This document summarizes an analysis of the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for marine hydrokinetic systems. It developed LCOE models and sensitivity analysis for a reference tidal site. Two financial models were used to calculate LCOE, which was then analyzed based on changes to annual energy production from varying current speeds and turbine cut-in and rated speeds. Statistical models were also used to generate current speed distributions for sites lacking precise data in order to analyze their impact on LCOE. Key results showed the reductions in cost needed to maintain constant LCOE when speeds changed and how LCOE was affected by different current speed distributions.
Short term Multi Chain Hydrothermal Scheduling Using Modified Gravitational S...IJARTES
This paper proposes the modified Gravitational
search algorithm (GSA) to solve short term multi chain
hydrothermal scheduling problem while satisfying all
operational and physical constraints. The effect of the valve
point loading has been considered. Gravitational search
algorithm is based on the Newton’s law of gravitation. All
objects attract each other and global movement is towards
the heavier masses .However GSA has certain randomness
in search direction resulting in the weak local search ability.
In modified GSA, a time varying maximum velocity equation
is used which controls the exploration and improves the
convergence rate which strengthens its local search ability
and the quality of the hydrothermal solution.
HYDROTHERMAL COORDINATION FOR SHORT RANGE FIXED HEAD STATIONS USING FAST GENE...ecij
This paper presents a Fast genetic algorithm for solving Hydrothermal coordination (HTC) problem.
Genetic Algorithms (GAs) perform powerful global searches, but their long computation times, put a
limitation when solving large scale optimization problems. The present paper describes a Fast GA (FGA)
to overcome this limitation, by starting with random solutions within the search space and narrowing
down the search space by considering the minimum and maximum errors of the population members.
Since the search space is restricted to a small region within the available search space the algorithm
works very fast. This algorithm reduces the computational burden and number of generations to
converge. The proposed algorithm has been demonstrated for HTC of various combinations of Hydro
thermal systems. In all the cases Fast GA shows reliable convergence. The final results obtained using
Fast GA are compared with simple (conventional) GA and found to be encouraging.
Short term Multi Chain Hydrothermal Scheduling Using Modified Gravitational S...IJARTES
This paper proposes the modified Gravitational
search algorithm (GSA) to solve short term multi chain
hydrothermal scheduling problem while satisfying all
operational and physical constraints. The effect of the valve
point loading has been considered. Gravitational search
algorithm is based on the Newton’s law of gravitation. All
objects attract each other and global movement is towards
the heavier masses .However GSA has certain randomness
in search direction resulting in the weak local search ability.
In modified GSA, a time varying maximum velocity equation
is used which controls the exploration and improves the
convergence rate which strengthens its local search ability
and the quality of the hydrothermal solution.
HYDROTHERMAL COORDINATION FOR SHORT RANGE FIXED HEAD STATIONS USING FAST GENE...ecij
This paper presents a Fast genetic algorithm for solving Hydrothermal coordination (HTC) problem.
Genetic Algorithms (GAs) perform powerful global searches, but their long computation times, put a
limitation when solving large scale optimization problems. The present paper describes a Fast GA (FGA)
to overcome this limitation, by starting with random solutions within the search space and narrowing
down the search space by considering the minimum and maximum errors of the population members.
Since the search space is restricted to a small region within the available search space the algorithm
works very fast. This algorithm reduces the computational burden and number of generations to
converge. The proposed algorithm has been demonstrated for HTC of various combinations of Hydro
thermal systems. In all the cases Fast GA shows reliable convergence. The final results obtained using
Fast GA are compared with simple (conventional) GA and found to be encouraging.
ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH USING PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATIONMln Phaneendra
In this ppt particle swarm optimization (PSO) is applied to allot the active power among the generating stations satisfying the system constraints and minimizing the cost of power generated.The viability of the method is analyzed for its accuracy and rate of convergence. The economic load dispatch problem is solved for three and six unit system using PSO and conventional method for both cases of neglecting and including transmission losses. The results of PSO method were compared with conventional method and were found to be superior.
ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH USING GENETIC ALGORITHMIJARIIT
This paper present the application of Genetic Algorithm (GA) to Economic Load Dispatch problem of the power system. Economic Load Dispatch is one of the major optimization problems dealing with the modern power systems.ELD determines the electrical power to be generated by the committed generating units in a power system so that the total generation cost of the system is minimized, while satisfactory the load demand. The objective is to minimize the total generation fuel cost and maintain the power flow within safety limits. The introduced algorithm has been demonstrated for the given test systems considering the transmission line losses.
This paper discusses the possible applications of particle swarm optimization (PSO) in the Power system. One of the problems in Power System is Economic Load dispatch (ED). The discussion is carried out in view of the saving money, computational speed – up and expandability that can be achieved by using PSO method. The general approach of the method of this paper is that of Dynamic Programming Method coupled with PSO method. The feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated, and it is compared with the lambda iterative method in terms of the solution quality and computation efficiency. The experimental results show that the proposed PSO method was indeed capable of obtaining higher quality solutions efficiently in ED problems.
Many traditional optimization methods have been successfully used from years to deal with ELD problem. However these techniques have limitations in many aspects as they provide inaccurate results. The objective is to minimize total fuel cost of power generation so as to meet the power demands to satisfy all constraints. In present paper, the parameters of the fuzzy logic are tuned using genetic algorithms. By using GA with fuzzy logic leads to an intelligent dimension for ELD solution space to obtain an optimum solution for ELD
Atmosphere Clouds Model Algorithm for Solving Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch...ijeei-iaes
In this paper, a new method, called Atmosphere Clouds Model (ACM) algorithm, used for solving optimal reactive power dispatch problem. ACM stochastic optimization algorithm stimulated from the behavior of cloud in the natural earth. ACM replicate the generation behavior, shift behavior and extend behavior of cloud. The projected (ACM) algorithm has been tested on standard IEEE 30 bus test system and simulation results shows clearly about the superior performance of the proposed algorithm in plummeting the real power loss.
ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH USING PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATIONMln Phaneendra
In this ppt particle swarm optimization (PSO) is applied to allot the active power among the generating stations satisfying the system constraints and minimizing the cost of power generated.The viability of the method is analyzed for its accuracy and rate of convergence. The economic load dispatch problem is solved for three and six unit system using PSO and conventional method for both cases of neglecting and including transmission losses. The results of PSO method were compared with conventional method and were found to be superior.
ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH USING GENETIC ALGORITHMIJARIIT
This paper present the application of Genetic Algorithm (GA) to Economic Load Dispatch problem of the power system. Economic Load Dispatch is one of the major optimization problems dealing with the modern power systems.ELD determines the electrical power to be generated by the committed generating units in a power system so that the total generation cost of the system is minimized, while satisfactory the load demand. The objective is to minimize the total generation fuel cost and maintain the power flow within safety limits. The introduced algorithm has been demonstrated for the given test systems considering the transmission line losses.
This paper discusses the possible applications of particle swarm optimization (PSO) in the Power system. One of the problems in Power System is Economic Load dispatch (ED). The discussion is carried out in view of the saving money, computational speed – up and expandability that can be achieved by using PSO method. The general approach of the method of this paper is that of Dynamic Programming Method coupled with PSO method. The feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated, and it is compared with the lambda iterative method in terms of the solution quality and computation efficiency. The experimental results show that the proposed PSO method was indeed capable of obtaining higher quality solutions efficiently in ED problems.
Many traditional optimization methods have been successfully used from years to deal with ELD problem. However these techniques have limitations in many aspects as they provide inaccurate results. The objective is to minimize total fuel cost of power generation so as to meet the power demands to satisfy all constraints. In present paper, the parameters of the fuzzy logic are tuned using genetic algorithms. By using GA with fuzzy logic leads to an intelligent dimension for ELD solution space to obtain an optimum solution for ELD
Atmosphere Clouds Model Algorithm for Solving Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch...ijeei-iaes
In this paper, a new method, called Atmosphere Clouds Model (ACM) algorithm, used for solving optimal reactive power dispatch problem. ACM stochastic optimization algorithm stimulated from the behavior of cloud in the natural earth. ACM replicate the generation behavior, shift behavior and extend behavior of cloud. The projected (ACM) algorithm has been tested on standard IEEE 30 bus test system and simulation results shows clearly about the superior performance of the proposed algorithm in plummeting the real power loss.
