This document reviews the applications of Moringa oleifera seeds extract in water treatment. It discusses how M. oleifera seeds contain active ingredients like polyelectrolytes and cationic proteins that make them effective for water coagulation, softening, and disinfection. The document provides background on M. oleifera, describing its distribution, description, related species, and the active ingredients contained in its seeds. It also reviews research on using M. oleifera seed powder and extract for various applications in water treatment processes.
Biocoagulation Activity of Moringa oleifera Seeds for Water Treatmenttheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
Use of Moringa oleifera in water treatmentJac Emanuel
Water treatment in cities and villages can be made easy by application of natural methods which are affordable and easy.
One of them is the use of Moringa oleifera as water treatment agent rather than commercial sold chemicals
Water treatment using moringa oleifera seeds and kernals in stream watereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The Use of Moringa Oleifera Seed As A Coagulant For Domestic Water Purificationiosrjce
This document summarizes a study that investigated using Moringa oleifera seed powder as a natural coagulant for water purification. Jar tests were conducted to determine the optimum dosage, which was found to be 90mg/L. Various physiochemical parameters like turbidity, pH, hardness, and dissolved oxygen were analyzed before and after treatment and mostly met WHO standards at the optimum dosage. Heavy metal analysis found some metal concentrations increased after treatment while magnesium decreased. The study concluded Moringa oleifera seed shows potential as an affordable and environmentally-friendly water treatment method, though more research is needed on certain parameters and metal concentrations.
This document discusses using Moringa oleifera seeds as a natural coagulant for water treatment. It begins by providing background on the need for affordable water treatment in developing countries. It then describes how Moringa oleifera seeds have been shown to be an effective natural coagulant that can replace aluminum sulfate. The study focused on isolating bioactive constituents from Moringa oleifera seeds to improve their coagulation properties. Jar tests showed the processed Moringa oleifera reduced turbidity by 95-99% in river water samples, using lower dosages than chemicals. The results indicate Moringa oleifera's potential as a sustainable alternative coagulant.
This document summarizes a method for purifying water using Moringa oleifera seeds. It introduces Moringa oleifera as a plant that can purify water through natural means. The purification method involves taking contaminated water, mixing in crushed Moringa oleifera seeds, stirring, and allowing sediment to settle. The clear water can then be separated and is safe for washing, bathing, and drinking.
To develop a water purification system especially designedKanhaiya Kumar
This document describes a proposed water purification system for rural/remote areas that uses natural materials. It involves collecting contaminated water and passing it through two treatment stages. The primary treatment uses large and medium sand stones, charcoal, neem leaves, rice husk, and papaya seeds to remove solids and bacteria. The secondary treatment uses moringa seeds powder, tulsi leaves, and sugarcane baggage to remove additional bacteria, viruses, heavy metals, and provide further purification. Experiments showed moringa seeds were able to remove over 90% of water turbidity. The system aims to provide clean drinking water at low cost using locally available and renewable materials.
The document presents research on using Moringa oleifera as a natural coagulant for water treatment. It found that M. oleifera seed extract is a viable alternative to alum. Testing showed that shelled and blended M. oleifera seeds achieved 63.9% turbidity removal at 70 mg/L for water with 50 NTU turbidity. Oil-extracted seeds performed even better, removing 78.7% turbidity at 50 mg/L. While M. oleifera required higher dosages than alum, it is considered more environmentally friendly and suitable for household water treatment in developing areas. The research concludes that M. oleifera is a renewable and affordable coagulant that warrants further study for small and large
Biocoagulation Activity of Moringa oleifera Seeds for Water Treatmenttheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
Use of Moringa oleifera in water treatmentJac Emanuel
Water treatment in cities and villages can be made easy by application of natural methods which are affordable and easy.
