniques can help overcome major constraints in fruit crop breeding. It covers techniques like embryo rescue, haploid production, somatic hybridization, somaclonal variation, cryopreservation, and in vitro germplasm storage. Embryo rescue allows the development of interspecific and intergeneric hybrids by rescuing immature or weak embryos. Haploid production through anther or pollen culture can generate pure lines more quickly. Somatic hybridization combines genomes from incompatible parents to create novel hybrids. Somaclonal variation and in vitro mutagenesis are used to select stress-tolerant variants. Cryopreservation and in vitro storage help conserve genetic resources long-term. Overall, integrating these bi
Cuscuta, commonly known as dodder, is a genus of parasitic plants that can damage crops. It has thin, leafless stems and attaches to host plants through haustoria, extracting water and nutrients. Dodder ranges from moderate to severe in the damage it causes by reducing host plant growth or even killing it. Management strategies include prevention, cultural control like using non-host plants, biological control with disease organisms, development of resistant varieties, and chemical control with herbicides applied before or after dodder emergence.
- Cole crops like cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower originated in southern Europe and the Mediterranean region. They were first domesticated as annual, non-heading types.
- Important cole crops include cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, brussel sprouts, and kohlrabi, which are varieties of Brassica oleracea.
- Cole crops are low in calories, fat and carbohydrates but high in vitamins, minerals and antioxidants. They have known anticancer properties.
RECENT ADVANCES IN IMPROVEMENT OF VEGETABLE CROPS IN INDIAAditika Sharma
This document provides an overview of recent advances in improving vegetable crops in India. It discusses the development of higher yielding and stress resistant varieties through both conventional breeding methods like hybridization, selection, and mutation breeding as well as advanced techniques like genetic engineering and marker assisted selection. Key achievements include the development of gynoecious lines in cucumber, seedless varieties of watermelon, varieties adapted to year-round cultivation, hybrid varieties with disease resistance, and nutritionally enriched varieties. The application of biotechnology tools such as transgenic approaches, molecular markers, and genome sequencing in vegetable improvement is also summarized.
Crop regulation, also known as bahar treatment, involves giving fruit crops a resting period through methods like withholding water or using chemicals. This alters the natural flowering cycle to produce higher yields at specific times. For pomegranate, bahar treatment can induce flowering in June-July, September-October, or January-February depending on rainfall patterns. For guava, bahar involves restricting water from February to May to induce heavy flowering and winter crop yields of higher quality fruit. Methods like root exposure, deblossoming of rainy season crops, and growth regulators like urea or potassium iodide are used to regulate guava flowering cycles.
Groundnut, also known as peanut, is a self-pollinating legume crop grown underground. It is an important oilseed crop cultivated in over 100 countries. There are four main types of groundnuts grown - Spanish, Virginia, Runner, and Valencia. Breeding objectives for groundnut include developing high yielding varieties with good drought tolerance, quality traits like high shelling percentage and oil content, and resistance to diseases like tomato spotted wilt virus. Breeding methods used include introduction, selection, hybridization, mutation breeding, and use of wild relatives to transfer beneficial traits.
This document provides information about bitter gourd and bottle gourd. It discusses the botany, origin, domestication, breeding, and improved varieties of bitter gourd. It describes that bitter gourd is widely cultivated in many countries for its nutrient-rich immature fruits. The document also summarizes key details about the botany and origin of bottle gourd from Africa and Asia. It mentions that bottle gourd is a monoecious vine grown for its tender fruits and used to make sweets.
Dioscorea species, commonly known as yams, are an important food crop grown in tropical regions for their starchy tubers. The three major species cultivated are D. alata, D. rotundata, and D. esculenta. Africa is the largest producer, with Nigeria, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire, and Benin being major producers. Yams are vegetatively propagated and grown in warm, humid climates with adequate rainfall. Pests and diseases that affect yams include anthracnose, dry rot caused by nematodes, and mosaic virus. Tubers are manually harvested after 9-10 months, dried, and stored in well-ventilated structures for several months
Analytical characterization of fatty acids composition of datura albaPCSIR
- The document analyzes the fatty acid composition of Datura alba seed oil using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
- A total of 15 different fatty acids were identified and quantified, with linoleic acid found to have the highest concentration at 16.22%. Other major fatty acids identified were palmitic acid (6.59%), oleic acid (5.41%), and stearic acid (1.35%).
- This work provides the first analytical characterization of the fatty acid composition of D. alba seed oil using GC-MS, which can help explore its potential pharmacological importance.
In vitro phytochemical, antibacterial and antifungal activities of leaves, st...PCSIR
This study investigated the phytochemical and antimicrobial activities of extracts from the leaves, stems, and roots of Adiantum capillus veneris. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and other compounds. Water, methanol, and ethanol extracts showed significant antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains isolated from clinical samples, as well as antifungal activity against medically important fungi. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy identified compounds such as aldehydes, amides, alcohols, and carboxylic acids in the extracts. This research concluded that A. capillus veneris extracts have valuable phytochemicals and significant
Chromatography is a physical separation technique that separates the components of a mixture based on their interactions with two phases - a stationary phase and a mobile phase. Mikhail Tswett discovered chromatography in 1906 while separating plant pigments. Chromatography has many applications and has contributed to 12 Nobel prizes between 1937-1972. There are several types of chromatography classified by the mobile phase (liquid, gas), stationary phase (thin layer, paper, column), or separation force (adsorption, partition, ion exchange, gel filtration, affinity). High performance liquid chromatography uses high pressure to allow for faster separation over minutes versus hours with other techniques. Chromatography techniques like thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography, and HPLC are used in various
Separation techniques in oils & fats scienceSadanand Patel
Novel Separation Techniques in Oil/Fats, Fatty acids and By products viz, sterols, tocopherols etc.
