this presentation has all the techniques in impression making in the fabrication of an RPD.
The presentation is available on request. Mail me at apurvathampi@gmail.com
this presentation has all the techniques in impression making in the fabrication of an RPD.
The presentation is available on request. Mail me at apurvathampi@gmail.com
Indirect Sinus Lift
A sinus lift procedure is essentially done to increase bone height and density in the posterior maxilla.
Extremely effective in increasing bone height. for more details visit our website https://www.implantdentistindia.com/i...
Direct Sinus Lift
The direct sinus lift or the lateral window sinus elevation is a widely used technique when resorption of the alveolar bone which leads to insufficient bone height (No bone to place implant). for more details please visit https://www.implantdentistindia.com/d...
We will assure you of the best treatment in this area.
Experienced Implantologist -Dr. Sudhakar Reddy, a Maxillofacial surgeon by specialization has vast experience with such a surgical procedures and can make this surgery very simple.
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loading protocols in dental implants about indications and contraindications of conventional , immediate,progressive and delayed loading of dental implants
Indirect Sinus Lift
A sinus lift procedure is essentially done to increase bone height and density in the posterior maxilla.
Extremely effective in increasing bone height. for more details visit our website https://www.implantdentistindia.com/i...
Direct Sinus Lift
The direct sinus lift or the lateral window sinus elevation is a widely used technique when resorption of the alveolar bone which leads to insufficient bone height (No bone to place implant). for more details please visit https://www.implantdentistindia.com/d...
We will assure you of the best treatment in this area.
Experienced Implantologist -Dr. Sudhakar Reddy, a Maxillofacial surgeon by specialization has vast experience with such a surgical procedures and can make this surgery very simple.
Book an appointment now
loading protocols in dental implants about indications and contraindications of conventional , immediate,progressive and delayed loading of dental implants
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
4. INTRODUCTION
• In formulating a treatment plan for the edentulous patient, early
decisions must be made regarding essential oral tissue
rehabilitation
• It is essential that mouth is in an optimal state of health prior to
commencing prosthetic treatment and failure to achieve this may
produce an unsatisfactory treatment result which is therapeutically
unacceptable and ethically questionable
• The goal of pre prosthetic mouth preparation is to modify the oral
environmemt to render it free of disease and to restore its form and
function near to normal which makes it compatible with the
denture wearing
5. FEW BASIC TERMS... (GPT -8)
• RETENTION: that quality inherent in the dental prosthesis acting to resist the
forces of dislodgment along the path of placement
• STABILITY: Resistance to horizontal displacement of a prosthesis
• SUPPORT: The foundation area on which a dental prosthesis rests. With respect to
dental prostheses, the resistance to displacement away from the basal tissue or
underlying structures
6. CHANGES DUE TO EDENTULISM
• The maxillomandibular relationship is altered in all spatial dimensions
• Decrease in the Vertical dimension,and shortening of lower facial height
• Loss of tone in the muscles
• Progressive instability of the conventional soft tissues
7. CLASSIFICATION OF ALVEOLAR
RIDGES
As given by ATWOOD (1963) CAWOOD &
HOWELL(1988)
• Class I –Pre extraction
• Class II - post extraction.
• Class III - rounded ridge, adequate height and
width
• Class IV - knife edge ridge, adequate height,
inadequate width.
• Class V - flat ridge, inadequate height and width.
• Class VI - depressed ridge with varying degrees of
basal bone loss, that may be extensive but follows
no predictable pattern.
8. CLASS A:Most of the alveolar
bone is present
CLASS B:Moderate residual ridge
resorption occurs
CLASS C:Advanced residual ridge
resorption occurs
CLASS D:Moderate resorption of
the residual bone
CLASS E:Extreme resorption of
the basal bone
As given by BRANEMARK
9. ZELSTER’S CLASSIFICATION
Group 1 : High muscle attachment &
minimal RRR
Group 2 : Severe residual ridge resorption
with pain
Group 3 : Absence of residual ridge.
