Metastasis
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Metastasis is a pathogenic agent's spread from an initial or primary site to a different or secondary site within the host's body; the term is typically used when referring to metastasis by a cancerous tumor.
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Metastasis
Cancer metastasis is the process where cancer cells spread from the primary tumor to distant sites in the body. There are 5 major steps in metastasis: 1) invasion of surrounding tissue, 2) release into circulation, 3) survival in circulation, 4) arrest in capillaries of distant organs, 5) penetration of vessel walls and growth. Metastasis can occur through the bloodstream (hematogenous), lymphatic system, or body cavities. Cancer cells degrade the extracellular matrix using enzymes to migrate, and can die from detachment, damage in vessels, or immune system attack. Some cancers have preferential metastatic sites thought to be due to anatomical proximity or a compatible tissue environment.
Molecular mechanism of cancer metastasis
This document summarizes the molecular mechanisms of cancer metastasis. It begins with an overview of metastasis and defines it as the process by which tumor cells spread from the primary site to distant organs via the circulatory system. It then discusses the major steps in metastasis, including invasion, intravasation, survival in circulation, arrest at secondary sites, and extravasation. The key molecular components that drive metastasis are matrix-degrading enzymes like MMPs, cell adhesion molecules like integrins and E-cadherin, and cytoskeletal regulators like Rho GTPases that control cell motility. Signaling pathways activated by HGF/c-Met and other motility factors also promote invasion and metastasis. Understanding the molecular underpinnings of
Chapter 32 invasion and metastasis
The document summarizes the process of cancer metastasis through the invasion-metastasis cascade. It involves 6 key steps: 1) Localized invasion of primary tumor cells aided by loss of cell adhesion molecules and matrix metalloproteinases. 2) Intravasation of tumor cells into blood vessels assisted by tumor-associated macrophages. 3) Transport of circulating tumor cells protected by platelet emboli. 4) Extravasation of tumor cells from vessels into distant tissues. 5) Formation of dormant micrometastases. 6) Rare colonization of micrometastases into macroscopic tumors limited by the foreign tissue environment. Metastasis suppressor genes and strategies targeting multiple steps simultaneously show promise for preventing cancer spread.
Thrombosis, embolism and infarction
Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel or cavity of the heart. Virchow identified three main factors that contribute to thrombosis: endothelial injury, changes in blood flow, and hypercoagulability. Thrombi can propagate or embolize, becoming lodged in another vessel and resulting in infarction of downstream tissue. Infarctions appear pale/white in solid organs and red/hemorrhagic in lungs/other tissues. Over time, infarcted tissue progresses from coagulative necrosis to phagocytosis and scar formation.
Metastasis
To learn and contribute in the professionally challenging environment in a manner that certainly benefits for man kind and enhances my skills
Molecular basis of Cancer
Cancer arises from mutations in genes that regulate cell growth and division. These mutations can cause cells to grow uncontrollably and form tumors. There are two main types of cancer genes - oncogenes which promote cell growth when mutated, and tumor suppressor genes which normally inhibit cell growth but cannot when mutated in both copies of the gene. Most cancers are caused by multiple mutations that accumulate over time due to environmental exposures, random errors in cell division, or inherited genetic syndromes.
Laboratory diagnosis of cancer
Laboratory diagnosis of cancer involves cytology, histopathology, and other techniques. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a simple, rapid, and economical technique to obtain cells for cancer diagnosis. It has high accuracy but loses tissue architecture. Histopathology examines diseased tissue microscopically and macroscopically. Cancer is graded based on cell differentiation and staged based on tumor size, lymph node involvement, and metastasis. Immunohistochemistry aids in cancer classification and detection of molecules with prognostic value.
Multistep Carcinogenesis
Mutistep carcinogenesis refers to the process by which normal cells transform into cancerous cells through the accumulation of multiple genetic mutations over time. These mutations can be caused by environmental or inherited factors and affect genes that regulate cell growth (oncogenes) or cell cycle arrest (tumor suppressor genes). The accumulation of mutations in genes that control processes like apoptosis, cell proliferation, and DNA repair enable cells to proliferate uncontrollably and form malignant tumors.
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Metastasis
Cancer metastasis is the process where cancer cells spread from the primary tumor to distant sites in the body. There are 5 major steps in metastasis: 1) invasion of surrounding tissue, 2) release into circulation, 3) survival in circulation, 4) arrest in capillaries of distant organs, 5) penetration of vessel walls and growth. Metastasis can occur through the bloodstream (hematogenous), lymphatic system, or body cavities. Cancer cells degrade the extracellular matrix using enzymes to migrate, and can die from detachment, damage in vessels, or immune system attack. Some cancers have preferential metastatic sites thought to be due to anatomical proximity or a compatible tissue environment.