Chromatographic techniques, urea inclusion and exclusion, distillation, fractionation, crystallization etc
This document provides an overview of common instrumental analytical techniques used in chromatography and spectroscopy. It describes various chromatographic techniques including thin layer chromatography, column chromatography, gas chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography. It also outlines several spectroscopic techniques such as atomic absorption spectroscopy, colorimetry, and UV-visible spectroscopy. The document explains the basic principles, components, and applications of these analytical methods for separating and analyzing mixtures.
Chromatography is a laboratory technique used to separate mixtures by distributing components to separate between two phases, one stationary and one mobile. It works based on how substances partition between the phases and move through the system at different rates. Common techniques include column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography. Chromatography is used in analytical chemistry to identify unknown substances and quantify components in a mixture.
The Six Highest Performing B2B Blog Post FormatsBarry Feldman
If your B2B blogging goals include earning social media shares and backlinks to boost your search rankings, this infographic lists the size best approaches.
1) The document discusses the opportunity for technology to improve organizational efficiency and transition economies into a "smart and clean world."
2) It argues that aggregate efficiency has stalled at around 22% for 30 years due to limitations of the Second Industrial Revolution, but that digitizing transport, energy, and communication through technologies like blockchain can help manage resources and increase efficiency.
3) Technologies like precision agriculture, cloud computing, robotics, and autonomous vehicles may allow for "dematerialization" and do more with fewer physical resources through effects like reduced waste and need for transportation/logistics infrastructure.
Effect of Growth Retardants on Shoot and Root Development of Stevia(Steviareb...IOSRJAVS
Stevia rebaudianaBertoni is a natural sweetener herb, which is promising in food and pharmaceutical production. In Egypt, the gap between sugar production and consumption represents a serious problem, in order to close this gap; Stevia could be cultivated in the Egyptian environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of paclobutrazol(PBZ) and ethephon (ET) on shooting and rooting of stevia plant in vitroto improve the survival and growth of Stevia plantlets during acclimatization.The highest shoot number (48.0 shoots/explant) and the highest number of leaves (7.34) were recorded on MS medium containing 0.1mg/l PBZ. Whereas, the highest shoot length (7.36 cm) was obtained on MS medium without supplementation withPBZ or ET. The highest fresh and dry weights of shoots was recorded on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/l PBZ, which gave2.83 and 0.39 g, respectively. The highest number of roots (8.44 roots/shoot) was obtained with 0.1mg/l PBZ. Also, this study indicates that PBZ or ET increased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids and carbohydrates content in the plant. PBZ and ET had significant effect on thesurvival of plants ex vitro, which recorded 85 and75%, respectively.
1) The study tested the effects of different plant growth regulators on in vitro multiplication of Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, an economically important bamboo species in India.
2) The highest multiplication rate (90% bud sprouting) was achieved using a medium supplemented with 1 mg/L BAP, 0.25 mg/L TDZ, and 0.25 mg/L PGH.
3) Increasing the concentration of TDZ negatively impacted bud sprouting and shoot length. Combinations of BAP, NAA, and kinetin also promoted bud sprouting and shoot elongation, with an optimal combination being 1 mg/L BAP, 0.5 mg/L NAA, and 0.
Effect of growth regulators on the in vitro multiplication of Dendrocalamus H...IJERA Editor
Bamboos are versatile multipurpose forest product, which are important economically and are often referred to
as ‘GREEN GOLD’. Dendrocalamus hamiltonii is one of the economically important species of Bamboo in
India. Government of India is running National Bamboo Mission to encourage the production of Bamboos in
India. The present work was undertaken to study the effect of Auxins and Cytokinins on the in vitro
multiplication of nodal cuttings with axillary buds Dendrocalamus hamiltonii a bamboo species growing in
North east region of India and north western Himalayas. The growth medium used was MS (1962) basal
medium supplemented with BAP, Kn and NAA at varying concentrations. The multiplication rate of shoots
increased with increasing the concentration of NAA and Kn. However the optimum results were obtained on
MS medium supplemented with a combination of 0.5 mg/l NAA, 0.5 mg/l Kn and 1 mg/l BAP. Effect of TDZ
concentration was also observed, and the results revealed that 0.25 mg/l TDZ, 0.25 mg/l PGH with 1 mg/l BAP
were found to be most suitable for in vitro multiplication of Dendrocalamus hamiltonii.
This document summarizes research on in vitro propagation of the medicinal plant Cocculus orbiculatus through cultivation from leaf explants. The study found that MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L of BAP was optimal for inducing shoots directly from leaf explants. Combinations of BAP and adenine sulfate resulted in increased multiple shoot formation. The highest number of shoots was observed with 1.0 mg/L BAP and 5 mg/L adenine sulfate. The protocol established a reliable method for rapid multiple shoot induction and propagation of C. orbiculatus using leaf explants, cytokinins and adenine sulfate.
Kasahun's presentation on garlic tissue cultureAmare Kassahun
The document summarizes experiments conducted to optimize a protocol for in vitro propagation of garlic (Allium sativum L.) variety Tseday 92 using basal plate culture. Key findings include:
1) The highest shoot initiation percentage (86.66%) was achieved on medium supplemented with 0.5 or 1.5 mg/L BAP.
2) The maximum number of shoots per explant (9 shoots) was obtained from medium with 1 mg/L BAP and 0.5 mg/L NAA.
