UNIT IV
PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
Framework for Management and control – Collection of data Project termination – Visualizing progress – Cost monitoring – Earned Value Analysis- Project tracking – Change control- Software Configuration Management – Managing contracts – Contract Management.
UNIT IV
PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
Framework for Management and control – Collection of data Project termination – Visualizing progress – Cost monitoring – Earned Value Analysis- Project tracking – Change control- Software Configuration Management – Managing contracts – Contract Management.
What is Software project management?? , What is a Project?, What is a Product?, What is Project Management?, What is Software Project Life Cycle?, What is a Product Life Cycle?, Software Project, Software Triple Constraints, Software Project Manager, Project Planning,
Software Project Management (monitoring and control)IsrarDewan
Monitoring and Controlling are processes needed to track, review, and regulate the progress and performance of the project. It also identifies any areas where changes to the project management method are required and initiates the required changes.
Unit V
STAFFING IN SOFTWARE PROJECTS
Managing people – Organizational behavior – Best methods of staff selection – Motivation – The Oldham-Hackman job characteristic model – Ethical and Programmed concerns – Working in teams – Decision making – Team structures – Virtual teams – Communications genres – Communication plans.
Project Evaluation and Estimation in Software DevelopmentProf Ansari
Cost-benefit analysis
It mainly comprise two steps
Identify and estimating all of the costs and benefits of carrying out the project and operating the delivered application.
Expressing these costs and benefits in common units
We need to evaluate the net benefit, that is, the difference between the total benefit and the total benefit and the total cost of creating and operating the system.
We can categorize cost according to where they originate in the life of the project.
Resource Allocation In Software Project ManagementSyed Hassan Ali
Resource Allocation In Software Project Management
what is Resource Allocation In Software Project Management
define Resource Allocation In Software Project Management
how to allocate resource in software project management
Software Project Management | An Overview of the Software Project ManagementAhsan Rahim
Management is the process of getting things done through others, it is the process of coordinating people & other resources to achieve the goals of the organization. A project is a set of related tasks that are coordinated to achieve a specific objective in a given time limit. A project is well-defined task, which is a collection of several operations done in order to achieve a goal. Software is the program & all associated documentation & configuration data which is needed to make these programs operate correctly.
A Software Project is the complete procedure of software development from requirement gathering to testing & maintenance, carried out according to the execution methodologies, in a specified period of time to achieve intended software product.
What is Software project management?? , What is a Project?, What is a Product?, What is Project Management?, What is Software Project Life Cycle?, What is a Product Life Cycle?, Software Project, Software Triple Constraints, Software Project Manager, Project Planning,
Software Project Management (monitoring and control)IsrarDewan
Monitoring and Controlling are processes needed to track, review, and regulate the progress and performance of the project. It also identifies any areas where changes to the project management method are required and initiates the required changes.
Unit V
STAFFING IN SOFTWARE PROJECTS
Managing people – Organizational behavior – Best methods of staff selection – Motivation – The Oldham-Hackman job characteristic model – Ethical and Programmed concerns – Working in teams – Decision making – Team structures – Virtual teams – Communications genres – Communication plans.
Project Evaluation and Estimation in Software DevelopmentProf Ansari
Cost-benefit analysis
It mainly comprise two steps
Identify and estimating all of the costs and benefits of carrying out the project and operating the delivered application.
Expressing these costs and benefits in common units
We need to evaluate the net benefit, that is, the difference between the total benefit and the total benefit and the total cost of creating and operating the system.
We can categorize cost according to where they originate in the life of the project.
Resource Allocation In Software Project ManagementSyed Hassan Ali
Resource Allocation In Software Project Management
what is Resource Allocation In Software Project Management
define Resource Allocation In Software Project Management
how to allocate resource in software project management
Software Project Management | An Overview of the Software Project ManagementAhsan Rahim
Management is the process of getting things done through others, it is the process of coordinating people & other resources to achieve the goals of the organization. A project is a set of related tasks that are coordinated to achieve a specific objective in a given time limit. A project is well-defined task, which is a collection of several operations done in order to achieve a goal. Software is the program & all associated documentation & configuration data which is needed to make these programs operate correctly.