Molecular mechanism of cancer metastasis
This document summarizes the molecular mechanisms of cancer metastasis. It begins with an overview of metastasis and defines it as the process by which tumor cells spread from the primary site to distant organs via the circulatory system. It then discusses the major steps in metastasis, including invasion, intravasation, survival in circulation, arrest at secondary sites, and extravasation. The key molecular components that drive metastasis are matrix-degrading enzymes like MMPs, cell adhesion molecules like integrins and E-cadherin, and cytoskeletal regulators like Rho GTPases that control cell motility. Signaling pathways activated by HGF/c-Met and other motility factors also promote invasion and metastasis. Understanding the molecular underpinnings of
Chapter 32 invasion and metastasis
The document summarizes the process of cancer metastasis through the invasion-metastasis cascade. It involves 6 key steps: 1) Localized invasion of primary tumor cells aided by loss of cell adhesion molecules and matrix metalloproteinases. 2) Intravasation of tumor cells into blood vessels assisted by tumor-associated macrophages. 3) Transport of circulating tumor cells protected by platelet emboli. 4) Extravasation of tumor cells from vessels into distant tissues. 5) Formation of dormant micrometastases. 6) Rare colonization of micrometastases into macroscopic tumors limited by the foreign tissue environment. Metastasis suppressor genes and strategies targeting multiple steps simultaneously show promise for preventing cancer spread.
Thrombosis, embolism and infarction
Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel or cavity of the heart. Virchow identified three main factors that contribute to thrombosis: endothelial injury, changes in blood flow, and hypercoagulability. Thrombi can propagate or embolize, becoming lodged in another vessel and resulting in infarction of downstream tissue. Infarctions appear pale/white in solid organs and red/hemorrhagic in lungs/other tissues. Over time, infarcted tissue progresses from coagulative necrosis to phagocytosis and scar formation.
Metastasis
To learn and contribute in the professionally challenging environment in a manner that certainly benefits for man kind and enhances my skills
Molecular basis of Cancer
Cancer arises from mutations in genes that regulate cell growth and division. These mutations can cause cells to grow uncontrollably and form tumors. There are two main types of cancer genes - oncogenes which promote cell growth when mutated, and tumor suppressor genes which normally inhibit cell growth but cannot when mutated in both copies of the gene. Most cancers are caused by multiple mutations that accumulate over time due to environmental exposures, random errors in cell division, or inherited genetic syndromes.
Laboratory diagnosis of cancer
Laboratory diagnosis of cancer involves cytology, histopathology, and other techniques. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a simple, rapid, and economical technique to obtain cells for cancer diagnosis. It has high accuracy but loses tissue architecture. Histopathology examines diseased tissue microscopically and macroscopically. Cancer is graded based on cell differentiation and staged based on tumor size, lymph node involvement, and metastasis. Immunohistochemistry aids in cancer classification and detection of molecules with prognostic value.
Multistep Carcinogenesis
Mutistep carcinogenesis refers to the process by which normal cells transform into cancerous cells through the accumulation of multiple genetic mutations over time. These mutations can be caused by environmental or inherited factors and affect genes that regulate cell growth (oncogenes) or cell cycle arrest (tumor suppressor genes). The accumulation of mutations in genes that control processes like apoptosis, cell proliferation, and DNA repair enable cells to proliferate uncontrollably and form malignant tumors.
Neoplasia: Metastasis
This document discusses tumor metastasis and the pathways involved. It covers:
1. Metastasis occurs when tumor cells spread discontinuously from the primary site to distant organs. More aggressive tumors are more likely to metastasize.
2. Tumor cells can spread via lymphatic vessels, hematogenous spread through the bloodstream, or by seeding body cavities. The most common route is lymphatic spread for carcinomas and hematogenous spread for sarcomas.
3. The metastatic process involves tumor progression, invasion of surrounding tissue, entry and survival in the bloodstream, arrest at distant sites, extravasation, and colonization of secondary tumors. Specific adhesion molecules and chemotactic
Pathology neoplasm
This document provides an overview of neoplasia (tumors), including definitions, nomenclature used to classify benign and malignant tumors, the biology of tumor growth, epidemiology, molecular basis of cancer and carcinogenesis. It discusses the natural history of malignant tumors from malignant change to growth, invasion and metastasis. Key concepts covered include differentiation, dysplasia, tumor growth rates, features that distinguish benign from malignant tumors, predisposing geographic, environmental and genetic factors for cancer development.
Metaplasia (1)
Metaplasia is a reversible change where one adult cell type replaces another in response to stress. For example, in smokers the ciliated trachea cells are often replaced with squamous cells. This change arises from the reprogramming of stem cells due to signals from cytokines, growth factors and the extracellular matrix. If the stress persists, metaplasia can predispose the tissue to malignant transformation.