Group 4 : Severe resorption of basal bone
10. A) Anatomic factors:
• Rate of vertical bone loss in a broad high
ridge is slower than that of a small ridge
• Denser the bone, slower will be the rate of
resorption
C) Mechanical factors
1)Functional factors:
• Frequency, direction and strength of forces acting on bone
• Bruxism
2)Prosthetic factors:
• Type and fit of prosthesis
• Occlusal disharmony
B)Metabolic factors :
•Bone metabolism
•Hormonal imbalance
•Osteoporosis
•Many local and systemic factors are related with residual ridge resorption.
11. IDEAL REQUISITES OF A COMPLETE DENTURE FOUNDATION
• To provide a comfortable tissue foundation to support the denture
• To render proper jaw relationship in the antero-posterior, transverse and vertical
dimensions
• Alveolar processes that are as large as possible and of the proper configuration
• No bony or soft tissue protuberances or undercuts
• Adequate attached keratinized mucosa in the primary denture-bearing area
• Adequate vestibular depth
• Adequate form and tissue coverage for possible implant placement
14. REST FOR THE DENTURE SUPPORTING
TISSUES
• Removal of the dentures from the mouth for a
extended period of time
• Use of temporary soft liners inside the old dentures.
• Regular finger or toothbrush massage of the denture
bearing mucosa over the enlarged and edematous
regions is beneficial
• All of these procedures allow the deformed tissues of
the residual ridge to return to normal form
15. TISSUE ABUSE CAUSED DUE TO
IMPROPER OCCLUSION CAN BE
CORRECTED …..
• Correcting the occlusion of old prosthesis
• Use of tissue conditioning materials can provide an
interim cushioning stage and allow the tissues to
return to their unstressed shape
• Substituting properly made dentures.
16. Occlusal correction of old prostheses:
• An attempt should first be made to restore an optimum vertical dimension of
occlusion to the dentures presently worn by the patient by using an interim resilient
lining material.
• Tissue treatment material permits movements of denture base to adjust according to
existing occlusion by allowing displaced tissues to recover their original form.
• Consequently, ridge relations are improved and also facilitates the occlusal
adjustments intraorally and extraorally, i.e., on an articulator.
17. Conditioning the patient's musculature
• The use of jaw exercises can permit relaxation of the muscles of mastication.
and strengthen their coordination as well as help prepare the patient
psychologically for the prosthetic service.
18. GOOD NUTRITION
• A good nutritional program must be emphasized
for each edentulous patient.
• This program is especially important for the
geriatric patient whose metabolic and masticatory
efficiency have decreased.
21. EVALUATION OF HARD TISSUES PRIOR
TO SURGICAL PROCEDURE
MAXILLA
• Bony ridge with no bony undercuts/gross bony
protuberances
• Palatal tori should be noted
• Adequate posterior tuberosity notching is must
for posterior denture stability and peripheral
seal
• Evaluate the Contour of palate
MANDIBLE
• Check for gross ridge irregularities, tori and
buccal exostosis
• Depression should be palpated between external
oblique line and mylohyoid ridge areas
• Location of mental foramen and mental
neurovascular bundle should be palpated. Note
any neurosensory distubances .