A Software Project is the complete procedure of software development from requirement gathering to testing & maintenance, carried out according to the execution methodologies, in a specified period of time to achieve intended software product.
MODULE III Parallel Processors and Memory Organization 15 Hours
Parallel Processors: Introduction to parallel processors, Concurrent access to memory and cache
coherency. Introduction to multicore architecture. Memory system design: semiconductor memory
technologies, memory organization. Memory interleaving, concept of hierarchical memory
organization, cache memory, cache size vs. block size, mapping functions, replacement
algorithms, write policies.
Case Study: Instruction sets of some common CPUs - Design of a simple hypothetical CPU- A
sequential Y86-64 design-Sun Ultra SPARC II pipeline structure
MODULE II Control unit, I/O systems and Pipelining 15 Hours
CPU control unit design: Hardwired and micro-programmed design approaches, Peripheral
devices and their characteristics: Input-output subsystems, I/O device interface, I/O transfersprogram controlled, interrupt driven and DMA, privileged and non-privileged instructions, software
interrupts and exceptions. Programs and processes-role of interrupts in process state transitions,
I/O device interfaces - SCII, USB. Basic concepts of pipelining, throughput and speedup, pipeline
hazards.
Functional Blocks of a Computer: Functional blocks and its operations. Instruction set architecture of a CPU - registers, instruction execution cycle, Data path, RTL interpretation of
instructions, instruction set. Performance metrics. Addressing modes. Data Representation:
Signed number representation, fixed and floating point representations, character representation.
Computer arithmetic - integer addition and subtraction, ripple carry adder, carry look-ahead
adder, etc. multiplication - shift-and add, Booth multiplier, carry save multiplier, etc. Division
restoring and non-restoring techniques, floating point arithmetic.
Module II - Distributed objects and file systems:
Introduction - Communication between distributed objects - Remote procedure call - Events and notifications - case study - Operating system support - introduction - operating system layer - protection - process and threads - communication and invocation - architecture - Introduction to DFS - File service architecture - Sun network file system - Andrew file system - Enhancements and future developments.
Module 2 - Distributed Objects and File Systems
Introduction - Communication between distributed objects - Remote procedure call - Events and notifications - case study - Operating system support - introduction - operating system layer - protection - process and threads - communication and invocation - architecture - Introduction to DFS - File service architecture - Sun network file system - Andrew file system - Enhancements and future developments.
Module I
Introduction to Distributed systems - Examples of distributed systems, resource sharing and the web, challenges - System model - introduction - architectural models - fundamental models - Introduction to inter-process communications - API for Internet protocol - external data.
Module I
Introduction to Distributed systems - Examples of distributed systems, resource sharing and the web, challenges - System model - introduction - architectural models - fundamental models - Introduction to inter-process communications - API for Internet protocol - external data.
Module 6: IP and System Security
IP security overview-IP security policy-Encapsulating Security payload-intruders-intrusion detectionvirus/worms-countermeasure-need for firewalls-firewall characteristics-types of fire
Module 4: Key Management and User Authentication
X.509 certificates- Public Key infrastructure-remote user authentication principles-remote user
authentication using symmetric and asymmetric encryption-Kerberos V5
Module 1: Introduction to Cryptography and Symmetric Key Ciphers
Computer Security Concepts - OSI Security Architecture -Security Attacks - Services, Mechanisms -
Symmetric Cipher Model - Traditional Block Cipher Structure - The Data Encryption Standard -The Strength of DES - Advanced Encryption Standard.
Module 6
Advanced Networking
Security problems with internet architecture, Introduction to Software defined networking, Working of SDN, SDN in data centre, SDN applications, Data centre networking, IoT.