3) The highest rooting percentage (100%) and number of roots per explant (10.67) was achieved on medium with 0.5 mg/L NAA.
In vitro organogenesis protocol for Rauvolfia serpentina - an endangered medi...researchplantsciences
This document describes an in vitro organogenesis protocol for Rauvolfia serpentina, an endangered medicinal plant. The protocol standardized the sterilization of nodal explants using 0.1% mercuric chloride for 5 minutes with hot water pretreatment, achieving 100% aseptic cultures. Testing various growth regulator combinations showed the highest explant response (78.33%) and multiple shoot formation occurred on medium supplemented with 1mg/l BAP, 1mg/l KIN, and 0.5mg/l GA3. The protocol provides an efficient method for large-scale micropropagation of this endangered species for conservation and cultivation purposes.
Effect of different p h on in vitro seed germination of vanda tessellata (rox...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of different pH levels on in vitro seed germination of Vanda tessellata, an endangered medicinal orchid. Immature seeds were germinated on basal MS media at pH levels of 3.5, 4.5, 5.5 and 6.5. The highest seed germination rate of 95% was observed at pH 5.5, while pH 3.5 and 6.5 showed poor germination. The study concluded that a pH of 5.5 is best for seed germination of V. tessellata compared to the other pH levels tested.
Isolation, identification of antagonistic rhizobacterial strains obtained fro...Shazia Shahzaman
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), are associated with roots, found in the rhizosphere and can directly or indirectly enhance the plant growth. In this study soil was collected from rhizosphere of chickpea fields of different areas of Rawalpindi division of Pakistan. PGPR were isolated, screened and characterized. Eight isolates of rhizobacteria (RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RTR, RT and RK) were isolated from Rawalpindi division and were characterized. The antagonistic activity of these PGPR isolates against root infecting fungi (Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium spp.,) was done and production of indole acetic acid (IAA), siderophore and P-solubilization was evaluated. The isolates RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RRD and RT were found to be positive in producing siderophore, IAA and P-solubilization. Furthermore, most of the isolates showed antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum, and Verticillium spp. The rhizobacterial isolates RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RRD, RTR, RT and RK were used as bio-inoculants that might be beneficial for chickpea cultivation as the rhizobacterial isolates possessed the plant growth promoting characters i.e. siderophore, IAA production, phosphate solubilization. In in vitro tests, Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus spp. inhibited the mycelial growth of the fungal root pathogens. The isolates (RHA and RPG) also significantly increased (60-70%) seed germination, shoot length, root length of the chickpea. The incidence of fungi was reduced by the colonization of RHA and RPG which enhanced the seedling vigor index and seed germination. The observations revealed that isolates RHA and RPG is quite effective to reduce the fungal root infection in greenhouse, and also increases seed yields significantly. These rhizobacterial isolates appear to be efficient yield increasing as well as effective biocontrol agent against fungal root pathogen.
ABSTRACT- The present study describes the hormonal regulation on morphogenesis in vitro in nodal segments of T. indica. The nodal explants, sterilized with 0.1% HgCl2, were cultured on Murashige and Skoog Medium enriched with various combinations and concentrations of plant hormones auxin and cytokinin to study the hormonal regulation on morphogenesis in vitro in T. indica. BAP at high concentration could not evoke any morphogenetic response in nodal explants. Calli formation at the basal part of nodal explants were noted on medium containing BAP (0.1 mg/L) and 2,4-D (5.0 mg/L). 0.1 mg/L BAP was found most effective in the shoot development of the T. indica. Rhizogenesis was observed on half-strength MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l IAA and 0.1 mg/l NAA. The study may also be used mass-propagation and conservation of this medicinal plant species.
Key-words- Plant growth regulators, Morphogenesis in vitro, Tylophora indica, Rhizogenesis
Effectiveness of organic substances in the control of powdery mildew (Sphaero...Innspub Net
Powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuligenia) is an economically important disease of cucurbits requiring sustainable means of management. A field experiment was set up to evaluate the effectiveness of cattle milk, sodium bicarbonate, dilute acetic acid and garlic in controlling powdery mildew in butternut (Cucurbita moschata pepo). The trial was laid out as a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates and 6 treatments. The treatments were applied at the following concentrations; 1. Cattle milk at 100ml/liter of water, 2. Dilute acetic acid at 6ml/litre of water, 3. Bicarbonate of soda at 10g/litre of water, 4. Garlic at 20g/litre of water, 5. Tubuconazole in the form of folicur at 0.5ml per liter of water and 6. Control which was not sprayed. A significant difference (P<0.01) was recorded at 60days after planting with respect to disease incidence and milk had the lowest incidence of 12.9% and the highest incidence of 37.3% was recorded in the control treatment. Milk and sodium bicarbonate managed to suppress both disease incidence and severity. This study confirms the fungicidal properties of milk and sodium bicarbonate, garlic, and dilute acetic, suggesting their use as fungicides for disease control for sustainable powdery mildew management. Get the full articles at: https://goo.gl/A2g1tv
Burnt Weed Smoke Can Enhance Plant Growth A Proper Weed ManagementYogeshIJTSRD
This document summarizes research on using smoke from burnt weeds to enhance plant growth. Several studies have found that smoke-water prepared from pyrolyzed weeds can promote the development of agricultural and medicinal plants more effectively than other weed management strategies. The smoke contains compounds like karrikins that stimulate seed germination. Research has shown weed smoke-water can increase seed germination rates and plant growth under saline conditions. The document concludes that utilizing weed-derived smoke could provide a low-cost, environmentally friendly method of natural plant growth regulation and weed management.