22. EVALUATION OF SOFT TISSUES
• Palpate to disclose hypermobile fibrous tissue which are inadequate for stable denture base
• Vestibular areas should be :
Free of inflammatory changes / scarred / ulcerated areas – denture pressure
Tissue at depth should be supple without irregularities
Soft tissue attachments like frenum should not be tense
• Check for the keratinized and non keratinized tissue quality
• Lingual area should be evaluated
For the level of attachment of mylohyoid muscle to crest of mandibular ridge
And attachment of genioglossus
23. CLASSIFICATION OF SURGICAL PREPROSTHETIC
PROCEDURES
A. Removal of Teeth :
Erupted / Unerupted / Partially
erupted/ Root stumps / Cysts
C. INITIAL HARD TISSUE PROCEDURES
• Correction of prominent mylohyoid ridge,
ridge undercuts, sharp spiny spicules
• Removal of tori and exostoses
• Reduction of prominent genial tubercles
• Relieving mental foramen
B. INITIAL SOFT TISSUE PROCEDURES:
• Correction of hyperplastic ridge
tissue,epulis fissuratum,papilomatosis
• Management of frenular attachments
• Correction of pendulous maxillary
tuberosities
25. REMOVAL OF RETAINED TEETH
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED:
•AGE
•GENERAL HEALTH
•STATUS OF THE TEETH TO BE
REMOVED
•All broken down root stumps have to be extracted before the
prosthetic rehabilitation
•If any root tip is situated deep within the trabecular bone and if
it requires removal of a considerable amount of bone itslef,
then it should be left undisturbed but should be frequently
monitored
•Unerupted tooth or retained roots should be removed
prophylactically so that there is no chance of any pathology
developing in the future.
27. HYPERPLASTIC RIDGE, EPULIS
FISSURATUM, PAPILLOMATOSIS
• These tissues are not conducive to firm, healthy
foundations for complete dentures
• They should be rested, massaged, treated with
an antifungal agent before their surgical
excision
• In case patient doesn’t agree for surgery
impression technique and design can be
modified accordingly to accommodate these
tissues, with minimal distortion
HYPERPLASTIC RIDGE
TISSUE
PAPILLOMATOSIS
EPULIS
28. FRENULAR ATTACHMENTS
• As a result of resorption, maxillary and mandibular labial and buccal
frenae can become attached too near to the crest of the ridge
• This makes it unfavourable to obtain an ideal extension and border of
the flange of the denture
• The notch of the denture is usually deepened and made round and
smooth to relieve the patient of acute discomfort but this may result in
loss of border seal when the frenum is broad or too near to the crest of
ridge
• If excessive relief is given it will weaken the denture base and makes it
more prone to midline fracture
• Therefore this frenae are surgically removed,before prosthodontic
treatment thereby exposing the amount of desired ridge height
29. PENDULOUS MAXILLARY TUBEROSITIES
• Unilateral / bilateral
• May interfere with denture construction by
excessive encroachment or obliteration of
the interarch space
• Surgical excision of this excess tissue is
advised
• At times if tuberosities are enlarged laterally
it might be due to bony enlargement.Such
bone is surgically excised
31. REMOVAL OF TORI AND EXOSTOSES
• Affects denture stability
• If palatal torus is too large hampers posterior palatal seal
• Buccal side of maxillary posterior
region
• Surgical excision
Palatal Torus Mandibular tori Exostoses
32. GENIAL TUBERCLE
REDUCTION
• Sometimes, the genial tubercles are extremely prominent as a result of advanced ridge resorption in the
anterior part of the body of the mandible.
• If the activity of the genioglossus muscle has a tendency to displace the lower denture or if the tubercle
cannot tolerate the pressure or contact of the denture flange in this area, the genial tubercle is removed
and the genioglossus muscle detached.
• If it is clinically necessary to deepen the alveololingual sulcus in this area, the genioglossus muscle is
sutured to the geniohyoid muscle below it.
33. MENTAL FORAMEN RELIEF
• Bony margins of mental foramen are usually more
dense and resistant to the resorption
• Therefore when there is resorption of the ridge,it
causes the margins of the foramen to extend and have
very sharp edges 2 to 3 mm higher than the
surrounding bone
• Also the pressure from the denture against the mental
nerve will cause pain
• Hence as a part of preprosthetic procedure it is
necessary to smoothen the bony margin of foramen and
increase the foramen diameter on its lower border,
thereby relieving the nerve from excess pressure
35. INDICATIONS FOR RIDGE
AUGMENTATION
Progressive loss of denture stability and retention.