Cancer lab diagnosis
This document discusses methods for cancer diagnosis including clinical examination, imaging, biochemical assays, and morphological and molecular techniques. Histological diagnosis through microscopic examination of tissue specimens is the gold standard for cancer diagnosis. Several sampling methods can be used including excision or biopsy, fine-needle aspiration, and cytologic smears. Immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, and molecular techniques like PCR and FISH can also provide diagnostic information. Proper sampling and preservation of specimens is important for accurate histological diagnosis of cancer.
Neoplasia
This document defines neoplasia and provides details on the classification and nomenclature of tumors. It begins by defining a neoplasm as an abnormal mass of tissue that grows in an uncoordinated manner. Benign tumors are non-invasive and localized, while malignant tumors are invasive and spreading. Tumors are classified based on the tissue of origin, such as carcinomas arising from epithelial tissue and sarcomas from connective tissue. The document further describes features of benign versus malignant tumors and provides examples of tumor classifications and histological slides.
AMYLOIDOSIS
This document provides an overview of amyloidosis, including:
- Amyloidosis is characterized by extracellular deposition of misfolded proteins that form insoluble fibrils, damaging tissues.
- There are different types classified by the misfolded protein involved, including AL, AA, and rare forms.
- Organs commonly affected include the kidney, heart, GI tract, and nerves.
- Diagnosis involves biopsy of affected tissues and staining with Congo red to identify amyloid deposits.
- Prognosis depends on type and organ involvement, with generalized amyloidosis having a poor prognosis of around 2 years.
Neoplasia
Neoplasia refers to new abnormal growth of tissue. A neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue that grows in an uncontrolled manner. Neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). The growth of neoplasms is driven by genetic changes that allow the cells to proliferate autonomously. Tumors are monoclonal in origin, arising from a single cell. The hallmarks of neoplasms include persistent and purposeless proliferation, a parasitic nature, progression, and clonal expansion. Tumors are classified based on their tissue of origin and behavior. Malignant tumors can invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant sites. The development of neoplasms involves genetic and environmental factors
Necrosis
Necrosis is the morphologic changes that follow cell death in living tissues. It can be caused by ischemia, physical agents, chemical agents, or immunological injury. The main types of necrosis include coagulative necrosis, liquefactive necrosis, caseous necrosis, fat necrosis, and fibrinoid necrosis. Coagulative necrosis preserves tissue architecture with denatured proteins and enzymatic digestion of cells. Liquefactive necrosis results in a liquid viscous mass. Caseous necrosis is a type of coagulative necrosis seen in tuberculosis that leaves cheesy white tissue.
Metastasis
Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor to other parts of the body. Cancer cells can metastasize through direct extension, lymphatic spread, or hematogenous spread through the bloodstream. The process of metastasis involves local invasion of tissue, entry and survival in the circulatory or lymphatic system, arrest in capillaries, extravasation into new organs, and growth of microscopic tumor deposits into macroscopic secondary tumors. Common sites of metastasis include the lungs, liver, brain, and bones. The mechanisms of metastasis are complex and involve changes in cancer cell adhesion and signaling to encourage migration, invasion of surrounding tissues, angiogenesis, and survival at distant sites.
Cancer and metastasis
1) Cancer begins as abnormal cells that grow uncontrollably and can become invasive, spreading to other parts of the body.
2) There are several types of cancer including carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias, lymphomas, and central nervous system cancers.
3) Metastasis is when cancer cells spread from the original tumor site through the bloodstream or lymphatic system and form new tumors in other parts of the body. The major steps in metastasis include invasion, circulation, arrest in distant organs, and growth of new tumors.
Spread of tumours
Tumors can spread through direct extension into surrounding tissues, through the lymphatic or vascular systems, or by transcoelomic spread through body cavities. Lymphatic spread is common for carcinomas and follows drainage routes to regional lymph nodes. Vascular spread occurs via blood vessels either as tumor emboli or growing along vessel walls. Certain primary tumors have tendencies to metastasize to specific organs, such as prostate cancer spreading to bone. Transcoelomic spread involves cavities such as the peritoneal, pleural, or pericardial spaces, potentially causing malignant ascites or pleural effusions. Perineural spread grows along nerve bundles.
Benign and malignant tumor comparison
There are two types of tumors - benign and malignant. Benign tumors are non-cancerous, grow slowly, and do not spread to other parts of the body, though if left untreated can become problematic due to their size. Malignant tumors are cancerous, grow quickly, can spread to other areas, and are often resistant to treatment. While benign tumors are generally localized, malignant tumors infiltrate surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant regions.