The saponins contents of six Egyptian plants; Alhagi maurorum, Lippia nodiflora, Pergularia tomentosa,
Spergularia marina, Tribulus terrestris and Zygophyllum album were biologically determined by using
Trichoderma viride Pers. a sensitive fungus to saponins. Potato-glucose medium was used in culturing
the fungus. The experiment revealed that the high value of saponins contents was recorded in Spergularia
marina (6.06 mg/100 ml). Whereas, the minimum value was recorded in Lippia nodiflora and Alhagi
maurorum (1.14 and 1.88 mg/100 ml, respectively).
In vitro callus induction of Melothria purpusilla, a traditional medicinal pl...IJERA Editor
Melothria purpusilla, a member of Cucurbitaceae, is an endemic species found in North-Eastern part of India.
The plant is used traditionally by the people of Manipur in the treatment of jaundice and its roots in fever and
diarrhoea. Tissue culture of medicinal plants was performed as a measure for the conservation of endangered
medicinal plants, Melothria perpusilla. Morphogenetic changes were observed in Melothria perpusilla
explants in the MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of PGRs. Different colours of callus
formation were observed in MS supplemented with BAP, kinetin and IBA. The best callus induction was
observed with MS media supplemented with combination of 1BAP mg/l + 1 IBA mg/l and combination of
1Kinetin mg/l + 1 IBA mg/l.
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Allium...researchagriculture
Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) is one of the most problematic pests in smallholder vegetable production, causing significant yield losses in heavy infestations. Current control strategy focuses on use of synthetic pesticides that consequently lead to decimation of natural enemies, development of insect resistance and resurgence and upset biodiversity. Botanical pesticides have been used widely in smallholder farmers but not much documented literature exists on efficacy of these products. A field trial was done to assess the efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii, Allium sativum and Solanum incanum in controlling Brevicoryne brassicae in Brassica napus production. The trial was laid in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments replicated four times. The five treatments used in the experiment were T. vogelii, A. sativum, S. incanum, dimethoate and control. Wingless adult female aphids were inoculated three weeks after transplanting of seedlings. Spraying and data collection were done weekly for four weeks. Data was collected on aphid nymph and adult counts on the third leaf from the aerial plant part of randomly selected plants from each treatment for 24 hours after the application of treatments and total plant fresh weight per each treatment. There were significant differences (p<0.05)><0.05) on the yield of rape. It was concluded that T. vogelii, S. incanum and A. sativum aqueous crude extracts have some pesticidal effects on aphid in rape production.
Article Citation:
Shepherd Mudzingwa, Simbarashe Muzemu and James Chitamba.
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Allium sativum L. and Solanum incanum L. in controlling aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) in rape (Brassica napus L.)
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(1): 157-163.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0040.pdf
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Alli...researchagriculture
Cabbage aphid (
Brevicoryne brassicae
L.) is one of the most problematic
pests in smallholder vegetable production, causing significant yield losses in heavy
infestations. Current control strategy focuses on use of synthetic pesticides that
consequently lead to decimation of natural enemies, development of insect
resistance and resurgence and upset biodiversity. Botanical pesticides have been used
widely in smallholder farmers but not much documented literature exists on efficacy
of these products. A field trial was done to assess the efficacy of crude aqueous
extracts of
Tephrosia vogelii
,
Allium sativum
and
Solanum incanum
in controlling
Brevicoryne brassicae
in
Brassica napus
production. The trial was laid in a randomized
complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments replicated four times. The five
treatments used in the experiment were
T
.
vogelii
,
A
.
sativum
,
S
.
incanum
,
dimethoate and control. Wingless adult female aphids were inoculated three weeks
after transplanting of seedlings. Spraying and data collection were done weekly for
four weeks. Data was collected on aphid nymph and adult counts on the third leaf
from the aerial plant part of randomly selected plants from each treatment for
24 hours after the application of treatments and total plant fresh weight per each
treatment. There were significant differences (p<0.05)><0.05) on the yield of rape. It was concluded that
T. vogelii
,
S
.
incanum
and
A
.
sativum
aqueous crude extracts have some pesticidal
effects on aphid in rape
production.
This document summarizes a study on developing an efficient micropropagation protocol for the endangered medicinal plant species Exacum bicolor. Nodal segments were used to induce axillary shoot proliferation. The highest multiplication rate of 78% was achieved using MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/l IBA and 0.5 mg/l GA3. Rooting was most effective using MS medium with 1.0 mg/l IBA and 0.5 mg/l NAA, resulting in 75% of shoots developing roots. Using a hardening medium of garden soil, sand and vermiculite, 80% of regenerated plantlets were successfully acclimatized.
To conserve endangered medicinal plant species, Exacum bicolor Roxb. (Gentianaceae), an efficient micropropagation protocol was developed by using nodal segments for axillary shoot proliferation. Higher multiplication rate was achieved with 78% on MS medium supplemented with growth hormones, IBA and GA3 at 1.5 mg/l and 0.5 mg/l respectively. Rooting was more effective with 75% of the node derived in vitro shoots in MS basal medium with the auxins, IBA and NAA at 1.0 mg/l and 0.5 mg/l respectively. Using the hardening medium containing garden soil, sand and vermiculate in the ratio of 1:1:1 by volume, regenerated plantlets could be successfully acclimatized at a rate of 80 % survivability.
1) The document describes methods for micropropagating date palm and guava plants through tissue culture techniques. It provides details on direct organogenesis for date palm propagation and somatic embryogenesis for guava propagation.