One of them is the use of Moringa oleifera as water treatment agent rather than commercial sold chemicals
Water treatment using moringa oleifera seeds and kernals in stream watereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The Use of Moringa Oleifera Seed As A Coagulant For Domestic Water Purificationiosrjce
This document summarizes a study that investigated using Moringa oleifera seed powder as a natural coagulant for water purification. Jar tests were conducted to determine the optimum dosage, which was found to be 90mg/L. Various physiochemical parameters like turbidity, pH, hardness, and dissolved oxygen were analyzed before and after treatment and mostly met WHO standards at the optimum dosage. Heavy metal analysis found some metal concentrations increased after treatment while magnesium decreased. The study concluded Moringa oleifera seed shows potential as an affordable and environmentally-friendly water treatment method, though more research is needed on certain parameters and metal concentrations.
This document discusses using Moringa oleifera seeds as a natural coagulant for water treatment. It begins by providing background on the need for affordable water treatment in developing countries. It then describes how Moringa oleifera seeds have been shown to be an effective natural coagulant that can replace aluminum sulfate. The study focused on isolating bioactive constituents from Moringa oleifera seeds to improve their coagulation properties. Jar tests showed the processed Moringa oleifera reduced turbidity by 95-99% in river water samples, using lower dosages than chemicals. The results indicate Moringa oleifera's potential as a sustainable alternative coagulant.
This document summarizes a method for purifying water using Moringa oleifera seeds. It introduces Moringa oleifera as a plant that can purify water through natural means. The purification method involves taking contaminated water, mixing in crushed Moringa oleifera seeds, stirring, and allowing sediment to settle. The clear water can then be separated and is safe for washing, bathing, and drinking.
To develop a water purification system especially designedKanhaiya Kumar
This document describes a proposed water purification system for rural/remote areas that uses natural materials. It involves collecting contaminated water and passing it through two treatment stages. The primary treatment uses large and medium sand stones, charcoal, neem leaves, rice husk, and papaya seeds to remove solids and bacteria. The secondary treatment uses moringa seeds powder, tulsi leaves, and sugarcane baggage to remove additional bacteria, viruses, heavy metals, and provide further purification. Experiments showed moringa seeds were able to remove over 90% of water turbidity. The system aims to provide clean drinking water at low cost using locally available and renewable materials.
The document presents research on using Moringa oleifera as a natural coagulant for water treatment. It found that M. oleifera seed extract is a viable alternative to alum. Testing showed that shelled and blended M. oleifera seeds achieved 63.9% turbidity removal at 70 mg/L for water with 50 NTU turbidity. Oil-extracted seeds performed even better, removing 78.7% turbidity at 50 mg/L. While M. oleifera required higher dosages than alum, it is considered more environmentally friendly and suitable for household water treatment in developing areas. The research concludes that M. oleifera is a renewable and affordable coagulant that warrants further study for small and large
This study investigated the performance of Moringa oleifera seeds from different sources for removing turbidity from water. Salt extraction of the seeds was found to be more effective at extracting the active coagulant ingredient than distilled water extraction. The effects of various water quality parameters (pH, hardness, alkalinity, salinity) on turbidity removal efficiency using an optimal dose of salt-extracted Moringa seeds were then examined. The results showed that the water quality parameters did not significantly impact the coagulation potential of the salt-extracted Moringa seeds, which remained effective over a wide range of water conditions.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Study on utilization of moringa oleifera as coagulationeSAT Journals
Abstract
In this paper, use of Moringa Oleifera seeds to improve the quality of drinking water was investigated. A study was carried out to
know the efficiency of Moringa Oleifera seed suspension for removal of turbidity of water. Turbid water sample of low turbidity (50
mg/L) was prepared in the laboratory using bentonite clay, kaolin clay and black cotton soil. Moringa Oleifera seed suspension was
added as coagulant in concentration of 20, 40, 60, and 80 mg/L The dosages of Moringa Oleifera seed suspension were 125, 250, 375
and 500 mg/L. Moringa Oleifera seed suspension was found to be effective in treating the water.
