Melting point
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Yousif Jameel, a student at Hawler Medical University's College of Pharmacy, prepared this document on determining the melting point of organic compounds. The document discusses the equipment needed, safety precautions to follow, and factors that influence a substance's melting point such as molecular size, symmetry, and pressure. The purpose is to use melting point to determine purity, identify unknown compounds, and accurately obtain melting points using a Mel-Temp apparatus.
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Melting point vs Boiling Point
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determination of melting point of liquid organic compound
Yousif Jameel, a student at Hawler Medical University's College of Pharmacy, prepared this document on determining the melting point of organic compounds. The document discusses the necessary equipment, safety considerations, factors that influence melting point such as molecular size and symmetry, and how variations in conditions can impact melting point. The purpose is to use melting point to determine purity, identify unknown compounds, and accurately obtain melting points using a Mel-Temp apparatus.
Melting point
Yousif Jameel, a student at Hawler Medical University's College of Pharmacy, prepared this document on determining the melting point of organic compounds. The document discusses the equipment needed, safety precautions to follow, and factors that influence a substance's melting point such as molecular size, symmetry, and pressure. The purpose is to use melting point to determine purity, identify unknown compounds, and accurately obtain melting points using a Mel-Temp apparatus.
Melting point
This document provides instructions on how to determine the melting point of a liquid organic compound. It lists the necessary equipment, describes safety precautions when using the Mel-Temp apparatus, and identifies factors that influence melting point such as molecular size, shape, and purity. The purpose is to use an organic compound's melting point to determine its purity, identify unknown compounds, and accurately obtain melting points using the described apparatus and procedures.
3.10 all change
This document describes changes of state between solids, liquids, and gases. It explains that:
- Solids melt when heated and particles gain enough energy to overcome bonding forces, becoming a liquid. Different substances have different melting points depending on bonding strength.
- Gases condense when cooled, as slower particle motion allows intermolecular forces to attract particles together into a liquid.
- Liquids evaporate when heated, as faster particle motion overcomes bonding forces and particles escape as a gas. Evaporation leads to boiling when it occurs throughout the liquid.
- The boiling point of a liquid depends on surrounding air pressure, with lower pressure resulting in a lower boiling point.
Melting point
The document describes a chemistry laboratory experiment to determine the melting point of a solid substance. The purpose is to identify substances and assess purity by measuring the temperature at which the solid transitions to a liquid. The procedure involves filling a capillary tube with the powdered sample, attaching it to a thermometer, and heating the sample while noting the melting range. The student recorded a melting point of 53.5°C for the given substance. Melting points can identify compounds and characterize purity, as impurities lower the melting point range. Well-packing the sample ensures an accurate reading.
Melting Point
The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. A solid usually melts over a range of temperatures rather than at one specific temperature. Impure solids melt over a wider range and at a lower temperature than pure solids. The student measured the melting point of sample A and found it to be between 100-102°C, identifying it as benzoyl peroxide which is reported to have a melting point in that range.
Chapter 12.1 : Liquids
Liquids have definite volume and take the shape of their container. They are more dense than gases due to their particles being closer together, but less dense than solids. Liquids can change states through vaporization (becoming a gas) or freezing (becoming a solid). Vaporization occurs through evaporation at the surface of liquids or through boiling where vapor bubbles form throughout the liquid. Freezing happens when a liquid is cooled and particles slow down enough for attractive forces to pull them into a solid, orderly arrangement.
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Melting point vs Boiling Point
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determination of melting point of liquid organic compound
Yousif Jameel, a student at Hawler Medical University's College of Pharmacy, prepared this document on determining the melting point of organic compounds. The document discusses the necessary equipment, safety considerations, factors that influence melting point such as molecular size and symmetry, and how variations in conditions can impact melting point. The purpose is to use melting point to determine purity, identify unknown compounds, and accurately obtain melting points using a Mel-Temp apparatus.
Melting point
Yousif Jameel, a student at Hawler Medical University's College of Pharmacy, prepared this document on determining the melting point of organic compounds. The document discusses the equipment needed, safety precautions to follow, and factors that influence a substance's melting point such as molecular size, symmetry, and pressure. The purpose is to use melting point to determine purity, identify unknown compounds, and accurately obtain melting points using a Mel-Temp apparatus.
Melting point
This document provides instructions on how to determine the melting point of a liquid organic compound. It lists the necessary equipment, describes safety precautions when using the Mel-Temp apparatus, and identifies factors that influence melting point such as molecular size, shape, and purity. The purpose is to use an organic compound's melting point to determine its purity, identify unknown compounds, and accurately obtain melting points using the described apparatus and procedures.
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This document describes changes of state between solids, liquids, and gases. It explains that:
- Solids melt when heated and particles gain enough energy to overcome bonding forces, becoming a liquid. Different substances have different melting points depending on bonding strength.