2) For date palms, methods are described for initiation, multiplication, elongation, rooting, and acclimatization stages. The optimal conditions found were 2 mg/L 2iP plus 1 mg/L BA for initiation, 4 mg/L 2iP with 2 mg/L BA and 1 mg/L NAA for multiplication, 0.5 mg/L GA3 for elongation, and 0.5 mg/L NAA for rooting.
3) For guava, the
Effect of different growth regulators on callus induction.pptxMuhammadHassamShakee
The document discusses several experiments conducted to optimize growth conditions for Stevia rebaudiana. In the first experiment, different nitrogen levels were tested in hydroponic and field conditions, finding highest growth at 10.6mM nitrogen. Another experiment evaluated different growth regulators, media, and stem portions for rooting cuttings, finding highest sprouting of 95.84% for apical stems in soil+sand+silt media with 500ppm IBA. A third experiment aimed to induce callus and regeneration through indirect organogenesis, with 2mg/L BAP and 1mg/L NAA best for callus and 0.5mg/L NAA and 2mg/L BAP for shoots.
Influence of Plant Growth Regulators and Explant Type on Multiple Shoot Induc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Sesamum indicum L. is used as an important oil crop in the world. For establishing of a simple and a rapid system for in vitro culture of sesame shoot tips and hypocotyls explants were cultured on MS media with differtent combinations and concentrations of PGRs. On medium with 5 mgl-1BA plus 1 mgl-1 IAA and 1 mgl-1 ABA mutliple shoot induction on explants was occurred. Multiple shoot indution on medium supplemented with 2 mgl-1BA and 0.3 mgl-1 NAA happen with a short phase of callusing. Also MS medium with 3 mgl-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mgl-1 kinetin was a suitable medium for inducing of somatic embryogenic calli with the frequency of sub-culturing potential. Regenerated shoots on both media rooted on MS medium plus 1.5 mgl-1 NAA and 0.03 mgl-1 BA and whole regenerated plantlets formed.
Similar to Micro propagation of stevia rebaudiana bertoni (20)
Influence of Plant Growth Regulators and Explant Type on Multiple Shoot Induc...
Micro propagation of stevia rebaudiana bertoni
1. Pak. J. Bot., 45(4): 1411-1416, 2013.
MICRO-PROPAGATION OF STEVIA REBAUDIANA BERTONI
THROUGH ROOT EXPLANTS
EJAZ GUL GHAURI*
, MUHAMMAD SIDDIQUE AFRIDI, GUL AKHTAR MARWAT,
INAYATUR-RAHMAN AND MUHAMMAD AKRAM
Medicinal Botanic Centre, PCSIR Labs Complex Peshawar, Pakistan.
٭Corresponding author’s e-mail:ejazpcsir@gmail.com.
Abstract
Protocol for In vitro micro-propagation of exotic medicinal plant Stevia rubaudiana. Bert (Asteraceae) through
induction of shoots on root explants and further proliferation of multiple shoots and induction of roots on the micro shoots
established. Regeneration of cultures In vitro was markedly influenced by the sterilant; cytokinins, auxins supplied to
Murashige and Skoog’s medium. Synergistic combination of 6-Benzyl aminopurine (BAP) and Thidiazuron (TDZ) evoked
the regeneration of shoots with optimum numbers and maximum lengths. Subculturing of root explants on basal medium
with the same concentration of BAP and TDZ resulted in the proliferation of shoots. Roots induction and maximum
percentage of number of roots regeneration on Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.1mg/L IBA was
observed. The In vitro regenerated plants were established in sand, loamy soil and farmyard manure 1:1:1. The exotic plants
grow normally in the field and acclimatized in the local habitat of Peshawar valley of Pakistan.
Introduction
The medicinal plants are worthful source of many
pharmaceutical products. The principal means of
propagation is the conventional propagation which takes
time to multiply. Due to increase in demand for the crude
drugs, the plants are being over exposed (Haidar et al.,
2012), ominous the survival of many endangered species
(Sher et al., 2012) Also, due to fact agriculture growth,
urbanization, deforestation and indiscriminate collection
many valuable medicinal plant species are vanishing at an
alarming rate (Ahmed et al., 2012) and introduction of
exotic species is in a dream to become reality. Therefore,
there is a need to use for advanced novel methods of
culturing plant to furnish new means for conserving,
quickly propagating of endangered species and also
introducing exotic plants. The production of high quality
planting material of exotic nature propagated from
vegetative parts through tissue culture has created new
opportunities in global trading. The exotic plants are
beneficial for growers, farmers, nursery owners and rural
employment. As exotic plants are restricted to their
natural environment, the main advantage of tissue culture
technology lies on production of high quality and uniform
planting material that can be multiplied on a year round
basis. The plant selected for such purpose is Stevia
rabuadiana Bertoni.
Stevia rabuadiana belongs to the family Asteraceae,
tribe Eupatorieae. Stevia rabuadiana is originally a South
American wild plant (Katayama et al., 1976). Moises
Santiago Bertoni was the first Botanist who described the
plant and its sweet taste (Bertoni & Moises.1905). While
Bridel & Lavielle (1931) reported the Glycosides,
Stevioside and Rebaudioside that give Stevia its sweet
taste. Stevioside has very high sweetening potency. It is
300 times more sweetener than cane sugar. It is used as
sweetener in food products and soft drinks in Japan.
Stevia is used as 40% of market sweetener in the world
(Melis, 1997).