Keywords: Moringa Oleifera Seed, Turbidity, Hardness and Extraction
This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts against selected bacterial pathogens. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins in the chloroform and aqueous extracts. The chloroform extract showed the highest inhibitory activity against E. coli, S. typhi and P. aeruginosa. The minimum inhibitory concentration ranged from 10-20mg/ml while the minimum bactericidal concentration ranged from 20-40mg/ml. The results suggest that M. oleifera leaf extracts have antibacterial properties and could be further explored as potential antibacterial agents.
Banana peel as removal agent for sulfide from sulfur springs waterAlexander Decker
This study examines using banana peels to remove sulfide from spring water in Heet, Iraq. The chemical composition of banana peels was analyzed, finding high concentrations of potassium, sodium, calcium, and manganese. Banana peel was tested in separation columns for its ability to remove sulfide from water samples. The maximum sulfide removal was 97%, nearly as effective as activated carbon. Treated water saw decreased concentrations of metals and increased pH and potassium. This revealed banana peel to be a low-cost and effective method for removing hydrogen sulfide from sulfur spring water.
The document analyzes the nutritional composition of Moringa oleifera leaves from South Africa, finding the leaves to be a good source of protein (30.3%), various minerals including calcium and iron, fatty acids like alpha-linolenic acid, fiber, and vitamins A and E. The leaves also contain amino acids and polyphenols, indicating their potential as a nutritional supplement for humans and animal feed.
Studies on the Crude Extract of Moringa Oleifera Leaf for Preliminary Identif...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Behaviour of laying curve in Babcock-380 brown commercial layers in Kelantan,...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on delay ripening treatments to maintain quality of lime fruit (Citrus aurantifolia) harvested at two different times. The study tested various hot water treatments, potassium permanganate (KMnO4), and wax coating on limes harvested 5 and 6 months after flowering. The results showed that a hot water treatment of 40°C for 2 minutes on limes harvested 6 months after flowering (treatment P7) was most effective in maintaining chlorophyll content, weight loss, vitamin C levels, acidity, and juice content during 20 days of storage compared to other treatments and controls. Potassium permanganate (treatments P5 and P11) was also effective at preventing chlorophyll degradation
Preservative Effects of Different Treatments and Their Flavor Acceptability i...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The aim of this study is to evaluate the stability of a cashew apple and pineapple blend juice (25:75 v / v). Various treatments were applied, including pasteurization (92 C, 15 min), aqueous extract of ginger (2.5 and 10%) and potassium sorbate (1g/kg). The physicochemical results revealed that the addition of the aqueous extract of ginger caused an increase in the content of ascorbic acid, total sugars, proteins and minerals such as magnesium, potassium, phosphorus and zinc. The microbiological analysis showed lower microbial counts of the treated samples compared to the control. The different treatments could have an antimicrobial effect. The sensory analysis reveals a general acceptability for all the samples formulated. This acceptability value is higher for the sample supplemented with 10% aqueous extract of ginger. With a view to preservation without chemical preservatives while improving nutrient content, the 10% aqueous ginger extract could help extend the shelf life of fruit juice drinks.