Challenges in Assessing Single Event Upset Impact on Processor SystemsWojciech Koszek
Abstract—This paper presents a test methodology developed at Xilinx for real-time soft-error rate testing as well as the software framework in which Device-Under-Test (DUT) and controlling computer are both synchronized with the proton beam controls and run experiments automatically in a predictable manner. The method presented has been successfully used for Zynq®-7000 All Programmable SoC testing at the UC Davis Crocker Nuclear Lab. Presented are the issues and challenges encountered during design and implementation of the framework, as well as lessons learned from the in-house experiments and bootstrapping tests performed with Thorium Foil. The method presented has helped Xilinx to deliver high-quality experimental data and to optimize time spent in the testing facility.
Keywords—Error detection, soft error, architectural vulnerability, statistical error, confidence level, beam facility control
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Improving Distribution Feeders for Photovoltaic Generation by Loop Power Cont...IJMER
Now a day’s solar power plants are more reliable, because no fuel and reduced CO2 emission. But the solar power generation system do not work in all weather conditions, it is power generated only solar radiation time .To overcome this problem by using (pv)). In fuel cell power generation there will be no problems, where as in fuel cell power distribution systems have some problems like overloading the distribution feeders. In this project to overcome this overloading by using Loop Power Controller (LPC).The loop power controller to control real power and reactive power flow by adjusting voltage ratio and phase shift. Daily loading unbalance is determined by analyzing (pv) power generation recording by using SCADA system and load profile based on Data Automation System (DAS).The loop power controller can improve controllability, operational flexibility and reduce power loss of the distribution system. The Loop Power Controller (LPC) is based on the MATLAB/ SIMULINK.
Comparison of Differential Evolution and Particle Swarm Optimization for Opti...IOSRJEEE
This paper proposes an optimization model for the selection of turbines in order to improve the power generation potential in a Hydro Power Plant. The thermal, electrical and mechanical stresses that occur over time on the turbine affect the efficiency of the generating unit. The mathematical formulation for this problem emanates a non-linear programming problem which is therefore solved using Particle Swarm Optimization and Differential Evolution optimizing techniques. These two algorithms are then compared and the results are validated in Dot Net. The Dot Net framework is used due to its extensive security, enhanced usability and flexibility. These optimization techniques are implemented in a case study which is carried out in Murudeshwar Small Hydro Power Plant located in Narayanpur, Bijapur District, India.
Power Flow Analysis of Island Business District 33KV Distribution Grid System...IJERA Editor
The solution to power flow is one of the most important problems in electrical power systems. Traditional methods have been previously used for power flow analysis, but with prevalent drawbacks such as abnormal operating solutions and divergences in heavy loads. This paper presents power flow analysis in a power system, by modelling a typical 33kV Distribution Network, and simulating using the NEPLAN software for power flow studies. Island Business Unit’s (IBU) 33kV network of Eko Electricity Distribution Plc (EKEDP) for a scenario day is taken as case study in the analysis. The most important parameters of power flow analysis is utilized to find the magnitude and phase angles of the voltages at each Busbar, as well as the real and reactive power flowing through each distribution line within the network under consideration.