Stevia is also used as medicinal for treating heart
burn and other ailments. It is recommended in treating
obesity, high blood pressure and dental caries (Fajita &
Edahio, 1979). Moreover, not only it has negligible effect
on blood glucose but it also enhances glucose tolerance
(Curi et al., 1986). Being antihyperglycemic agent it
stimulates the secretion of insulin from pancreas (Lu,
1993; Tomita, 1997).Therefore, it is attractive natural
sweetener to diabetic patients and others who are
conscious about carbohydrate controlled diets (Gegerson
et al., 1972). Stevioside is not only diuretic but it also
possesses the antibacterial properties and dispensed in
treating wounds, sores and gum diseases. Bactericidal
activities of Stevia are reported by Tomita and Ghauri et
al., (Tomita, 1997; Ghuari et al., 2009). Germplasm of
Stevia exhibits very poor germination. Moreover,
population raised from seeds resulted in variability in the
major characteristic of Stevia i.e., Stevioside and its
percentage (Debnath et al., 2006). Vegetative propagation
is very low in number of individuals that can be obtained
from single plant (Yang et al., 1981). Keeping these
difficulties in mind; tissue culture is the only technique
through which one can obtain mass propagation of Stevia
plants with homogeneous population. Protocols for
propagation of sweet herb from leaf, nodal and axillary
shoot explants are established (Yang et al., 1981; Lu,
1993). Ghauri et al., (2009) reported the micro
propagation from apical meristem and nodal segment. The
present studies reveal the micro propagation of Stevia
rabaudiana from root explants. The objective of these
studies is to regenerate the non-caloric sweetener plant
from root segment and to acclimatize the exotic plant in
Peshawar valley (Pakistan).
Materials and Methods
Roots were excised from exotic plant. These were
surface sterilized in commercial sodium hypochlorite
solution 1% active chlorine and rinsed three times for 10
minutes in sterile distilled water. Root explants 1.0 cm in
length were finally surface sterilized with mercuric
chloride (HgCl2) solution under aseptic condition for 1
minute and then washed three times with sterilized
distilled water. Root explants were cultured on Murashige
and Skoogs medium (Murashige & Skoog, 1962)
supplemented with 2% (w/v) sucrose.
2. EJAZ GUL GHAURI ET AL.,
1412
Different growth regulators i.e., Indole-butyric acid
(IBA) and TDZ at different concentrations either
individually or in combined form were blended with basal
medium to observe their effects on shoot induction and shoot
proliferation. Subeculturing to fresh media was done after
four weeks. The shoots were transferred to root induction
medium i.e., MS medium administered with IBA. The pH of
the medium was adjusted to 5.8 with 1N NaOH and HCL
and autoclaved at 15 psi and 121o
C for 20 minutes. Explants
were oriented in the vertical position in the culture media.
The cultures were incubated at temperature 25 ± 2o
C under
16/8- h (light/ dark) photoperiod with light supplied by
fluorescent tubes at 2000 Lux.
The experiments were set up in completely
randomized design. There were 10 replicates for each
treatment, and experiment was repeated twice. Data of
frequency of morphogenic response was recorded
periodically i.e., after 4 weeks.
Results
Different concentrations of HgCl2 were tested for
sterilization of root explants (Table 1) 0.25% of HgCl2
markedly reduced the level of contamination and
mortality of explants to 100%.
Table 1. Treatment of explants with different concentration of sterilant HgCl2.
Percent sterilant used Contamination Mortality Survival
0.12 T1 20.5a ± 0.7071 0.00d ± 0.0 79.5b ± 0.7071
0.25 T2 0.00b ± 0 0.00d ± 0.0 100.0a ± 0.0
0.50 T3 0.00b ± 0 30.5c ± 0.7071 69.5c ± 0.7071
1.00 T4 0.00b ± 0 50.5b ± 0.7071 49.5d ± 0.7071
2.00 T5 0.00b ± 0 70.5a ± 0.7071 29.5e ± 0.7071
Values are means ± S.D
LSD value at p≤0.5 for Contamination = 0.8129
LSD value at p≤0.5 for Mortality = 1.408
LSD value at p≤0.5 for Survival = 1.6258
Shoot induction: Root explants were cultured on MS
medium supplemented with various concentrations of
BAP or TDZ individually or BAP in combination with
TDZ for shoot induction. The different concentrations of
growth regulator BAP were tested. BAP at the
concentration of 1.25mg/L exhibited the most promising
results (Table 2, Fig. 1). 59.5 % of shoot induction took
place on the explants nurtured on the said concentration
of BAP within four weeks of culturing with an average of
3.05 cm of shoot length. Higher concentrations and the
concentrations lower than 1.25mg/L of BAP reduced the
shoot numbers as well as shoot length.
TDZ alone also induced shoot on explants (Table 3)
but level of shoots formation was lowered i.e., 49.5% at
1mg/L. as compared to induction of shoots on BAP
(59.5% at 1.5mg/L). Moreover, shoot length (2.75cm)
was also less than the shoot length acquired (3.05cm) by
explants implanted on MS-mixed with BAP
(1.25mg/L).Explants showed shoot induction on high
concentration of BAP / TDZ; however, these levels of
hormones failed to proliferate further the shoot growth.
Synergistic effect of cytokinins, BAP and TDZ was
then tested for shoot induction. The combined effect of
varied concentrations of the said cytokinins resulted in the
shoot induction. A combination of BAP (1.25mg/L) and
TDZ (0.5mg/L) showed maximum (89.5a±0.707%) shoot
induction efficacy with shoot length 3.75a±0.707cm.