Module 6: Standards for Information Security Management
Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) - ISO 27001 - Framing Security Policy of
Organization- Committees- Security Forum, Core Committee, Custodian and Users, Business
Continuity Process Team & Procedure- Information Security Auditing Process. IT Security Incidents
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Student information management system project report ii.pdf
MG6088 SOFTWARE PROJECT MANAGEMENT
1. MG6088 SOFTWARE PROJECT MANAGEMENT
UNIT – I
Dr.A.Kathirvel, Professor and Head, Dept of CSE
M.N.M Jain Engineering College, Chennai
2. UNIT I
PROJECT EVALUATION AND PROJECT PLANNING
Importance of Software Project Management – Activities
Methodologies – Categorization of Software Projects –
Setting objectives – Management Principles –
Management Control – Project portfolio Management –
Cost-benefit evaluation technology – Risk evaluation –
Strategic program Management – Stepwise Project
Planning.
TEXT BOOK
Bob Hughes, Mike Cotterell and Rajib Mall: Software Project
Management – Fifth Edition, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 2012.
3. 3
What is a project?
Some dictionary definitions:
“A specific plan or design”
“A planned undertaking”
“A large undertaking e.g. a public works scheme”
Key points above are planning and size of task
An Introduction
4. 4
Jobs versus projects
‘Jobs’ – repetition of very well-defined and well understood
tasks with very little uncertainty
‘Exploration’ – e.g. finding a cure for cancer: the outcome is
very uncertain
‘Projects’ – in the middle!
4
5. Characteristics of projects
Non-routine
Planned
Aiming at a specific target
Work carried out for a customer
Involving several specialisms
Made up of several different phases
Constrained by time and resources
Large and/or complex
5
6. Are software projects really different from other
projects?
Not really! …but…
Invisibility
Complexity
Conformity
Flexibility
make software more problematic to build
than other engineered products.
6
7. 7
Activities covered by project management
Feasibility study
Is project technically feasible and worthwhile from a business point of view?
Planning
Only done if project is feasible
Execution
Implement plan, but plan may be changed as we go along
7
8. ISO 12207 life-cycle
Requirements analysis
Requirements elicitation: what does the client need?
Analysis: converting ‘customer-facing’ requirements into
equivalents that developers can understand
Requirements will cover
◼ Functions, Quality, Resource constraints i.e. costs
Architecture design
Based on system requirements
Defines components of system: hardware, software, organizational
Software requirements will come out of this
Code and test
Of individual components
Integration
Putting the components together
8
10. ISO12207 …
Qualification testing
Testing the system (not just the software)
Installation
The process of making the system operational
Includes setting up standing data, setting system parameters,
installing on operational hardware platforms, user training etc
Acceptance support
Including maintenance and enhancement
10
11. Categorization of software projects
Distinguishing different types of project is important as different
types of task need different project approaches e.g.
Information systems versus embedded systems
Objective-based versus product-based
Stakeholders
These are people who have a stake or interest in the project.
In general, they could be users/clients or evelopers/implementers
They could be:
Within the project team
Outside the project team, but within the same organization
Outside both the project team and the organization
11
12. Setting objectives
Answering the question ‘What do we have to do to have a project success?’
Need for a project authority
Sets the project scope, Allocates/approves costs
Could be one person - or a group
Project Board, Project Management Board, Steering committee
Objectives should be SMART
S – specific, that is, concrete and well-defined
M – measurable, that is, satisfaction of the objective can be objectively judged
A – achievable, that is, it is within the power of the individual or group concerned to
meet the target
R – relevant, the objective must relevant to the true purpose of the project
T – time constrained: there is defined point in time by which the objective should be
achieved
12
13. Goals/sub-objectives
These are steps along the way to achieving the objective. Informally, these
can be defined by completing the sentence…
Objective X will be achieved
IF the following goals are all achieved
A……………
B……………
C…………… etc
Often a goal can be allocated to an individual.
Individual may have the capability of achieving goal, but not the
objective on their own e.g.