Loss of alveolar ridge height, width and decreased vestibular depth and denture bearing area.
Considerable basal bone resorption in the mandible, resulting in neurosensory disturbances.
Increased susceptibility to fracture of the atrophic jaws.
Replacement of necessary supportive bone.
Altered interarch relationship
41. RIDGE RELATION
PROCEDURES
• It pertains to the correction of discrepancies in arch size and
arch relationship to each other in space
• The prognathic patient frequently places considerable stress
and unfavorable leverages on the maxillary basal seat. This
may cause excessive resorption of the maxillary residual
ridge.
• It is better, when such malrelated jaws are evaluated and
surgically corrected before extracting any teeth
• Various surgical procedures like Le Fort I osteotomy,
sagittal osteotomy, subcondylar osteotomy etc can be
employed to correct the ridge relation
43. VESTIBULOPLASTY
• Detaching the origin of muscles on either the labial or lingual or both, sides of the edentulous
residual ridges , thereby increasing the vertical extension of denture flanges
Indications
• In inadequate vestibular depth .
• To increase the retention & stability of the denture.
Contraindications
• In extreme alveolar bone atrophy .
44. The different vestibuloplasty techniques are
• KAZANJHIAN
• MODIFIED KAZANJHIAN
• CLARK’S TECHNIQUE
• OBWEGESER TECHNIQUE etc…
1
2
3
45. IMPLANTS
• This concept is used in cases with overdenture prosthesis
• Implants can serve as substitutes for tooth or tooth roots and help provide support and retention for
overlying prosthesis
• Implant overdenture treatment provides many benefits of conventional tooth borne over dentures while
negating some of the most troubling problems like decay or periodontal diseases
46. • Implant supported overdentures preserves the alveolar bone
• CRUM & ROONEY have found that reduction in the height of anterior part of the
mandible in those patients wearing complete upper and lower dentures amounted to 5.2mm
as compared with 0.6mm for the overdentures
• The anterior mandible bone under an implant overdenture may be resorbed as little as
0.5mm over a 5year period
• And long term resorption may remain at 0.1 mm annually
Journal of Contemporary Dentistry,January-April 2013;3(1)52:56
47. THE MCGILL CONSENSUS STATEMENT ON OVERDENTURES
• On May 24-25, 2002, a Symposium was held at McGill University in
Montreal, Quebec, Canada during which fifteen scientists and expert
clinicians discussed the efficacy of overdentures for the treatment of
edentulous patients.
• Mandibular 2-implant overdentures have been shown to be significantly
superior to conventional dentures because they are more stable, ability to
chew various foods is better thereby improving the nutritional status
• In addition, they are more comfortable and easy while speaking
• Moreover, there is now evidence that oral implants may be placed in a
single-stage procedure, which reduces cost
• Overall it was concluded that Quality of life is significantly higher for
patients who receive 2-implant overdentures The Gerodontology Association 2002,Vol 19.No 1
48. PROSTHODONTIC MANAGEMENT
1)OCCLUSAL CONSIDERATIONS
Balanced occlusion
Lingualized occlusion
Monoplane occlusion
2)NEUTRAL ZONE CONCEPT
3)Use of magnets
4)Use of suction cups
5)MODIFYING IMPRESSION TECHNIQUES
6)MODIFYING DENTURE FABRICAITON
49. BALANCED OCCLUSION
• It’s the bilateral, simultaneous, anterior and posterior occlusal contact of
teeth in centric and eccentric position.