Other combinations of BAP and TDZ (1.0mg/L
+1.0mg/L) exhibited 3.75a±0.707cm shoot induction and
of average 3.25a±0.707 cm shoot length (Table 4, Fig. 2).
Shoot proliferation: Multiple shoots were proliferated
when the shoot cultures were sub-cultured on basal
medium fortified with different concentrations and
combination of BAP and TDZ.A, significantly higher
number of shoots per culture was obtained on basal
medium blended with BAP 1.25 mg/Land TDZ 0.5mg/L
(Fig. 2). Other combination of BAP with TDZ also
resulted in proliferation of multiple shoot on shoot
culture, but the number of multiple shoot produced was
lower than the shoots proliferated on basal medium mixed
with BAP 1.25 mg/L and TDZ 0.5mg/L. (Table 4, Fig. 3).
Table 2. Effect of different concentrations of BAP
on shoot induction from leaf explants cultured
on MS medium for 4 weeks.
BAP % of shoot induction Shoot length
0.12 0.0f
± 0 0.0f
± 0
0.25 0.0f
± 0 0.0f
± 0
0.50 10.5e
± 0.7071 1.05e
± 0.0707
0.75 19.5d
± 0.7071 1.75d
± 0.0707
1.00 40.5c
± 0.7071 2.45c
± 0.0707
1.25 59.5a
± 0.7071 3.05a
0.0707
1.50 50.5b
± 0.7071 2.85b
0.0707
Values are means + S.D ANOVA completely randomized 5 %
level of significant by Duncan multiple range test
Table 3. Effect of different concentrations of TDZ on In
vitro shoot induction on root explants cultured on MS
medium for four weeks.
TDZ (mgL-
1
)
% of explants showing shoot
induction
Shoot length
(cm)
0.125 20.5d ± 0.7071 0.95f ± 0.7077
0.25 30.5c ± 0.7071 1.25e ± 0.7077
0.50 40.5b ± 0.7071 1.45d ± 0.7077
0.75 50.0a ± 0.0 2.75a ± 0.7077
1.00 39.5b ± 0.7071 2.55b ± 0.7077
01.25 40.5b ± 0.7071 2.45b ± 0.7077
1.50 30.5b ± 0.7071 1.95c ± 0.7077
Values are means ± S.D
LSD value at p≤0.5 for % of explants showing shoot induction
= 1.4131
LSD value at p≤0.5 for shoot length = 0.16720
3. MICRO-PROPAGATION OF BERTONI THROUGH ROOT EXPLANTS 1413
Table 4. Effect of different concentrations of BAP and TDZ on shoot induction, multiplication on
leaf explants cultured on MS medium for 4 weeks.
BAP + TDZ Shoot induction Shoot length Multiplication
1.0 + 0.5 64.5c
± 0.707 3.05c
± 0.0707 31c
1.0 + 1.0 70.5b
± 0.707 3.25b
± 0.0707 35b
1.25 + 0.5 89.5a
± 0.707 3.75a
± 0.0707 40a
1.25 + 1.0 60.5d
± 0.707 2.85d
± 0.0707 29d
0.50 + 2.0 45.5e
± 0.707 1.55e
± 0.0707 20e
S.D + LSD (mean values) for shoot induction and shoot length
under different combination of BAP + Kinetin (mg/L)
Root regeneration: Regenerated shoots were excised and
implanted on full MS-medium without growth regulators.
No sign of root induction was noticed after 4- weeks of
culturing. The regenerated shoots were then placed in 1/2
strength MS-medium mixed with varied concentrations of
IBA (Table 5).
Table 5. Effect of different concentrations of IBA on
In vitro % of shoots rooted and roots per shoot
cultured on MS medium for four weeks.
IBA(mg/l) % Shoot rooted Roots/ shoot
0 0.0d ± 0 0.0c ± 0
0.1 95.5a ± 0.707 6.50a ± 0.707
0.2 70.5b ± 0.707 3.5 ± 0.707
0.3 39.5d ± 0.707 1.50 ± 0.707
Values are means ± S.D
LSD value at p<0.05 for % of explants shoot rooted =1.7002
LSD value at p<0.05 for roots per shoots per shoot = 1.7002
The data revealed that 95-5a±0.707 % of shoots
produced roots on medium containing IBA 0.1 mg/L after
4-weeks of culturing. Moreover, 6.50 a±0.707 %
roots/shoot regenerated (Fig. 4).The percentage of shoots
forming roots and no. of roots produced by shoots In vitro
depended upon the concentrations of the auxin
administered. Percentage of shoots rooted and roots /
shoot declined with the rise in concentration of IBA.
Acclimatization: The In vitro regenerated plantlets were
separated from the medium. The roots were partially
brown. The plant material was washed carefully with water
in order to remove sticky medium. Care was taken not to
place the material directly under the tap water flow. The
direct water can damage the root system of juvenile plants.
The rooted plants free of agar were shifted to plastic tubes
having mouth with 2.5 cm diameter. The tubes were filled
3/4 with autoclaved sterilized loamy soil, sand and FYM
1:1:1 treated with agrason (0.1%) fungicide. The tubes with
plants were enveloped with polythene bags. Tap water was
administered daily and 1/4 strength MS solution was
administered twice a week. 70 to 90% relative humidity
was maintained by spraying water.