Carcinogenesis
Carcinogenesis is the process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. It occurs through genetic mutations, usually involving oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes such as p53. Carcinogens like chemicals and radiation can cause these mutations by damaging DNA. Carcinogenesis involves initiation of the DNA damage and promotion of the abnormal cell growth. It is a multi-step process that takes place over many years and can involve genetic and epigenetic changes in cells. Environmental toxins, diet, and lifestyle factors can influence cancer risk by affecting carcinogenesis.
CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOURS
The document provides information on the classification of tumours, including:
1. Tumours are classified based on their presumed cell/tissue of origin or predicted behavior. Malignant tumours are classified as epithelial, connective tissue, lymphoid/hematological, or mixtures.
2. Benign tumours are generally slow growing, remain localized, and do not invade or metastasize. Malignant tumours are generally fast growing, invade surrounding tissues, and can metastasize via lymphatics or blood vessels.
3. Malignant tumours are staged based on factors like tumor size, lymph node involvement, and presence of distant metastases using systems like TNM. Higher
Necrosis
Necrosis is irreversible injury and death of cells and living tissue. There are several patterns of necrosis that occur in tissues including coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat and gangrenous necrosis. Coagulative necrosis involves the maintenance of cell outlines but loss of cellular details. Liquefactive necrosis results in the disintegration and liquefaction of dead cells. Caseous necrosis converts dead tissue into a granular mass resembling cottage cheese.
Neoplasia
This document discusses neoplasia and provides definitions and classifications of different types of tumors. Some key points include:
- Neoplasms can be classified as benign or malignant based on their ability to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize. Malignant tumors are less differentiated.
- Epithelial tumors are further classified based on cell of origin and growth pattern (e.g. adenoma, papilloma, polyp). Mesenchymal tumors are classified as sarcomas.
- Environmental and genetic factors can affect cancer risk and distribution. Cancer incidence generally increases with age. Certain inherited syndromes confer higher cancer susceptibility.
- Precancerous conditions like dysplasia are characterized by cellular
White blood cell disorders
White Blood Cell Disorders can affect neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and mast cells. Neutropenia is classified by severity based on absolute neutrophil count and risk of infection. Causes include acquired conditions like drugs/infections or congenital disorders. Hypereosinophilic syndrome is a broad condition caused by primary or secondary eosinophilia leading to tissue damage. Diagnosis involves ruling out secondary causes and identifying organ involvement. Treatment depends on etiology and includes steroids, hydroxyurea, interferon-alpha, imatinib or anti-IL-5 antibodies.
Pathology Lecture - Neoplasia
The document discusses neoplasia (abnormal growths) and cancer biology. It provides definitions of key terms like neoplasia, benign and malignant tumors. It describes factors involved in carcinogenesis like oncogenes, growth factors and tumor suppressor genes. It also summarizes cancer features including differentiation, growth rate, invasion, metastasis and staging/grading systems. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the pathogenesis and classification of neoplasms.
Tumour/cancer
This document discusses tumors and cancer classification. It defines benign and malignant tumors, with malignant tumors being able to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize. Tumor genesis is described as a multi-step process involving genetic alterations that transform normal cells into cancerous cells. Cancers are classified by their site of origin, tissue type, grade which describes cell differentiation, and stage which describes tumor size, node involvement and metastasis. The main types of cancer are carcinoma, sarcoma, leukemia, lymphoma and mixed types.
Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining
The document provides information about Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. It states that H&E staining is widely used because of its simplicity, ability to clearly demonstrate tissue structures, and how it specifically stains cell nuclei blue-black and cytoplasm pink to red. Hematoxylin stains nuclei while Eosin stains cytoplasm. The document then discusses the chemistry and preparation of hematoxylin solutions, including how it is extracted from logwood and oxidized to its active form hematein. It also covers the use of mordants like aluminum, iron, and tungsten to improve hematoxylin's staining ability.
metastasis-200519200328.pdftdjtydtfktfghcgh
Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor to other parts of the body. Cancer cells can metastasize through direct extension, lymphatic spread, or hematogenous spread through the bloodstream. The process of metastasis involves local invasion of tissue, entry and survival in the circulatory or lymphatic system, arrest in capillaries, extravasation into new organs, and growth of microscopic tumor deposits into macroscopic secondary tumors. Common sites of metastasis include the lungs, liver, brain, and bones depending on the location of the primary tumor. Once cancer has metastasized, treatment options aim to slow the growth and spread of tumors.
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Neoplasia: Metastasis
This document discusses tumor metastasis and the pathways involved. It covers:
1. Metastasis occurs when tumor cells spread discontinuously from the primary site to distant organs. More aggressive tumors are more likely to metastasize.
2. Tumor cells can spread via lymphatic vessels, hematogenous spread through the bloodstream, or by seeding body cavities. The most common route is lymphatic spread for carcinomas and hematogenous spread for sarcomas.