Indirect evidence that balanced occlusion
may:
•reduce ridge resorption (Maeda & Wood,
1989)
•allow for increased functional forces
in excursions (Miralles et al, 1989)
50. LINGUALIZED OCCLUSION
• Here the maxillary lingual cusps are the main
functional occlusal elements
• Mandibular teeth will have a cuspal inclination
of 00 or shallow 100
• Here the vertical forces are centralized on the
mandibular teeth
• Can be used in cases where complete denture
opposes a removable partial denture and there is
severe ridge resorption
51. MONOPLANE OCCLUSION
• Cuspless teeth set on a flat plane with 1.5- 2 mm
overjet
• No cusp to fossa relationship
• No anterior contacts present in centric position
• No overbite
• It is advised in case of minimal ridges because it
reduces the horizontal forces
52. NEUTRAL ZONE
CONCEPT
• The Neutral zone philosophy is based on the concept that
for each individual patient there exists a specific area with
in the denture where the function of the musculature will
not unseat the denture, and at the same time where the
forces generated by the tongue are neutralized by the forces
generated by the lips and cheeks.
• In this techinque teeth are arranged on the centre of the
ridges
• The neutral zone approach with low fusing compound is a
more practical and economically feasible treatment in the
general dental practice for patients with atrophic
mandibular ridge.
Indian Journal of Dental Sciences.September 2012 Issue:3, Vol.:4
53. MULTIPLE CUP CHAMBER
• For patients with flat ridges, denture stability can be a
challenge.
• Suction Cup Dentures utilizes a series of tiny suction cups made
from a soft silicone rubber that gently adhere to the oral tissue
with reportedly no irritation.
• They can be used for maxillary and mandibular replacements
and any existing denture can be easily converted into a
SuctionCup Denture.
Journal of Dental Sciences & Oral Rehabilitation 2013; April - June
54. MAGNETS
• They are surgically embedded onto the edentulous ridge
• Following conventional denture construction, paired cobalt/samarium
magnets in a special configuration are cured into the denture base so
that with the denture inserted, the magnets grip the root elements with
a retentive force of approximately 300 g per root.
• The paired magnet arrangement eliminates any external magnetic field
and doubles the available retention.
• It offers simplicity, low cost, self-adjustment, inherent stress-breaking,
automatic repositioning after denture displacement, comparative
freedom of lateral denture movement, reduces trauma to retained roots
and eliminates the need for adjustment in service.
J Interdiscip Dentistry [serial online] 2013 [cited 2014 Aug 5];3:43-6.
55. MODIFIED IMPRESSION TECHNIQUES
• For flabby tissues
William H Filler
Modified fluid wax impression
Splint method by Allan Mack
Hobkirk technique
Zafrulla Khan technique
Jone D Walter technique
• For severely resorbed ridge
Flange technique by Lott & Levine
Athur S Freese
Winkler technique
Modified Fournet Tuller technique
The objective of these techniques is to maximize the supportive aspect of the available denture
foundation by two approaches that is functional and anatomic
World Journal of Dentistry,January-March 2013;4(1) 67-71
56. MODIFIED FLUID WAX IMPRESSION TECHNIQUE
• Preliminary impression is made with an irreversible hydrocolloid impression material
• Border mould the tray with modelling plastic impression compound in segments
• Trim the tray over the crest of the ridge and create a window opening above the displaceable mandibular
ridge
World Journal of Dentistry,January-March 2013;4(1) 67-71
57. • Melt the impression wax in a water bath and apply onto the borders of the tray
• Apply adhesive on the tray surrounding the window opening
• Place the impression tray over the ridge and inject vinyl polysiloxane impression material over the
window opening
• This technique captures the primary and secondary load bearing areas without distortion
World Journal of Dentistry,January-March 2013;4(1) 67-71
58. Filler technique
• Two trays are made
• First trays are then keyed to orientate the second tray in atleast three places. These keyed positions correspond
with an extension of the second tray and will insure proper seating of the second tray over the first tray.
• Both the trays were painted with adhesive.
• Light body material was used in initial tray as a corrective wash impression material.
World Journal of Dentistry,January-March 2013;4(1) 67-71
59. • After it set the tray was removed from the mouth and all excess material was trimmed from the borders and
from the area where the second tray would come into contact with the first tray to key themselves.