Effects of use of carnation ethanol extract, Aloe Vera gel and nano plastic o...Innspub Net
The use of natural compounds with antimicrobial activity and coating properties, have been known since ancient times. These natural compounds are less harmful than synthetic compounds. Also use of nano plastic is a new strategy in post-harvest technology. In this study, the effects of carnation ethanol extract at concentrations of 0, 50, 100 and 150 ppm and Aloe Vera gel at concentrations of 0, 50, 75 and 100 percent with or without nano plastic examined based on a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with 3 replicates on post-harvest quantitative characteristics of Gaviota strawberry cultivar. Traits consist of wet weight, pH, total soluble solids and titrable acidity was evaluated at the second and third weeks of storage. The results showed that the use of Aloe Vera gel and nano plastic significantly increased total soluble solids and titrable acidity of strawberry. Carnation extract significantly effects on weight and acidity of strawberry and best performance observed in 100 ppm treatment of carnation extract. Use of Aloe Vera gel also significantly increased the weight, total soluble solids and acidity of strawberry and best performance observed in 100% concentration of Aloe Vera gel. Use of plastic produced with nano technology showed the lowest rate of weight loss. The interaction effects of nano plastic, Aloe Vera gel and carnation ethanol extract significantly increased strawberry total soluble solids. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/effects-of-use-of-carnation-ethanol-extract-aloe-vera-gel-and-nano-plastic-on-postharvest-quantitative-characteristics-of-gaviota-strawberry-cultivar-at-the-second-and-third-weeks-of-storage/
This document discusses a project that aims to develop a waste-water treatment process using fruit peels. It begins by introducing the group members and supervisor. It then provides background on issues like water scarcity due to industrial use and the health risks of polluted water. The project objectives are to synthesize an adsorbent from banana peels, characterize it, use it to treat industrial wastewater, and develop a prototype model. It discusses how fruit peels are a good option due to availability and cost-effectiveness. The methodology involves collecting, processing, and analyzing banana peel samples before and after treatment. Current conventional waste-water treatment methods are also outlined and their limitations discussed.
IRJET- Emerging Trends in the Usage of Bio-Coagulants in Waste Water Trea...IRJET Journal
This document evaluates the efficiency of various natural coagulants for treating canteen wastewater. Jar tests were conducted using rambutan seeds, papaya seeds, lemon peels, neem leaves, and tulsi leaves to determine their effectiveness in reducing turbidity and COD levels at dosages from 10-60 mg/L. Rambutan seeds achieved the highest turbidity removal of 96.67% at 20 mg/L. All the natural coagulants showed over 80% turbidity reduction and were found to be cost-effective alternatives to chemical coagulants for wastewater treatment. The study aims to identify the most efficient natural coagulant for treating canteen wastewater.
IRJET- Water Treatment using Natural CoagulantsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using natural coagulants for water treatment. It discusses using seeds from chickpeas, nutmeg, and sesame to reduce turbidity in water. The document describes preparing stock solutions of the natural coagulants by grinding the seeds into fine powders. Jar tests were then conducted by adding the coagulant solutions to synthetically turbid water created by adding clay to tap water. The results found that a 3% solution of ground sesame seeds was most effective at reducing turbidity, making sesame seeds the best performing natural coagulant investigated in the study for household water treatment applications.
Studies on the Antioxidant Properties of Various extracts of Hippophae rhamnoideIJEAB
Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) a spiny shrub native to Ladakh Region of Jammu and Kashmir, have been found to posses so many medicinal properties from times immoral. From this point of view the antioxidant property of the plant fruit extracts have been analysed by DPPH method. Various plant extracts viz, fruit, leaf and root have been analysed for the antioxidant power determination in which fruit extracts showed highest free radical scavenging activity followed by leaf and root extracts. Among the solvents which have been used, more polar solvents showed highest antioxidant activity than the less polar solvent extracts. The IC50 value of various plant extracts as determined have been found to be 40 for DCM extract of fruit, 38 for Methanolic extract of fruit and 30 for the water extract of fruit. Similarly the leaf extracts posses IC50 value as 51, 47 and 37 respectively for DCM, Methanol and Water extracts. The IC50 values of various root extracts have been found to be 53, 50 and 48 respectively for DCM, Methanol and Water.