After 2 weeks the polythene bags were partially
removed for 4-6 hours daily from tubes and tubes were
kept inside the room and relative humidity was also
reduced gradually. After 3 weeks the bags were
completely removed and placed near the window inside
room. The plants were transferred to the pots filled with
loamy soil, sand and FYM after two weeks. The pots were
placed under shade in net house (Fig. 5). From there they
were transplanted to the field (Fig. 6). For this purpose
pits (1x1 Sq ft in diameter and 1ft in depth) were made
and filled with 1:1:1 loamy soil, sand and FYM. Plants
were watered once a day. It is calculated that one explant
provided average 40 numbers of shoots. Each of which
produces up to 150 shoots in 3 months and total
production of an average of 6000 plantlets/explants.
Survival rate of plants during hardening was 70%. The
protocol described here for the micro propagation of
Stevia rebaudiana through roots explants facilitated the
rapid propagation of the valuable exotic plant.
Discussion
The effect of different cytokinins, like BAP, TDZ on
adventitious shoot regeneration was examined by
incorporating the cytokinin alone or in combined form.
Shoots induction took place at all the concentrations of
BAP except the low level like 0.25 mg/L. 59.5% shoot
regeneration resulted on root explants implanted on MS-
medium administered with BAP (1. 25mg/L ) Kelkar &
Krishnamurti (1989 ) also reported the high frequency
regeneration of shoot initiation on root explants of Piper
colurinum cultured on MS medium blended with BAP.
Silva et al., (2011) also documented the shoot induction
on root explants of wild passion fruit species and three
commercial populations on MS medium administered
with BAP. Our results are also in agreement with the
findings of Yang et al., (1981). They regenerated shoots
on nodal segments of Stevia cultured on MS medium
supplemented with BAP. The higher concentrations of
BAP resulted depletion in shoot regeneration. These
results are also in accordance with the findings of Sujatha
& Sailaja (2005) who reported such decrease in shoot
induction in Castor cultures. Thidiazuron (TDZ) cytokinin
can also be used to compose a novel improved protocol
for regeneration of shoots (Ghuari et al., 2009). TDZ
1.0mg/L induced shoots in root explants of Stevia
rebaudiana. Our results are in agreement with Magiols et
al., (1998). They reported shoot regeneration in egg plants
cultured on basal medium fortified with TDZ. But level of
shoot regeneration was lowered than the shoots induced
by BAP. BAP regenerated more shoots 59.59±0.707 at
the concentration of 1.25 mg/L
Our results also confirmed the findings of Santaram
& Astarita (2003) that the addition of TDZ to medium
resulted in the lower organogenic frequency in Hypericum
perforatum. Such types of findings are also observed by
Bacila et al., (2010) in shoot induction on nodal segments
implanted on MS-medium supplemented with TDZ.
4. EJAZ GUL GHAURI ET AL.,
1414
Fig. 1. Shoot induction on MS medium fortified with BAP
(1.25mg/L) of culturing.
Fig. 2. Shoot induction on MS medium administered with BAP
(1.25mg/Ll) and TDZ (0.5mg/L) after 4 weeks.
Fig. 3. Roots regeneration on shoots when implanted on MS
medium mixed with IBA (0.1mg/L) after 4 weeks of culturing.
Fig. 4. Shoots proliferation on basal medium blended with BAP
(1.25mg/L) and TDZ (0.5mg/L).
Fig. 5. Acclimatized potted plant of In vitro regenerated Setivia
rebaudiana.
Fig. 6. In vitro regenerated plants acclimatized and planted in
the filed.
5. MICRO-PROPAGATION OF BERTONI THROUGH ROOT EXPLANTS 1415
Shoot induction also depends upon the interaction
between plant growth regulators and their concentration.
BAP in combination with TDZ resulted in the
regeneration of shoots. The combination of BAP (1.25mg-
l
) and TDZ (0.5 mg-l
) evoked an optimum response
showing increase in 89.5 a ± 0.707% of shoot
regeneration and 3.75 a ± 0.0707cm in length of shoots.
Earlier studies also revealed the effectiveness of TDZ
and Butyl amino purine cytokinins on shoot induction at
several concentrations (Gegerson, 1972; Lu, 1993). For
some species, the combination of TDZ plus cytokinin
BAP is more effective at shoot induction than either TDZ
or BAP alone. Our findings about high frequency of shoot
regeneration on the root explants on basal medium
fortified with TDZ and BAP are in agreement with Kern
& Meyer., (1986). They stimulated shoot tip proliferation
of Aacerx freemanii using TDZ in combination of BAP.
Root regeneration is a crucial step during the
micropropagation of plants. IBA is preferably used for
regeneration of roots In vitro (De Klerke et al., 1997;
Ramesh et al., 2002; Ramesh et al., 2005).The slow
movement and slow degradation of IBA facilitates its
localization near sites of application and thus it better
functions in inducing root (Baskaran & Jayalan, 2005).
Therefore, it is preferably used for regeneration of roots
In vitro. Optimum Number of Shoots of Stevia induced
roots when cultured on half strength MS medium supplied
with 0.1 mg/ L of IBA. Our results are in agreement with
the findings of Baskaran and Jayabalan (2000) who
regenerated roots on microshoots of Eclipta alba when
cultured on 1/2 MS medium blended with IBA.
The optimal concentration of IBA (0.1mg/L) for
production of roots on the shoots was observed. The
effectiveness of IBA for rooting in regenerating shoots
has also been reported by a group of researchers for
medicinal plant i.e., Hemidesmus indicus (Fracara &
Echeverrigary, 2000). In Pakistan we need to promote
research on such plants that are economically beneficial
and has commercial potential as demonstrated by Hussain
et al., 2011 and Ahmad et al., 2011 to develop black
pepper and Abbasi et al., 2011 for Sinapis.
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(Received for publication 5 January 2012)