Methadone, a synthetic oipiod analgesic
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Introduction of methadone along with pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, contraindications, drug interactions, clinical uses and dose
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This document summarizes opioids and their use as analgesics. It discusses:
1. The classification of opioids including natural alkaloids like morphine and codeine, semi-synthetic opioids like heroin, and synthetic opioids like fentanyl and methadone.
2. The mechanism of action of opioids, which involves binding to mu, kappa, and delta opioid receptors in the central nervous system.
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2. The mechanism of action of opioids, which involves binding to mu, kappa, and delta opioid receptors in the central nervous system.
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2. It outlines several clinical uses of opioids such as for analgesia, cough suppression, and treatment of opioid dependence.
3. It describes the pharmacokinetics of opioids including absorption, metabolism, and ability to cross the placental barrier and affect fetuses.
4. It explains the mechanism of action of opioids including their binding to μ, δ, and κ receptors in the brain and spinal cord to produce effects like analgesia and respiratory depression.
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2. It describes the three main opioid receptors and their roles in pain management. Morphine and its analogues are discussed in terms of important structural features that determine their activity.
3. Individual narcotic analgesics like morphine sulfate, codeine, meperidine hydrochloride, and narcotic antagonists such as nalorphine hydrochloride are explained in terms of their therapeutic uses.
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This document summarizes different types of anxiety disorders and their treatment with anti-anxiety drugs. It describes several classes of anti-anxiety medications including benzodiazepines, azapirones, SSRIs, beta blockers and others. It provides details on specific drugs within each class, their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, advantages and side effects. The document also discusses the management of different anxiety disorders like generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, OCD, phobias and stress disorders with appropriate drug classes and specific medications.
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This document discusses the management of epilepsy. It begins with an introduction to epilepsy, describing the types of seizures and classifications of antiepileptic drugs. It then discusses the structures of common epilepsy drugs, how some are synthesized, and how epilepsy is clinically managed. The document also provides a brief history of antiepileptic drug therapy and discusses some newer drugs that have been released in recent years to treat epilepsy.
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Apex international
Apex International, a Government of India recognized Export House, is one of the world’s leading manufacturers and exporters of various types of community-based Hand Pumps for portable drinking water.
K10 a50d toshiba
This document provides specifications for the TK10A50D transistor made by Toshiba. Key details include:
- It is an N-channel MOSFET transistor suitable for switching regulator applications.
- Absolute maximum ratings include a drain-source voltage of 500V, drain current of 10A continuous and 40A pulse.
- Electrical characteristics include a typical drain-source on-resistance of 0.62Ω and forward transfer admittance of 5S.
- Thermal characteristics include a channel to case thermal resistance of 2.78°C/W.
UC Online Resources
This document provides a summary of online resources related to the Unification movement, including videos, audio, and text. It lists video and audio content from 2017 back to the 1970s featuring Sunday services, Divine Principle lectures, and presentations by movement leaders. It also provides links to text-based resources including books and slides. The document encourages inspiration and sharing the message of the movement in building God's Kingdom on Earth.
Othlo event#11
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise stimulates the production of endorphins in the brain which elevate mood and reduce stress levels.
3Com 03-0021-002
This document provides information about purchasing a 3COM ETHERLINK III ISA NIC (part number 03-0021-002) from Launch 3 Telecom. It details how to purchase the product via phone, email, or by submitting a request for quote online. It also provides information about payment methods, same day shipping and order tracking, warranty, and additional services offered by Launch 3 Telecom such as repairs.
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Various groups of drugs are used to treat affective disorders like unipolar depression and bipolar disorder. Anti-depressants like SSRIs, TCAs, and MAOIs are used to treat unipolar depression and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder. The manic phase of bipolar disorder is treated with anti-psychotics, carbamazepine, lithium, and some anti-seizure drugs. Lithium, carbamazepine, valproate, lamotrigine and gabapentin are used as mood stabilizers to prevent mood swings in bipolar disorder. The mechanisms of action, side effects, and drug interactions of these drug classes are outlined.
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Epilepsy is simply aberrant electrical activity spreading throughout an area of, or the whole of, the brain.
Antiepileptic medications limit the propagation of this spread and inhibit development of symptoms.
Drugs used to treat epilepsy are termed antiepileptics.
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information regarding psychopharmacology especially for nursing students and community. covers all group like anti psychotic, anti anxiety, antidepressants, mood stabilizing agents etc.
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This document outlines different classes of adrenergic drugs including agonists and antagonists. Adrenergic agonists can be direct-acting, mimicking norepinephrine, or indirect-acting, promoting norepinephrine release. Examples include epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and isoproterenol. Adrenergic antagonists block receptors and include alpha blockers like prazosin and beta blockers like propranolol. Indirect antiadrenergic agents decrease norepinephrine release through mechanisms like depletion from neurons (reserpine) or inhibition of release (guanadrel).