This study evaluated the effectiveness of Aloe vera gel and papaya leaf extract coatings for extending the shelf life of papaya fruits compared to chitosan coating. Freshly harvested papaya fruits were coated with 50% Aloe gel, a combination of Aloe gel and 1% papaya leaf extract, or 2.5% chitosan coating. The coated and uncoated fruits were stored for 15 days. The coatings significantly reduced physiological weight loss and maintained fruit size, acidity, and firmness compared to uncoated fruits, which decayed within 10 days. Papaya fruits coated with the combination of Aloe gel and papaya leaf extract showed the least changes and highest quality retention over 15 days of storage
Experimentatal Analysis and Study on Removal of Phosphate from Wastewater wit...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on removing phosphate from wastewater using activated carbon obtained from rice husk. The study was conducted with reference to the Mutha River in Pune, India. Rice husk was collected and converted to activated rice husk ash, which has good adsorptive properties for removing various contaminants from wastewater. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of varying dosages of activated rice husk ash at removing phosphate from wastewater. The results of this study can provide a low-cost method of removing phosphate using an agricultural byproduct to treat wastewater in a sustainable manner.
Calamansi (Citrofortunella Microcarpa) Fruit Extract as a perfumeJulienne Mae Potonia
The study aims to develop a natural perfume using calamansi fruit extract as a substitute for chemicals. Calamansi is abundant in the Philippines and contains citric acid, shown to have aromatic properties. The study will test perfumes with 25, 30, and 45 mg/ml of calamansi extract on subjects, comparing fragrance and price to commercial perfumes. It is hypothesized that calamansi extract can effectively substitute for chemicals in perfumes. The study seeks to benefit the environment, health, and Filipino economy by providing a natural alternative to traditional perfumes.
44.Antimicrobial activity in leaf extract of Neem(Azadirachta indica Linn.)Annadurai B
1) The study investigated the antimicrobial activity of extracts from neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves against several human pathogenic bacteria.
2) Methanol and ethanol extracts of neem leaves were tested using disc diffusion and microdilution assays at concentrations from 200-25 mg/ml.
3) The results showed that both extracts inhibited the growth of Bacillus pumilus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus, with the methanol extract demonstrating the highest level of inhibition against Bacillus pumilus and the ethanol extract showing the strongest effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Most of the synthetic colours are carcinogenic. Many
natural colours are thought to play- a significant role in preventing
or delaying the onset of many diseases. Optimized conditions were
arrived for the extraction of plant based biocolours based on the
literature survey. In the present study, extraction of bixin from
annatto seeds was carried out using ethyl acetate and ethanol. A
pure bixin is obtained by precipitating from petroleum ether. A
simple method for preparing butter colour from annatto seeds is
tested using castor oil and groundnut seed oil. Lycopene was
extracted from tomatoes using ethyl acetate as a solvent and
further purified by successive recrystallisation from ethyl acetate
and ethanol. A stable oleoresin of lycopene was prepared in
soybean oil. Purity of extracted colours is established from spectral
studies.
Effect of Drying Methods on Quality Characteristics of Curry (Murraya koenigi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Different drying methods viz., Sun drying, shade drying and tray drying (temperature 45, 55 and 65 0C) were used for dehydration of curry (Murraya koenigii) leaves for optimal retention of color and its constituents. It was observed that the time required for tray drying was less (27%), when compared to sun and shade drying. Tray dried (550C) curry leaves had maintained nutritional constituents up to acceptable limit with superior green color and a more porous and uniform structure than those obtained from sun and shade drying. Dehydrated curry leaves showed good consumer acceptance as well as shelf life.
Moringa tree-poverty-alleviation-and-rural-developmentSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
The document discusses the potential of the Moringa tree for poverty alleviation and rural development. It reviews evidence on the various uses of Moringa tree parts, such as leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, roots, and their byproducts. The Moringa tree is shown to be a highly nutritious food source and a promising tool for combating malnutrition. It can potentially increase the income of farmers and be utilized in many aspects of life in developing areas.