3. The metastatic process involves tumor progression, invasion of surrounding tissue, entry and survival in the bloodstream, arrest at distant sites, extravasation, and colonization of secondary tumors. Specific adhesion molecules and chemotactic
Pathology neoplasm
This document provides an overview of neoplasia (tumors), including definitions, nomenclature used to classify benign and malignant tumors, the biology of tumor growth, epidemiology, molecular basis of cancer and carcinogenesis. It discusses the natural history of malignant tumors from malignant change to growth, invasion and metastasis. Key concepts covered include differentiation, dysplasia, tumor growth rates, features that distinguish benign from malignant tumors, predisposing geographic, environmental and genetic factors for cancer development.
Metaplasia (1)
Metaplasia is a reversible change where one adult cell type replaces another in response to stress. For example, in smokers the ciliated trachea cells are often replaced with squamous cells. This change arises from the reprogramming of stem cells due to signals from cytokines, growth factors and the extracellular matrix. If the stress persists, metaplasia can predispose the tissue to malignant transformation.
Cancer lab diagnosis
This document discusses methods for cancer diagnosis including clinical examination, imaging, biochemical assays, and morphological and molecular techniques. Histological diagnosis through microscopic examination of tissue specimens is the gold standard for cancer diagnosis. Several sampling methods can be used including excision or biopsy, fine-needle aspiration, and cytologic smears. Immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, and molecular techniques like PCR and FISH can also provide diagnostic information. Proper sampling and preservation of specimens is important for accurate histological diagnosis of cancer.
Neoplasia
This document defines neoplasia and provides details on the classification and nomenclature of tumors. It begins by defining a neoplasm as an abnormal mass of tissue that grows in an uncoordinated manner. Benign tumors are non-invasive and localized, while malignant tumors are invasive and spreading. Tumors are classified based on the tissue of origin, such as carcinomas arising from epithelial tissue and sarcomas from connective tissue. The document further describes features of benign versus malignant tumors and provides examples of tumor classifications and histological slides.
AMYLOIDOSIS
This document provides an overview of amyloidosis, including:
- Amyloidosis is characterized by extracellular deposition of misfolded proteins that form insoluble fibrils, damaging tissues.
- There are different types classified by the misfolded protein involved, including AL, AA, and rare forms.
- Organs commonly affected include the kidney, heart, GI tract, and nerves.
- Diagnosis involves biopsy of affected tissues and staining with Congo red to identify amyloid deposits.
- Prognosis depends on type and organ involvement, with generalized amyloidosis having a poor prognosis of around 2 years.
Neoplasia
Neoplasia refers to new abnormal growth of tissue. A neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue that grows in an uncontrolled manner. Neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). The growth of neoplasms is driven by genetic changes that allow the cells to proliferate autonomously. Tumors are monoclonal in origin, arising from a single cell. The hallmarks of neoplasms include persistent and purposeless proliferation, a parasitic nature, progression, and clonal expansion. Tumors are classified based on their tissue of origin and behavior. Malignant tumors can invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant sites. The development of neoplasms involves genetic and environmental factors
Necrosis
Necrosis is the morphologic changes that follow cell death in living tissues. It can be caused by ischemia, physical agents, chemical agents, or immunological injury. The main types of necrosis include coagulative necrosis, liquefactive necrosis, caseous necrosis, fat necrosis, and fibrinoid necrosis. Coagulative necrosis preserves tissue architecture with denatured proteins and enzymatic digestion of cells. Liquefactive necrosis results in a liquid viscous mass. Caseous necrosis is a type of coagulative necrosis seen in tuberculosis that leaves cheesy white tissue.
Metastasis
Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor to other parts of the body. Cancer cells can metastasize through direct extension, lymphatic spread, or hematogenous spread through the bloodstream. The process of metastasis involves local invasion of tissue, entry and survival in the circulatory or lymphatic system, arrest in capillaries, extravasation into new organs, and growth of microscopic tumor deposits into macroscopic secondary tumors. Common sites of metastasis include the lungs, liver, brain, and bones. The mechanisms of metastasis are complex and involve changes in cancer cell adhesion and signaling to encourage migration, invasion of surrounding tissues, angiogenesis, and survival at distant sites.
Cancer and metastasis
1) Cancer begins as abnormal cells that grow uncontrollably and can become invasive, spreading to other parts of the body.
2) There are several types of cancer including carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias, lymphomas, and central nervous system cancers.
3) Metastasis is when cancer cells spread from the original tumor site through the bloodstream or lymphatic system and form new tumors in other parts of the body. The major steps in metastasis include invasion, circulation, arrest in distant organs, and growth of new tumors.