- Gases condense when cooled, as slower particle motion allows intermolecular forces to attract particles together into a liquid.
- Liquids evaporate when heated, as faster particle motion overcomes bonding forces and particles escape as a gas. Evaporation leads to boiling when it occurs throughout the liquid.
- The boiling point of a liquid depends on surrounding air pressure, with lower pressure resulting in a lower boiling point.
Melting point
The document describes a chemistry laboratory experiment to determine the melting point of a solid substance. The purpose is to identify substances and assess purity by measuring the temperature at which the solid transitions to a liquid. The procedure involves filling a capillary tube with the powdered sample, attaching it to a thermometer, and heating the sample while noting the melting range. The student recorded a melting point of 53.5°C for the given substance. Melting points can identify compounds and characterize purity, as impurities lower the melting point range. Well-packing the sample ensures an accurate reading.
Melting Point
The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. A solid usually melts over a range of temperatures rather than at one specific temperature. Impure solids melt over a wider range and at a lower temperature than pure solids. The student measured the melting point of sample A and found it to be between 100-102°C, identifying it as benzoyl peroxide which is reported to have a melting point in that range.
Chapter 12.1 : Liquids
Liquids have definite volume and take the shape of their container. They are more dense than gases due to their particles being closer together, but less dense than solids. Liquids can change states through vaporization (becoming a gas) or freezing (becoming a solid). Vaporization occurs through evaporation at the surface of liquids or through boiling where vapor bubbles form throughout the liquid. Freezing happens when a liquid is cooled and particles slow down enough for attractive forces to pull them into a solid, orderly arrangement.
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This document discusses the states of matter and kinetic molecular theory. It describes the five states of matter - solids, liquids, gases, plasmas, and Bose-Einstein condensates. For each state, it explains the physical properties including volume, shape, compressibility, and particle motion. It also covers phase changes between different states of matter caused by adding or removing heat energy, such as melting, freezing, boiling, and condensation. Additionally, it introduces concepts from kinetic molecular theory including the particle nature of matter, constant motion of particles, and perfectly elastic collisions between particles.
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The document discusses the processes of melting, boiling, freezing and condensation. It explains that during these state changes, heat is absorbed or released in the form of latent heat, causing the temperature to remain constant. Impurities affect the freezing/melting and boiling points of substances by lowering or raising the temperature at which these state changes occur. Pressure also influences state changes, with higher pressure lowering melting/boiling points.
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Melting point
- 1. prepared by : yousif .I.Jameel student at college of pharmacy Hawler medical university determination of melting point of liquid organic compound melting point The temperature at which a solid, given sufficient heat, becomes a liquid. For a given substance, the melting point of its solid form is the same as the freezing point of its liquid form, and depends on such factors as the purity of the substance and the surrounding pressure. The melting point of ice at a pressure of one atmosphere is 0°C (32°F); that of iron is 1,535°C (2,795°F). Equipment / Materials: Mel - Temp apparatus capillary tubes Thermometer solid organic compounds mortar and pestle (optional) dropping tubes Safety:
- 2. Always wear safety glasses in the lab. The parts on the top of the Mel - temp are HOT while it is turned on. Do not touch these parts or place your eye on the eyepiece, you will get burned!!! Capillary tubes break very easily, handle them with caution. Factors that determine melting point: 1. (size of molecule) Larger molecules have higher melting points Molecular size affects the melting point. When other factors, such as polarity, are equal, smaller molecules melt at lower temperature than do larger molecules. For example, ethyl alcohol liquefies at cryogenic temperatures, while the large cellulose molecule remains solid at temperatures well above the boiling point of water. Diamond also has a high melting point because many carbon atoms unite together to form one large molecule. However, in the case of ionic compounds, those with smaller ions have a higher melting point than that of compounds with larger ions because smaller ions can get closer together and form more stable bonds. 2.(shape of molecule) More symmetrical compounds will have highermelting points. (solid arrangement more orderly) Molecular shape influences the melting point of a substance. If the shape of the molecules allows them to be packed together in a compact fashion, the substance has a higher melting point than does a similar compound with oddly shaped molecules that do not pack well. For this reason, symmetrical molecules give neopentane a higher melting point than that of isopentane, the molecules of which do not pack well, according to the University of Iowa. 3.Melting Point Variations
- 3. Other factors can alter the melting point of a given substance. If a solute, such as salt, is added to water, the solution freezes at a lower temperature. Pressure also affects the melting point. It raises the melting point of most substances, but lowers the melting point of water Purpose a) Determine the purity of a substance using melting point as physical property b) Identify an unknown compound using its melting point c) Identify an unknown compound using mixture melting point d) Learn how to obtain an accurate melting point using a Mel-Temp apparatus