This study investigated the performance of Moringa oleifera seeds from different sources for removing turbidity from water. Salt extraction of the seeds was found to be more effective at extracting the active coagulant ingredient than distilled water extraction. The effects of various water quality parameters (pH, hardness, alkalinity, salinity) on turbidity removal efficiency using an optimal dose of salt-extracted Moringa seeds were then examined. The results showed that the water quality parameters did not significantly impact the coagulation potential of the salt-extracted Moringa seeds, which remained effective over a wide range of water conditions.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Study on utilization of moringa oleifera as coagulationeSAT Journals
Abstract
In this paper, use of Moringa Oleifera seeds to improve the quality of drinking water was investigated. A study was carried out to
know the efficiency of Moringa Oleifera seed suspension for removal of turbidity of water. Turbid water sample of low turbidity (50
mg/L) was prepared in the laboratory using bentonite clay, kaolin clay and black cotton soil. Moringa Oleifera seed suspension was
added as coagulant in concentration of 20, 40, 60, and 80 mg/L The dosages of Moringa Oleifera seed suspension were 125, 250, 375
and 500 mg/L. Moringa Oleifera seed suspension was found to be effective in treating the water.
Keywords: Moringa Oleifera Seed, Turbidity, Hardness and Extraction
This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts against selected bacterial pathogens. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins in the chloroform and aqueous extracts. The chloroform extract showed the highest inhibitory activity against E. coli, S. typhi and P. aeruginosa. The minimum inhibitory concentration ranged from 10-20mg/ml while the minimum bactericidal concentration ranged from 20-40mg/ml. The results suggest that M. oleifera leaf extracts have antibacterial properties and could be further explored as potential antibacterial agents.
Banana peel as removal agent for sulfide from sulfur springs waterAlexander Decker
This study examines using banana peels to remove sulfide from spring water in Heet, Iraq. The chemical composition of banana peels was analyzed, finding high concentrations of potassium, sodium, calcium, and manganese. Banana peel was tested in separation columns for its ability to remove sulfide from water samples. The maximum sulfide removal was 97%, nearly as effective as activated carbon. Treated water saw decreased concentrations of metals and increased pH and potassium. This revealed banana peel to be a low-cost and effective method for removing hydrogen sulfide from sulfur spring water.
The document analyzes the nutritional composition of Moringa oleifera leaves from South Africa, finding the leaves to be a good source of protein (30.3%), various minerals including calcium and iron, fatty acids like alpha-linolenic acid, fiber, and vitamins A and E. The leaves also contain amino acids and polyphenols, indicating their potential as a nutritional supplement for humans and animal feed.
Studies on the Crude Extract of Moringa Oleifera Leaf for Preliminary Identif...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Behaviour of laying curve in Babcock-380 brown commercial layers in Kelantan,...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on delay ripening treatments to maintain quality of lime fruit (Citrus aurantifolia) harvested at two different times. The study tested various hot water treatments, potassium permanganate (KMnO4), and wax coating on limes harvested 5 and 6 months after flowering. The results showed that a hot water treatment of 40°C for 2 minutes on limes harvested 6 months after flowering (treatment P7) was most effective in maintaining chlorophyll content, weight loss, vitamin C levels, acidity, and juice content during 20 days of storage compared to other treatments and controls. Potassium permanganate (treatments P5 and P11) was also effective at preventing chlorophyll degradation
Preservative Effects of Different Treatments and Their Flavor Acceptability i...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The aim of this study is to evaluate the stability of a cashew apple and pineapple blend juice (25:75 v / v). Various treatments were applied, including pasteurization (92 C, 15 min), aqueous extract of ginger (2.5 and 10%) and potassium sorbate (1g/kg). The physicochemical results revealed that the addition of the aqueous extract of ginger caused an increase in the content of ascorbic acid, total sugars, proteins and minerals such as magnesium, potassium, phosphorus and zinc. The microbiological analysis showed lower microbial counts of the treated samples compared to the control. The different treatments could have an antimicrobial effect. The sensory analysis reveals a general acceptability for all the samples formulated. This acceptability value is higher for the sample supplemented with 10% aqueous extract of ginger. With a view to preservation without chemical preservatives while improving nutrient content, the 10% aqueous ginger extract could help extend the shelf life of fruit juice drinks.