• The second impression was made with plastogum used in corrective wash impression and plastogum was
painted over the entire vault and all available tissue surface not included in the first impression.
• The two trays were held lightly together until the impression material set and then the impression was
removed as a unit and the two trays were sealed together with sticky wax.
World Journal of Dentistry,January-March 2013;4(1) 67-71
60. FLANGE TECHNIQUE
• Flange technique by Lott and Levin introduced in 1966 involves
making impressions of soft tissues of mouth adjacent to the buccal,
lingual, labial, palatal surface and incorporating the resulting
extensions or flange in the denture.
• Flange wax was rolled from the retromolar pad area to the sublingual
region, large enough to restore the diameter of estimated resorption
and patient is asked to forcefully perform functions of swallowing
etc to give border extensions which covers maximum surface area
(genial tubercles and sublingual gland).
• This modification increases the area of intimate contact of the
denture with the oral structures thus improving stability, function,
comfort and appearance of complete dentures over other techniques
World Journal of Dentistry,January-March 2013;4(1) 67-71
62. FLANGE MEthOD
• Used in cases with severe labial undercuts and surgery is
contraindicated or if the patient is not willing for surgical
correction
• Technique:
After the impression techniques, baseplate was fabricated with
the autopolymerizing resin
For the maxillary rim the labial flange was trimmed and wax
rims were made
After recording jaw relations, and Try in procedures.. While
sealing the wax up, tin foil was incorporated in the area which
had to be left open in the final denture. The foil was folded
and was closely adapted to the cast.
IJDA, 2(2), April-June, 2010
63. • The denture was then invested and processed in
conventional manner. After deflasking the denture,
the tin foil was removed.
• A window was hence formed on the labial aspect of
the upper ridges in the area of prominence. At all
other places the denture covered the underlying tissue
similar to that by a conventional denture.
• In the area devoid of denture base the perioral tissues
came in direct contact with the mucosa reducing the
fullness and improving esthetics
IJDA, 2(2), April-June, 2010
64. LOST SALT TECHNIQUE
• It is similar to the fabrication of conventional
denture.
• But a few special steps incorporated are:
While packing , half of the heat cure in
dough stage was positioned accurately over
the dewaxed mould and then salt crystals
were placed over it
Above that, the remaining heat cure resin
was packed and cured at 74 degree C for 7-8
hours
Contemp Clin Dent. 2012 Jul-Sep; 3(3): 352–355.
65. Cured denture was retrieved and 2 holes were made in the
thickest palatal area
All the residual salt crystals were removed by flushing water
with the high pressure syringe through the holes
After making sure that all the salt crystals have been
removed, the escape holes were closed with autopolymerizing
resin
The hollow cavity seal was verified by immersing the denture
in water, if no air bubbles are evident, an adequate seal is
confirmed
The advantages of hollow dentures are reduction in the
excessive weight of the acrylic resin, resulting in the lighter
prosthesis, and decreased load on the residual alveolar ridges
thereby making the patient comfortable.
Contemp Clin Dent. 2012 Jul-Sep; 3(3): 352–355.
66. CONCLUSION
• The preprosthetic surgery attempts to create and oral environment that is conducive to a
functional, aesthetic, stable and retentive prosthesis that enhance patient comfort and acceptance.
• Therefore, with proper preoperative evaluation, case selection, careful treatment planning and
judicious use of these procedures a prosthodontist can achieve desirable outcome.
67. REFERENCES
• Zarb GA et al.2004 Prosthodontic treatment for edentulous patient.. 12th Edition. New Delhi:
Elsevier.
• Winkler S. 2004 Essentials of Complete Denture Prosthodontics.. 2nd Edition. New Delhi:AITBS
Publishers.
• Heartwell CM, Rahn AO.1984.Syllabus of Complete Dentures. 4th Edition. New Delhi:Varghese
Publishing House.