Spread of tumours
Tumors can spread through direct extension into surrounding tissues, through the lymphatic or vascular systems, or by transcoelomic spread through body cavities. Lymphatic spread is common for carcinomas and follows drainage routes to regional lymph nodes. Vascular spread occurs via blood vessels either as tumor emboli or growing along vessel walls. Certain primary tumors have tendencies to metastasize to specific organs, such as prostate cancer spreading to bone. Transcoelomic spread involves cavities such as the peritoneal, pleural, or pericardial spaces, potentially causing malignant ascites or pleural effusions. Perineural spread grows along nerve bundles.
Benign and malignant tumor comparison
There are two types of tumors - benign and malignant. Benign tumors are non-cancerous, grow slowly, and do not spread to other parts of the body, though if left untreated can become problematic due to their size. Malignant tumors are cancerous, grow quickly, can spread to other areas, and are often resistant to treatment. While benign tumors are generally localized, malignant tumors infiltrate surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant regions.
Carcinogenesis
Carcinogenesis is the process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. It occurs through genetic mutations, usually involving oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes such as p53. Carcinogens like chemicals and radiation can cause these mutations by damaging DNA. Carcinogenesis involves initiation of the DNA damage and promotion of the abnormal cell growth. It is a multi-step process that takes place over many years and can involve genetic and epigenetic changes in cells. Environmental toxins, diet, and lifestyle factors can influence cancer risk by affecting carcinogenesis.
CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOURS
The document provides information on the classification of tumours, including:
1. Tumours are classified based on their presumed cell/tissue of origin or predicted behavior. Malignant tumours are classified as epithelial, connective tissue, lymphoid/hematological, or mixtures.
2. Benign tumours are generally slow growing, remain localized, and do not invade or metastasize. Malignant tumours are generally fast growing, invade surrounding tissues, and can metastasize via lymphatics or blood vessels.
3. Malignant tumours are staged based on factors like tumor size, lymph node involvement, and presence of distant metastases using systems like TNM. Higher
Necrosis
Necrosis is irreversible injury and death of cells and living tissue. There are several patterns of necrosis that occur in tissues including coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat and gangrenous necrosis. Coagulative necrosis involves the maintenance of cell outlines but loss of cellular details. Liquefactive necrosis results in the disintegration and liquefaction of dead cells. Caseous necrosis converts dead tissue into a granular mass resembling cottage cheese.
Neoplasia
This document discusses neoplasia and provides definitions and classifications of different types of tumors. Some key points include:
- Neoplasms can be classified as benign or malignant based on their ability to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize. Malignant tumors are less differentiated.
- Epithelial tumors are further classified based on cell of origin and growth pattern (e.g. adenoma, papilloma, polyp). Mesenchymal tumors are classified as sarcomas.
- Environmental and genetic factors can affect cancer risk and distribution. Cancer incidence generally increases with age. Certain inherited syndromes confer higher cancer susceptibility.
- Precancerous conditions like dysplasia are characterized by cellular
White blood cell disorders
White Blood Cell Disorders can affect neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and mast cells. Neutropenia is classified by severity based on absolute neutrophil count and risk of infection. Causes include acquired conditions like drugs/infections or congenital disorders. Hypereosinophilic syndrome is a broad condition caused by primary or secondary eosinophilia leading to tissue damage. Diagnosis involves ruling out secondary causes and identifying organ involvement. Treatment depends on etiology and includes steroids, hydroxyurea, interferon-alpha, imatinib or anti-IL-5 antibodies.
Pathology Lecture - Neoplasia
The document discusses neoplasia (abnormal growths) and cancer biology. It provides definitions of key terms like neoplasia, benign and malignant tumors. It describes factors involved in carcinogenesis like oncogenes, growth factors and tumor suppressor genes. It also summarizes cancer features including differentiation, growth rate, invasion, metastasis and staging/grading systems. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the pathogenesis and classification of neoplasms.
Tumour/cancer
This document discusses tumors and cancer classification. It defines benign and malignant tumors, with malignant tumors being able to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize. Tumor genesis is described as a multi-step process involving genetic alterations that transform normal cells into cancerous cells. Cancers are classified by their site of origin, tissue type, grade which describes cell differentiation, and stage which describes tumor size, node involvement and metastasis. The main types of cancer are carcinoma, sarcoma, leukemia, lymphoma and mixed types.
Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining
The document provides information about Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. It states that H&E staining is widely used because of its simplicity, ability to clearly demonstrate tissue structures, and how it specifically stains cell nuclei blue-black and cytoplasm pink to red. Hematoxylin stains nuclei while Eosin stains cytoplasm. The document then discusses the chemistry and preparation of hematoxylin solutions, including how it is extracted from logwood and oxidized to its active form hematein. It also covers the use of mordants like aluminum, iron, and tungsten to improve hematoxylin's staining ability.