Performance Analysis and Comparison of Transmission Line Varying the Capacito...ijtsrd
In this paper, performance analysis of transmission line 11 KV with thyristor controlled series capacitor providing stability and power enhancement under the application of PI and PID controllers is compared after varying the capacitance of transmission line capacitor. Simulation results of uncompensated and also for compensated transmission line of 11 KV are compared with PI and PID controllers working with the transmission line system for improving the real power as well as reactive power in the supportive MATLAB environment self tuning is applied through MATLAB PID TUNER for both PID and PI controllers. Sameer Khan | Dr. Aziz Ahmad "Performance Analysis and Comparison of Transmission Line (Varying the Capacitor Value) with (PI and PID) Controllers using TCSC" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38401.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/38401/performance-analysis-and-comparison-of-transmission-line-varying-the-capacitor-value-with-pi-and-pid-controllers-using-tcsc/sameer-khan
Optimal Power Flow with Reactive Power Compensation for Cost And Loss Minimiz...ijeei-iaes
One of the concerns of power system planners is the problem of optimum cost of generation as well as loss minimization on the grid system. This issue can be addressed in a number of ways; one of such ways is the use of reactive power support (shunt capacitor compensation). This paper used the method of shunt capacitor placement for cost and transmission loss minimization on Nigerian power grid system which is a 24-bus, 330kV network interconnecting four thermal generating stations (Sapele, Delta, Afam and Egbin) and three hydro stations to various load points. Simulation in MATLAB was performed on the Nigerian 330kV transmission grid system. The technique employed was based on the optimal power flow formulations using Newton-Raphson iterative method for the load flow analysis of the grid system. The results show that when shunt capacitor was employed as the inequality constraints on the power system, there is a reduction in the total cost of generation accompanied with reduction in the total system losses with a significant improvement in the system voltage profile
A NOVEL SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION OF A GRID INDEPENDENT HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SYS...ijscmcj
Hybrid renewable energy based off-grid or distribute power supply has customarily thought to be a solitary
innovation based restricted level of supply to meet the essential needs, without considering dependable
energy procurement to rural or remote commercial enterprises. The aim of the paper is to propose a design
idea off-grid hybrid system to fulfil the load demand of the telecom base station by using renewable energy
resources for rural regions. HOMER software tool is used for simulation and optimization and it also
analysis the total net present cost (TNPC) $100,757, carbon emission is zero percent, initial cost $70,920,
operating cost $2,334, Capacity Shortage 0.17% and the cost of energy (COE) $0.502. The HOMER
simulation outcome gives the most feasible hybrid system configuration for electric power supply to the
remote location telecom base station.
A Novel Technique for Enhancing Active and Reactive Power Quality for Renewab...IJMER
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be utilized as: 1) power converter to inject power generated from RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation studies and results.
Multi-Objective Aspects of Distribution Network Volt-VAr OptimizationPower System Operation
Recent research has enabled the integration of traditional Volt-VAr Control (VVC) resources, such as capacitors banks and transformer tap changers, with Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), such as photovoltaic farms and batteries, in order to achieve various Volt-VAr Optimization (VVO) targets, such as Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR), minimizing VAr flow at the transformer, minimizing grid losses, minimizing asset operations and more. In this case, where more than one target function is involved, the question of multi-objective optimization is raised. In this work, we demonstrate various methods in which such optimization can be performed in practice and we discuss the various operational considerations that are involved with each method. We demonstrate the methods using simulation on a test feeder
Design of 5.1 GHz ultra-low power and wide tuning range hybrid oscillatorIJECEIAES
The objective of the proposed work is to demonstrate the use of a hybrid approach for the design of a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) which can lead to higher performance. The performance is improved in terms of the tuning range, frequency of oscillation, voltage swing, and power consumption. The proposed hybrid VCO is designed using an active load common source amplifier and current starved inverter that are cascaded alternatively to achieve low power consumption. The proposed VCO achieves a measured phase noise of -74 dBc/Hz and a figure of merit (FOM) of -152.6 dBc/Hz at a 1 MHz offset when running at 5.1 GHz frequency. The hybrid current starved-current starved VCO (CS-CS VCO) consumes a power of 289 µW using a 1.8 V supply and attains a wide tuning range of 96.98%. Hybrid VCO is designed using 0.09 µm complementary metal– oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology. To justify the robustness, reliability, and scalability of the circuit different corner analysis is performed through 500 runs of Monte-Carlo simulation.
Optimum Reactive Power Calculation for Reducing Power System Operation CostPower System Operation
Reactive power plays a key role in voltage control and system stability. Various Volt/VAR techniques are utilized in electric power systems to maintain the voltage profile within a defined acceptable range and accordingly provide reliability, stability, and economic benefits. Reactive power has been commonly generated through large-scale synchronous generators or distributed capacitor banks to provide proper transmission and distribution level system management, however, reactive power can be further used as an effective means to reduce total system operation cost. This is to be achieved by adjusting nodal reactive power and accordingly impact the network power flow. The reactive power adjustment is becoming more common as a result of growing distributed energy resources (DERs) with reactive power control capability. The increasing number of inverter-coupled DERs, in particular, provides a unique opportunity to benefit from the reactive power provided by these resources. This paper develops a modified optimal power flow model to determine optimal nodal reactive powers that minimize the system operation cost. The applicability and performance of the proposed model is verified on IEEE 57-bus standard test systems.