• Laskin DM.1989.Oral Maxillofacial Surgery-Vol 2.1st Edition. St Louis:Mosby.
• Fonseca RJ,Devis WH.Reconstructive Preprosthetic 1995. Oral Maxillofacial Surgery. 2nd Edition.
Philadelphia : Saunders publications.
• The Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms : J Prosthet Dent 2005; 94( 1): 10-92
68. REFERENCE
S
• Cawood JI, Howell RA. A classification of the edentulous jaws. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1988:
17: 232–236
• Dubravka Knezovie-Zlatarie, Asja elebie , Biserka Lazie. Resorptive Changes of Maxillary and
Mandibular Bone Structures in Removable Denture Wearers Acta Stomat Croat 2002; 261-265
• J. Fanghänel, P. Proff1, S. Dietze, T. Bayerlein, F. Mack, T. Gedrange The morphological and
clinical relevance of mandibular and maxillary bone structures for implantation Folia Morphol.
Vol. 65, No. 1, pp. 49–53
• Alexandre MALACHIAS, Helena de Freitas Oliveira PARANHOS, Cláudia Helena Lovato da
SILVA, Valdir Antônio MUGLIA, Carla MORETO Modified Functional Impression Technique
for Complete Dentures Braz Dent J (2005) 16(2): 135-139
69. REFERENCES
• Swapnali Mhatre et al. Rehabilitation of an Edentulous patient with an implant supported overdenture
Journal of Contemporary Dentistry,January-April 2013;3(1)52:56
• Devendra Chopra,Vaibhav Gupta,Amrit Tandan . Enhancing the Retention of Mandibular Complete Denture
in a Severely Resorbed Mandibular Ridge by Incorporating Multi - Suction Chambers: A Case Report
Journal of Dental Sciences & Oral Rehabilitation 2013; April – June
• Neophytos Demetriades, Jong il Park, Constantinos Laskarides. Alternative Bone Expansion Technique for
Implant Placement in Atrophic Edentulous Maxilla and Mandible DOI:10.1563/AAID-JOI-D-10-00028
• Janya S, Gubrellay P, Purwar A, Khanna S. Magnet retained mandibular overdenture: A multidisciplinary
approach. J Interdiscip Dentistry [serial online] 2013 [cited 2014 Aug 5];3:43-6. Available
from: http://www.jidonline.com/text.asp?2013/3/1/43/120530
70. • Sandeep Garg, Sushant Garg, Mohit Mehta, Sangeeta Goyal The Neutral Zone
Concept: An Alternative Approach For Construction Of Mandibular Complete Denture:
A Clinical Case Report. Indian Journal of Dental Sciences. September 2012 Issue:3,
Vol.:4
• Keni Nandita N1, Aras Meena A2, Chitre Vidya. Modified flange complete denture for
labially inclined premaxilla. IJDA, 2(2), April-June, 2010
• Himanshi Aggarwal, Sunit K. Jurel, and Pradeep Kumar Lost salt technique for
severely resorbed alveolar ridges: An innovative approach Contemp Clin Dent. 2012
Jul-Sep; 3(3): 352–355.
To provide a comfortable tissue foundation to support the denture
To render proper jaw relationship in the antero-posterior, transverse and vertical dimensions.
Alveolar processes that are as large as possible and of the proper configuration. that is ….The ideal shape of the alveolar process is a broad U-shaped ridge with the vertical components as parallel as possible
No bony or soft tissue protuberances or undercuts.
Adequate attached keratinized mucosa in the primary denture-bearing area.
Adequate vestibular depth.
Adequate form and tissue coverage for possible implant placement
THERE ARE CERTAIN FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED WHILE REMOVING RETAINED TEETH OR ROOTS
Age: Younger individual still may retain some eruption potential of unerupted teeth. Early removal of such teeth cause unwanted bone removal that is undesirable. In subjects too old removal of such teeth may be difficult due to ankylosis, increased bone density and retarded bone regeneration while healing.