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Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor to other parts of the body. Cancer cells can metastasize through direct extension, lymphatic spread, or hematogenous spread through the bloodstream. The process of metastasis involves local invasion of tissue, entry and survival in the circulatory or lymphatic system, arrest in capillaries, extravasation into new organs, and growth of microscopic tumor deposits into macroscopic secondary tumors. Common sites of metastasis include the lungs, liver, brain, and bones depending on the location of the primary tumor. Once cancer has metastasized, treatment options aim to slow the growth and spread of tumors.
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- Definitions of key terms like neoplasm, benign vs malignant tumors, and metastasis.
- Cancer is abnormal cell growth that is uncontrolled, able to invade other tissues, and spread to other parts of the body.
- Cancers are classified by site of origin, cell type, grade, and stage. The stage considers tumor size, node involvement, and metastasis.
- Cancers are caused by genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors and can be treated through surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, biotherapy, and hormonal therapy depending on the cancer type and stage.
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DEVELPOMENT AND CAUSES OF CANCER
Multicellular organisms coordinate their functions for the proper survival of the individual. Cells send, receive and interpret an elaborate set of extracellular signals that serve as social controls. Resting, growing dividing, differentiating and dying all depend on these signals.
Mutations tend to disrupt these social controls. Mutations give single cells a selective advantage of more prolific growth and division as compared to other cells.
Cancer develops when an individual mutant clone of cells begins prospering at the expense of its neighbours.
So, Cancer is a genetic disease characterized by uncontrolled division of abnormal cells leading to a malignant and invasive growth or tumor.
TUMORS may be benign or malignant.
BENIGN TUMORS: These, such as a common skin wart, remains confined to their original location, neither invade surrounding normal tissue nor spread to distant body sites.
MALIGNANT TUMORS: These are capable of both invading surrounding normal tissue and spreading throughout the body via the circulatory or lymphatic systems (Metastasis).
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This document discusses cancer, including its characteristics, types, causes, and spread. Cancer is defined as abnormal cell growth that can invade other tissues. The main types of cancer are carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemia, lymphomas, and multiple myeloma. Carcinomas make up most cancers and affect epithelial tissues. Sarcomas develop in bone and soft tissues. Leukemia originates in bone marrow and causes abnormal blood cells. Lymphomas involve lymphocytes. Multiple myeloma affects plasma cells. Cancers can spread via the lymphatic system or bloodstream to other parts of the body. Common causes of cancer include carcinogens like tobacco, viruses, radiation, and genetic mutations.
Invasion metastasis
Malignant tumors can spread locally through direct invasion of surrounding tissues and through the lymphatic or blood vessels to distant sites (metastasis). The main routes of metastasis are: (1) Lymphatic spread, where cancer cells travel to nearby lymph nodes; (2) Hematogenous spread, where cancer cells travel through the bloodstream to organs like the lungs, liver, bones, and brain; (3) Spread through body cavities like the peritoneum or along epithelial surfaces in rare cases. Malignant tumors are distinguished from benign tumors by their ability to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant organs.
Neoplasia
This document summarizes key concepts related to tumors and metastasis. It defines a tumor as abnormal cell proliferation. Metastasis occurs when tumor cells spread from the primary site to other parts of the body through routes like lymphatic or blood vessels. Common sites of metastasis include the liver, lungs, bones and brain. Carcinogens and genetic factors can cause carcinogenesis, the process of tumor formation. Grading and staging provide information on tumor characteristics and spread.
Cancer
This document provides an overview of cancer mechanisms for researchers. It describes:
1) The histology and pathology of cancerous tumors, how they differ from normal tissue, and tumor staging.
2) The multistep process of carcinogenesis from initiation by carcinogens to metastasis, and how cancer hijacks normal processes like tissue renewal.
3) The cancer stem cell model which suggests that only a small subset of cancer cells can self-renew and may be responsible for tumor growth; this provides opportunities for new therapies.
4) The importance of understanding cancer as a systemic process rather than just targeting genes or pathways in isolation.
2 neoplasia (2).pptx
This document defines neoplasia and discusses the classification and characteristics of benign and malignant tumors. Some key points:
- Neoplasia refers to abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. Benign tumors are non-cancerous, while malignant tumors are cancers that can invade nearby tissue and metastasize.
- Tumors are named based on the cell/tissue type and growth pattern. Malignant tumors ending in "-carcinoma" involve epithelial cells, while "-sarcomas" involve connective tissue.