Optimum Reactive Power Calculation for Reducing Power System Operation Cost
MHK- Alex Pan FINAL (1)
1. Marine Hydrokinetics--LCOE & Sensitivity Analysis
Alex Yu-Lin Pan & Zach Sutton-Giglia and Louis Klapper
Levelized cost of energy (LCOE), expressed in units of $/kWh, measures the value of the total energy produced by a system over its lifespan. Marine hydrokinetics LCOE models and sensitivity analysis are
developed at a reference site. We applied two different financial models to evaluate LCOE, and then applied physical parameters, cut-in and rated speeds, to determine how the annual energy production (AEP)
influenced LCOE. For resource sites lacking precise data, statistical models called Rayleigh and Weibull distributions produce velocity probability curves, based on the average velocity of the site. These curves were
generated as part of this project, and they reveal what kinds of current velocity distributions could give the lowest LCOE.
ABSTRACT
Problem Statement LCOE Calculation
The company deployed their tidal current turbines at a resource site. The speed of the
currents and the properties of the turbines can directly affect the LCOE. Therefore, we
produced various AEPs based on different current speed and turbine parameters to
potentially optimize the design for economically competitive LCOE.
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 =
1
2
𝜌𝐴𝑣3
𝑃𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 =
1
2
𝜌𝐴𝑣3
𝐶 𝑝 𝐶𝑔
𝜌: 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝐶 𝑝: 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐶𝑔: 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑣: 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
The rated speed is the speed at which a turbine generates its maximum, or rated, power.
The cut-in speed is the velocity at which a turbine starts generating power. Rated speed
and cut-in speed both reduce the energy collected by a turbine.
We calculated LCOE by following two models:
(1) Sandia Model 𝐿𝐶𝑂𝐸 =
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝐸𝑥∗𝐹𝐶𝑅+𝑂𝑝𝐸𝑥
𝐴𝐸𝑃
= $0.104/kWh
(2) NPV Model 𝐿𝐶𝑂𝐸 =
𝑁𝑃𝑉
𝐴𝐸𝑃×𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
= $0.074/kWh
Key Results
Figure 1 above demonstrates the necessary reduction in cost for the
LCOE to remain constant, when cut-in speeds and rated speeds are
considered.
Figure 2 above shows the percentage change of LCOE when the cost is held
constant.
Figure 3 above plots the velocity distribution for the reference
site (black) and statistical distributions generated by Rayleigh
and Weibull functions.
Figure 4 shows the LCOEs corresponding to the velocity distributions from Figure 3.
The Weibull distribution 1 apparently has the highest LCOE due to the low current speed
dominating the probabilities.
Conclusions and Implications
1. LCOE is a useful metric to assess the economic viability of a marine hydrokinetic system at a given location, The Sandia model of LCOE seeks to standardize this type of economic analysis across the industry.
2. For both percentage change of LCOE and costs, either increasing the cut-in speed or decreasing rated speed will lower the AEP. The data we obtained from Figures 1 and 2 show that a very significant cost reduction (15.41% for rated speed = 1.5 and cut-in =
0.7) would have to occur to maintain the a constant LCOE. They also reveal the importance of matching the cut-in and rated speed of the turbines to the resource, in order to achieve economic viability.
3. At sites where a precise current velocity distribution is uncertain, a Rayleigh or Weibull distribution provides velocity curves. Such analyses gives an initial assessment of a resource. Since the AEP is related to the cube of velocity (v3), the ability of capturing
higher velocities are more than offset by increasing the cut-in speed in a strategy to reduce capital and maintenance costs..
Acknowledgements:
Kathie Leighton, Jeff Glick, John Ashbourne
FCR =
1 + 𝑑 𝑛
1 + 𝑑 𝑛 − 1
×
1 − 𝑇 × 𝑃𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑝
1 − 𝑇
d = discount rate %
n = operational life year
PVdep = present value of depreciation %
T = effective tax rate (%)
Inadequate
Match of Actual
Data with
Modeled Curves