Next important factor is the General health of the patient…that is Debilitated individuals show poor tolerance to surgical trauma and healing also is slow.
Lastly the Status of the teeth itself:….that is Retained teeth can undergo transition to dentigerous cyst or an ameloblastoma can develop in association with it. So, impacted teeth which are not indicated for immediate removal should be kept under frequent monitoring.
The soft tissue problems that impair denture foundations need to be corrected for ex:the Hyperplastic ridge tissues that interfere with the optimal seating of the denture
localized enlargement of the ridge i.e the epulis
and also the tissues that readily harbor the microorganisms for eg:papillomatosis
These tissues are not conducive to firm,healthy foundations for complete dentures
These tissues should be rested, massaged, treated with an antifungal agent before their surgical excision
In case patient doesn’t agree for surgery impression technique and design can be modified acoordingly to accommodate these tissues, with minimal distortion
Due to severe ridge resorption unfavourable prominences may hinder with the proper denture construction……..for instance the mylohyoid ridge or sharp spines on the residual ridge…..They become prominent and progressively higher on the mandible as resorption process occurs..the superficial position of these ridges can interfere with border extension and retention of denture in the critical alveolingual sulcus area
Treatment for this is the surgical contouring with bony files
Presence of Large palatal torus prevents the formation of an adequately extended and stable maxillary foundation…if it extends beyond the junction of hard and soft palates it will hamper the posterior palatal seal
therefore it has to be surgically excised
Mandibular tori are seen on the medial surface of the mandible in the canin premolar region
EXOSTOSES MAY OCCUR FREQUENTLY ON THE BUCCAL SIDE of THE MAXILLARY POSTERIOR REGION
Maxillary exostosis are usually excised but mandibular exostosis can just be left like that by relieving the denture in that area to accommodate the exostosis or a permanent soft liner can be used
HEIGHT IS ADEQUATE
WIDTH IS INADEQUATE
SUBMUCOSAL TUNNEL IS CREATED IN THE MIDLINE AND PUTTY MADE OF HYDROXYAPATITE CRYSTALS WITH SALINE/BLOOD IS INJECTED INTO THIS TUNNEL THEREBY INCERASING THE WIDTH
It is similar to onlay grafting but material used is alloplastic graft which is placed onto the outer cortex of bone
In this procedure incision is given along the gingiva and lateral wall of sinus is exposed thereby creating a window there and packing it with the bone graft material, thus increasing ridge height in this region
It can be used to place osseointegrated implants in posterior maxilla
Almost all of the ridge augmentation procedures require a healing period of minimum 3-4 months before undergoing any further procedures
In superior border grafting….2 ribs are taken..first rib is shaped to the arch of mandible and scored on to the superior border of mandible as wired there
Coming to inferior border grafting..here the freeze dried cadaveric mandible is taken ,it is hollowed out and the graft is packed in it…holes are drilled on the outer aspect thereby allowing for the revascularization process to take place and it is wired to the lower border of mandible
In visoir osteotomy..central splitting of mandible is done …lingual segment is raised to the desired ridge height…and wired there…on the buccal segment to be raised..place the graft material uptil the height of lingual segment
In interpositional grafting horizontal osteotomy cut is given and the graft material is packed into this gap
In kazanjhian technique mucosal flap from the inner aspect of the lower lip of the anterior mandibular vestibule is raised and dissection is performed
Its is carried out to increase sulcus depth in the premolar to premolar region only
Raw are heals by secondary intention.
Coming to the clarks technique.here the supra periosteal dissection is done along the labial aspect of alveolar bone till the deisred depth
Edge of the raised flap is pushed into the new vestibular depth amd sutured there
In obwegeser technique..its similar to clarks but while closing the periosteal flap a split thickness graft is placed along with it…