- The characteristics that distinguish benign and malignant tumors are differentiation, growth rate, invasion, and metastasis. Malignant tumors tend to be less differentiated, grow faster, invade surrounding tissue, and metastas
Cancer CSIR-NET.pptx
Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth. Cancer cells can invade nearby healthy tissue and spread to other parts of the body through a process called metastasis. There are over 200 types of cancer that form when genes controlling cell growth become mutated. Cancers are broadly classified as carcinomas, sarcomas, or hematopoietic cancers depending on the tissue they originate from. Key genes involved in cancer development include oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and genes that control cell division like p53 and RB. Mutations in these genes can cause cells to proliferate uncontrollably and form tumors.
Neoplasm - basic of oncology
This document discusses cancer and tumors from several perspectives. It begins by defining key terms like neoplasm, tumor, and cancer. It then covers the classification of tumors based on tissue of origin and behavior. Benign and malignant tumors are compared in terms of characteristics like growth rate, invasion, and metastasis. The metastatic cascade is described as a multi-step process. The major sites of cancer metastasis are outlined. Risk factors for cancer and models of carcinogenesis on the genetic and molecular level are reviewed.
Cancer
Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and can spread throughout the body. There are two main types of tumors - benign tumors which are noncancerous and do not spread, and malignant tumors which are cancerous and can invade nearby tissues and spread to distant parts of the body through a process called metastasis. Cancer is diagnosed through histological examination of biopsied tissue under a microscope. Differences between benign and malignant tumors include rate of growth, ability to invade surrounding tissue, and potential to metastasize to other locations.
tumors.pdf
The document discusses neoplasia (abnormal cell growth), including:
1. Malignant tumors cause over 1 million cancer deaths worldwide each year from cancers like gastric, lung, and breast. The highest frequency of cancers is seen in countries like Italy, France, and the US.
2. Tumors are classified based on structure, location, benign vs malignant characteristics, and organ of origin. There are over 200 tumor types grouped into 7 categories.
3. Tumors can be benign (noncancerous), malignant (cancerous), or have local destructive growth. Malignant tumors spread via metastasis and affect the body, while benign tumors do not spread or affect the body.
4.
Epithelial and mesenchymal transition in invasion and metastasis
This document discusses neoplasia and the process of metastasis. It defines neoplasia as new, uncontrolled growth and describes the hallmarks of cancer cells, including autonomous growth, loss of differentiation, invasion and metastasis. It explains the multi-step process of metastasis, beginning with local invasion of tumor cells into surrounding tissue facilitated by degradation of the extracellular matrix and migration of cells. The document then discusses the vascular dissemination of tumor cells and colonization at distant sites, outlining several theories for how metastatic potential arises in tumors. Key genes and pathways involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and the generation of cancer stem cells are also reviewed.
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Metastasis
- 2. Introduction of cancer. Introduction on metastasis. Stages of metastatic progression. Prerequisites for metastasis. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Biochemical parameters acquired by metastatic cell.
- 3. Cancer is a serious disease in which cell in one part of the body start uncontrol growing and form lumps also called tumor Tumor Some type of cancer do not form a tumor ex:- leukemias
- 4. 1. carcinoma Skin ,solid tumor ex- breast ,lungs, prostate cancer 2.lukemias-blood cancer 3.sacroma- tissue that support connect the body ex-fat muscles , tendon, joints , blood vessels ,cartilage or bone 4. lymphomas- lymphoma is a cancer that begins in lymphatic system .
- 5. The spread of cancer cells from the place where they first formed to another part of the body •In metastasis , cancer cell break away from the original tumor , travel through the blood or lymph system ,and form a new tumor in other organ or tissues of the body • the new tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor
- 6. I. Dissociation- invasion and infiltration of the surrounding normal tissue II. Invasion –Release of neoplastic cell III. Intravasation –survival in the circulation IV. Extravasation- arrest in the capillary beds of distant organ V. Dormancy-penetration of the lymphatic or blood vessel wall followed by growth of the desseminated tumor cells
- 8. There are three prerequisites necessaey for metastasis 1. The tumor cell must migrate away from the primary tumor 2. The neoplastic cell must reach a transport system such lymphatic to carry them to a distant site 3. And the tumor cell must be able to establish and grow at the site where they are arrested.
- 9. Spread via lymphatic channels Spread via blood vessels [ Hematogenous spread] Spread via body cavity and natural passage Transplantation of the cancer needle or surgical instruments to other part of the body during surgery
- 10. A process where cells can do transition from epithelial state to mesenchymal state is called EMT The reverse process of EMT is called as mesenchymal- epithelial transition MET Epithelial state of the cell Mesenchymal state of the cell EMT MET Cells loose cell to cell intractions specific of epithelial cell system Cells achieve migratory and invasive properties of mesenchymal cell system
- 13. Logical biology Cencer.net Molecular cell biology-by cooper
- 14. THANK YOU