Objective – user satisfaction with software product
Analyst goal – accurate requirements
Developer goal – software that is reliable
13
14. Measures of effectiveness
How do we know that the goal or objective has been achieved?
By a practical test, that can be objectively assessed.
e.g. for user satisfaction with software product:
Repeat business – they buy further products from us
Number of complaints – if low etc etc
14
15. What is management?
This involves the following activities:
Planning – deciding what is to be done
Organizing – making arrangements
Staffing – selecting the right people for the job
Directing – giving instructions
Monitoring – checking on progress
Controlling – taking action to remedy hold-ups
Innovating – coming up with solutions when problems
emerge
Representing – liaising with clients, users, developers and
other stakeholders
15
16. Management control
❑ Data – the raw details
e.g. ‘6,000 documents processed at
location X’
❑ Information – the data is processed to
produce something that is meaningful
and useful
e.g. ‘productivity is 100 documents a day’
❑ Comparison with objectives/goals
e.g. we will not meet target of processing
all documents by 31st March
❑ Modelling – working out the probable
outcomes of various decisions
e.g. if we employ two more staff at
location X how quickly can we get the
documents processed?
❑ Implementation – carrying out the
remedial actions that have been decided
upon
16
17. Benefits management
the
application
developers users
benefits
build
use
to deliver
organization
for
•Providing an organization with a capability does not guarantee that
this will provide benefits envisaged – need for benefits management
•This has to be outside the project – project will have been
completed
•Therefore done at programme level
17
18. Benefits management
To carry this out, you must:
Define expected benefits
Analyse balance between costs and benefits
Plan how benefits will be achieved
Allocate responsibilities for their achievement
Monitor achievement of benefits
Cost benefit analysis (CBA)
You need to:
Identify all the costs which could be:
Development costs, Set-up, Operational costs
Identify the value of benefits
Check benefits are greater than costs
18
19. 19
Cost benefit analysis (CBA)/ Cost benefit
evaluation techniques(CBET)
‘Year 0’ represents all the costs before
system is operation
‘Cash-flow’ is value of income less
outgoing
Net profit value of all the cash-flows for
the lifetime of the application
Year Cash-flow
0 -100,000
1 10,000
2 10,000
3 10,000
4 20,000
5 100,000
Net
profit
50,000
Net profit
19
20. Pay back period
This is the time it takes to start generating a surplus of income over
outgoings. What would it be below?
Year Cash-flow Accumulated
0 -100,000 -100,000
1 10,000 -90,000
2 10,000 -80,000
3 10,000 -70,000
4 20,000 -50,000
5 100,000 50,000
Cost benefit analysis (CBA)/ Cost benefit
evaluation techniques(CBET)
20
21. Return on investment (ROI)
ROI = Average annual profit
Total investment
X 100
In the previous example
• average annual profit
= 50,000/5
= 10,000
• ROI = 10,000/100,000 X 100
= 10%
Cost benefit analysis (CBA)/ Cost benefit
evaluation techniques(CBET)
21
22. Net present value
❑ Would you rather I gave you £100 today or in 12 months time?
❑ If I gave you £100 now you could put it in savings account and get
interest on it.
❑ If the interest rate was 10% how much would I have to invest now
to get £100 in a year’s time?