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Antipsychotics
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This document discusses anticholinergic drugs, which block the effects of acetylcholine on cholinergic receptors. It classifies anticholinergic drugs as natural alkaloids like atropine and hyoscine, semisynthetic derivatives, or synthetic substitutes. The actions of these drugs include increasing heart rate, reducing secretions, relaxing smooth muscles, causing mydriasis and cycloplegia in the eyes, and stimulating or depressing the CNS. Common uses are as antispasmodics, mydriatics, pre-anesthetics, and for conditions like asthma, ulcers, and Parkinson's disease. Atropine substitutes have more selective actions and fewer side effects. Nursing considerations for
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This document discusses emetic and anti-emetic drugs, including their classifications, mechanisms of action, and examples. It covers drugs that induce vomiting like apomorphine and mustard, as well as various classes of anti-emetics like anticholinergics, H1 antihistamines, neuroleptics, prokinetic drugs, and 5-HT3 antagonists. Key drugs discussed include hyoscine, promethazine, prochlorperazine, metoclopramide, ondansetron, and aprepitant. The document also explains the neurotransmitters and areas of the central nervous system involved in vomiting and the mechanisms of different classes of anti-emetic drugs.
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Aminoglycosides
Aminoglycosides - a group of natural and semi synthethic antibiotics having aminosugar link to an aminocyclitol ring by glycosidic bond.
Includes: streptomycin, neomycin, gentmicin, amicacin, kanamycin and tobramycin.
Share many chemical and pharmacological properties and have similar antibacterial spectrum and toxic effects.
CHEMISTRY
Presence of amino group in the structure imparts basic nature to aminoglycosides
Hydroxyl group on sugar provides high water solubility( or poor lipid solubility)
MECHANISMS OF ACTION
Gram negative organisms allow aminoglycosides to diffuse through porin channel in their outer membrane
These organisms also have an oxygen dependent system that transports antibiotic across the cell membrane
Antibiotics then binds to 30s ribosomal subunit
There it causes 30s subunit of completed ribosome to misread the genetic code which leads to incompletely synthesized protein
BACTERIAL RESISTANCE
Due to:
Decreased uptake of drug when oxygen dependent transport system or porin channels are absent
Altered 30s ribosomal subunit aminoglycosides binding site
Plasmid associated synthesis of enzymes like acetyltransferase, nucleotidyltransferase and phosphotransferases
ADVERSE EFFECTS
Nephrotoxicity
Occurs as a result of excessive accumulation of aminoglycosides by proximal tubular cells
Ototoxicity
both vesicular and auditory dysfunction due to accumulation in perilymph and endolymph in the inner ear in the dose and time dependent manner
Neuromuscular blockade
Due to interference with acetylcholine release from motor nerve endings
Other effects
Have low tendency to cause allergic reactions, may produce peripheral neuritis and dysfunction of optic nerve. Contact dermatitis is a common reaction to topically applied neomycin.
DRUG INTERACTION
Shows interactipon with drugs which cause ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity
Concurrent use of aminoglycosides with loop diuretics( furosemide) and osmotic diuretics(mannitol) aggravate nephrotoxic and ototoxic effect.
When used with inhalent anaesthetic or neuromuscular blocking drugs increase risk of neuromuscular blockade and respiratory paralysis
Aminoglycosides and halothane aggravates cardiovascular depression
Shows synergistic effect with beta -lactam antibiotics.
Higher concentrates of carbenicillin, ticarcillin and piperacillin are reported to inactivate aminoglycosides
CLINICAL USES
Widely used to treating local and systemic infection caused by susceptible bacteria
Infused into uterus to treat endometritis and udder to treat mastitis
Also topically used ears and eyes
CONTRAINDICATIONS:
Contradicted in patients those who are hypersensitive to them
Should be used with extreme caution in pre existing renal disease, neonate, geriatric and obese animals
Should not be given to working dogs due to it’s adverse effect on hearing
Cause adverse effect on foetus, so their use during pregnancy is not recommended until mandatory
Nutraceuticals
This document discusses nutraceuticals, which are foods or nutrients that provide health benefits. It defines nutraceuticals as foods or food components that can prevent or treat disease. The document outlines several advantages of nutraceuticals, such as improving health, delaying aging, and having fewer side effects than pharmaceuticals. It provides examples of conditions that nutraceuticals can help, such as arthritis, cancer prevention, cholesterol lowering, and diabetes. Finally, the document lists several therapeutic applications of nutraceuticals in treating illnesses and disorders like sleeping problems, digestion issues, certain cancers, osteoporosis, and blood pressure issues.
Cephalosporin
Cephalosporin is a beta-lactam antibiotic derived from the fungus Cephalosporium acremonium. It contains a basic dihydrothiazine ring fused to a beta-lactam ring. Cephalosporins inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to transpeptidase enzymes and blocking transpeptidation and carboxypeptidation reactions in cell wall formation. They are classified into generations based on their antimicrobial spectrum, with later generations having broader spectra including Pseudomonas coverage. Cephalosporins are well-absorbed orally or parenterally, widely distributed, and mainly excreted unchanged in urine.
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Costiosis / Ichthyobodosis
Costiosis, also known as blue slime disease, is caused by the protozoan parasite Ichthyobodo necator. The parasite infects fish through the skin and gills, attaching and feeding on epithelial cells. This causes skin irritation and hyperplasia, increased mucus production, and respiratory distress in the fish. Heavily infected fish appear lethargic with damaged fins and are often unable to swim normally. The parasite can be diagnosed by examining skin or gill biopsies microscopically. Treatment involves salt baths, formalin baths, or raising water temperature above 30 degrees Celsius to kill the parasites. Proper tank management can also help prevent outbreaks.
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Plant toxin
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Learning objectives:
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2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
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2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Methadone, a synthetic oipiod analgesic
- 1. A synthetic opioid analgesic Prepared and presented by: Kiran Niure Roll No. : 25 BVSc & AH, AFU
- 2. Contents: • Introduction • Pharmacological effects • Pharmacokinetics • Side effects/Adverse effects • Contraindications and precautions • Drug interactions • Clinical uses • Dose
- 3. Introduction • A synthetic diphenylpropylamine derivative opioid (µ receptor) agonist • opioid used to treat pain and as maintenance therapy or to help with detoxification in people with opioid dependence • Molecular formula: C21H27NO • Brand name: dolophine, methadose
- 4. Mode of action Binds to µ receptor Inhibitory G-coupled receptor Inhibit adenylate cyclase, inhibit cAMP k+ channel activation (outflux) and inhibition of ca++ channel Hyperpolarization, inhibit ca++ release Inhibit neurotransmitter release and show analgesic effect
- 5. Pharmacological effect • analgesic potency almost equal to morphine but less sedative • Effects similar to morphine i.e. – CNS depression – suppression of cough centre – respiratory depression – decreased intestinal or stomach motility – Emesis
- 6. Pharmacokinetics • Readily absorbed following parenteral or oral administration • High oral: parenteral activity ratio (i.e 2:1) • higher bioavailability, a much longer half- life (15 to 60 hours with a mean of around 22) than morphine • Bioavailability: 41–99% (oral) • Protein binding: 85–90%
- 7. • hepatically metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes • Rate of metabolism and excretion resembles morphine • Primarily excreted as metabolites in bile and urine along with small amounts (about10%) of unchanged drugs • After repeated use, methadone gets accumulated and duration of action is increased due to gradual release of drug from these site
- 8. Side Effects/Adverse Effects Similar to morphine • Hypotension, • sedation, • vomiting, • initial defecation followed by constipation, • urinary retension, • alteration of thermoregulation (panting in dogs, sweating in horses), • respiratory depression • Confusion, hallucination
- 9. Contraindications and precautions • Contraindicated in traumatic shock, biliary spasms, acute renal insufficiency • Contraindicated in head injury and raised intraocular pressure • Contraindicated in any situation where opioids are contraindicated, such as: patients with respiratory depression & with acute bronchialasthma or hypercarbia. • contraindicated in any patient who has or is suspected of having a paralytic ileus. • Careful use of methadone in cats due to increased sensitivity of this species to opioids
- 10. Drug interactions • No specific drugs interactions reported for animals but In horses, methadone and acepromazine in combination for analgesia and chemical restraint • Coadministration of these anti-retroviral agents resulted in increased clearance or decrease plasma levels of methadone. Eg. Abacavir, amprenavir, efavirenz, nelfinavir, nevirapine, ritonavir, lopinavir+ritonavir combination
- 11. • Shows additive effects when used in conjunction with alcohol, other opioids, or illicit drugs that cause central nervous system depression.
- 12. Clinical Uses • Primary use for relief of pain and as pre- anaesthetic • Ocassionally employed as antitussive • In horses, methadone and acepromazine in combination for analgesia and chemical restraint • In humans, employed in opioid abstinence syndrome and treatment of heroin users
- 13. Dose • For analgesia Dogs: 0.5-2 mg/kg. IM or SC, repeated at 3-4 hours intervals : 0.1 mg/kg, IV Cats: 0.1 -0.5 mg/kg , IM or SC, repeated at 3-4 hours intervals : 0.05 – 0.1 mg/kg, IV Dogs and cats: 0.2 mg/kg, IM in combination with acepromazine 0.02 mg/kg Horses: 0.1 mg/kg, IV : 0.1mg/kg methadone and 0.1 mg/kg acepromazine , IV for analgesia and chemical restraint
- 14. References • Essentials of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, 2nd edition, Harpal Singh Sandhu • http://www.rxlist.com/methadone-hydrochloride- drug • Ferrari_Methadone-metabolism-pharmacokinetics- and-interactions_Pharmacol-Res-2004 • http://atforum.com/documents/com_ctrd_mmt