❑ This figure is the net present value of £100 in one year’s time
Cost benefit analysis (CBA)/ Cost benefit
evaluation techniques(CBET)
22
23. Discount factor
Discount factor = 1/(1+r)t
r is the interest rate
(e.g. 10% is 0.10)
t is the number of years
In the case of 10% rate and one year
Discount factor = 1/(1+0.10)
= 0.9091
In the case of 10% rate and two years
Discount factor = 1/(1.10 x 1.10)
=0.8294
Year Cash-
flow
Discount
factor
Discount
ed cash
flow
0 -100,000 1.0000 -100,000
1 10,000 0.9091 9,091
2 10,000 0.8264 8,264
3 10,000 0.7513 7,513
4 20,000 0.6830 13,660
5 100,000 0.6209 62,090
NPV 618
Applying discount factors
Cost benefit analysis (CBA)/ Cost benefit
evaluation techniques(CBET)
23
24. Internal rate of return
Internal rate of return (IRR) is the discount rate that
would produce an NPV of 0 for the project
Can be used to compare different investment
opportunities
There is a Microsoft Excel function which can be
used to calculate
Cost benefit analysis (CBA)/ Cost benefit
evaluation techniques(CBET)
24
25. Risk evaluation
Dealing with uncertainty:
project A might appear to give a better return than B but could be riskier
Could draw up draw a project risk matrix for each project to assess risks
– see next overhead
For riskier projects could use higher discount rates
Example of a project risk matrix
25
27. Programme management
Definition:
‘a group of projects that are managed in a co-ordinated way to gain
benefits that would not be possible were the projects to be managed
independently’ Ferns
❑Programmes may be Strategic
Business cycle programmes
Infrastructure programmes
Research and development programmes
Innovative partnerships
27
28. 28
Programme managers versus project managers
Programme manager
Many simultaneous
projects
Personal relationship
with skilled resources
Optimization of
resource use
Projects tend to be
seen as similar
Project manager
One project at a time
Impersonal
relationship with
resources
Minimization of
demand for resources
Projects tend to be
seen as unique
28
29. Strategic programmes
Based on OGC approach
Initial planning document is the Programme Mandate describing
The new services/capabilities that the programme should deliver
How an organization will be improved
Fit with existing organizational goals
A programme director appointed a champion for the scheme
Next stages/documents
The programme brief – equivalent of a feasibility study: emphasis on costs
and benefits
The vision statement – explains the new capability that the organization
will have
The blueprint – explains the changes to be made to obtain the new
capability
29
30. Step Wise Project Planning
Practicality
tries to answer the question ‘what do I do now?’
Scalability
useful for small project as well as large
Range of application
Accepted techniques
e.g. borrowed from PRINCE etc
30
31. ‘Step Wise’ - an overview
0.Select
project1. Identify
project objectives
2. Identify project
infrastructure
3. Analyse
project
characteristics
4. Identify products
and activities
5. Estimate effort
for activity
8. Review/ publicize
plan
6. Identify activity
risks
7. Allocate
resources
9. Execute plan
10. Lower level
planning
Review
Lower
level
detail
5. Estimate effort
for activity
6. Identify activity
risks
10. Lower level
planning
For each
activity
31
32. A project scenario
Hardware/software engineering company (C++ language
of choice)
teams are selected for individual projects - some friction
has been found between team members
HR manager suggests psychometric testing to select team
Software package to be used to test staff
Visual basic suggested as a vehicle for implementation
usability is important - decision to carry out usability tests
32
33. Step 1 establish project scope and objectives
1.1 Identify objectives and measures of effectiveness
‘how do we know if we have succeeded?’
1.2 Establish a project authority
‘who is the boss?’
1.3 Identify all stakeholders in the project and their
interests
‘who will be affected/involved in the project?’
1.4 Modify objectives in the light of stakeholder analysis
‘do we need to do things to win over stakeholders?’
1.5 Establish methods of communication with all parties
‘how do we keep in contact?’
33
34. Back to the scenario
Project authority
should be a project manager rather than HR manager?
Stakeholders
project team members to complete on-line questionnaires:
concern about results?
Revision to objectives
provide feedback to team members on results
Step 2 Establish project infrastructure
2.1 Establish link between project and any strategic plan
‘why did they want the project?’
2.2 Identify installation standards and procedures
‘what standards do we have to follow?’
2.3. Identify project team organization
‘where do I fit in?’
34
35. Step 3 Analysis of project characteristics
3.1 Distinguish the project as either objective or product-based.
Is there more than one way of achieving success?
3.2 Analyse other project characteristics (including quality based ones)
what is different about this project?
Identify high level project risks
‘what could go wrong?’
‘what can we do to stop it?’
Take into account user requirements concerning implementation
Select general life cycle approach
waterfall? Increments? Prototypes?
Review overall resource estimates
‘does all this increase the cost?’
35
36. Back to the scenario
Objectives vs. products
use paper questionnaire then input results of the analysis?
Some risks
team members worried about implications and do no co-
operate
project managers unwilling to try out application
Developer not familiar with features of VB
Answer? - evolutionary prototype?
36
37. Step 4 Identify project products and activities
4.1 Identify and describe project products - ‘what do we
have to produce?’
Usability
testing
Change
requests
Test results
Testing
arrangements
Selected
subjects
Completed
questionnaire
Questionnaire
design
Booked
PC
Analysis
report
A product breakdown structure
(PBS)
37
38. Products
The result of an activity
Could be (among other things)
physical thing (‘installed pc’),
a document (‘logical data structure’)
a person (‘trained user’)
a new version of an old product (‘updated software’)
The following are NOT normally products:
activities (e.g. ‘training’)
events (e.g. ‘interviews completed’)
resources and actors (e.g. ‘software developer’) - may be
exceptions to this
Products CAN BE deliverable or intermediate
38
39. 39
Product description (PD)
Product identity
Description - what is it?
Derivation - what is it based on?
Composition - what does it contain?
Format
Relevant standards
Quality criteria
Create a PD for ‘test data’
39
40. 40
Step 4 continued
4.2 document Generic Product flows
Selected
subjects
Testing plan
Questionnaire
design
Booked
machine
Completed
questionnaire
Analysis report
Test results
Change
requests
Step 4.3 Recognize product
instances
The PBS and PFD will probably
have identified generic products
e.g. ‘software modules’
It might be possible to identify
specific instances e.g. ‘module A’,
‘module B’ …
But in many cases this will have to
be left to later, more detailed,
planning
40
41. 41
4.4. Produce ideal activity network
Identify the activities needed to create each product in the PFD
More than one activity might be needed to create a single product
Hint: Identify activities by verb + noun but avoid ‘produce…’
(too vague)
Draw up activity network
Plan
testing
Design
questionnaire
Select
subjects
Book
machine
Conduct
tests
Analyse
results
Draft change
requests
42. 42
Step 4.5 Add check-points if needed
Test
system
Design
module A
Design
module B
Design
system
Design
module C
Code
module A
Code
module B
Code
module C
Test
system
Design
module A
Design
module B
Design
system
Design
module C
Code
module A
Code
module B
Code
module C
Check-point
put in a
check point
43. Step 5:Estimate effort for each activity
5.1 Carry out bottom-up estimates
distinguish carefully between effort and elapsed time
5.2. Revise plan to create controllable activities
break up very long activities into a series of smaller ones
bundle up very short activities (create check lists?)
Step 6: Identify activity risks
6.1.Identify and quantify risks for activities
damage if risk occurs (measure in time lost or money)
likelihood if risk occurring
6.2. Plan risk reduction and contingency measures
risk reduction: activity to stop risk occurring
contingency: action if risk does occur
43
44. 6.3 Adjust overall plans and estimates to take account of risks
e.g. add new activities which reduce risks associated with
other activities e.g. training, pilot trials, information gathering
Step 7: Allocate resources
7.1 Identify and allocate resources to activities
7.2 Revise plans and estimates to take into account resource
constraints
e.g. staff not being available until a later date
non-project activities
44
45. Gantt charts
Select subjects
Design
questionnaire
Book machine
Conduct tests
Analyse results
Week
commencing
5 12 19 26
MARCH APRIL
9 16
Plan testing
2
Draft changes
LT
TA
LT
TA
LT
LT
TA
LT = lead tester
TA = testing assistant
45
46. Step 8: Review/publicise plan
8.1 Review quality aspects of project plan
8.2 Document plan and obtain agreement
Step 9 and 10: Execute plan and create
lower level plans
46