Effects of use of carnation ethanol extract, Aloe Vera gel and nano plastic o...Innspub Net
The use of natural compounds with antimicrobial activity and coating properties, have been known since ancient times. These natural compounds are less harmful than synthetic compounds. Also use of nano plastic is a new strategy in post-harvest technology. In this study, the effects of carnation ethanol extract at concentrations of 0, 50, 100 and 150 ppm and Aloe Vera gel at concentrations of 0, 50, 75 and 100 percent with or without nano plastic examined based on a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with 3 replicates on post-harvest quantitative characteristics of Gaviota strawberry cultivar. Traits consist of wet weight, pH, total soluble solids and titrable acidity was evaluated at the second and third weeks of storage. The results showed that the use of Aloe Vera gel and nano plastic significantly increased total soluble solids and titrable acidity of strawberry. Carnation extract significantly effects on weight and acidity of strawberry and best performance observed in 100 ppm treatment of carnation extract. Use of Aloe Vera gel also significantly increased the weight, total soluble solids and acidity of strawberry and best performance observed in 100% concentration of Aloe Vera gel. Use of plastic produced with nano technology showed the lowest rate of weight loss. The interaction effects of nano plastic, Aloe Vera gel and carnation ethanol extract significantly increased strawberry total soluble solids. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/effects-of-use-of-carnation-ethanol-extract-aloe-vera-gel-and-nano-plastic-on-postharvest-quantitative-characteristics-of-gaviota-strawberry-cultivar-at-the-second-and-third-weeks-of-storage/
This document discusses a project that aims to develop a waste-water treatment process using fruit peels. It begins by introducing the group members and supervisor. It then provides background on issues like water scarcity due to industrial use and the health risks of polluted water. The project objectives are to synthesize an adsorbent from banana peels, characterize it, use it to treat industrial wastewater, and develop a prototype model. It discusses how fruit peels are a good option due to availability and cost-effectiveness. The methodology involves collecting, processing, and analyzing banana peel samples before and after treatment. Current conventional waste-water treatment methods are also outlined and their limitations discussed.
IRJET- Emerging Trends in the Usage of Bio-Coagulants in Waste Water Trea...IRJET Journal
This document evaluates the efficiency of various natural coagulants for treating canteen wastewater. Jar tests were conducted using rambutan seeds, papaya seeds, lemon peels, neem leaves, and tulsi leaves to determine their effectiveness in reducing turbidity and COD levels at dosages from 10-60 mg/L. Rambutan seeds achieved the highest turbidity removal of 96.67% at 20 mg/L. All the natural coagulants showed over 80% turbidity reduction and were found to be cost-effective alternatives to chemical coagulants for wastewater treatment. The study aims to identify the most efficient natural coagulant for treating canteen wastewater.
IRJET- Water Treatment using Natural CoagulantsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using natural coagulants for water treatment. It discusses using seeds from chickpeas, nutmeg, and sesame to reduce turbidity in water. The document describes preparing stock solutions of the natural coagulants by grinding the seeds into fine powders. Jar tests were then conducted by adding the coagulant solutions to synthetically turbid water created by adding clay to tap water. The results found that a 3% solution of ground sesame seeds was most effective at reducing turbidity, making sesame seeds the best performing natural coagulant investigated in the study for household water treatment applications.
Studies on the Antioxidant Properties of Various extracts of Hippophae rhamnoideIJEAB
Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) a spiny shrub native to Ladakh Region of Jammu and Kashmir, have been found to posses so many medicinal properties from times immoral. From this point of view the antioxidant property of the plant fruit extracts have been analysed by DPPH method. Various plant extracts viz, fruit, leaf and root have been analysed for the antioxidant power determination in which fruit extracts showed highest free radical scavenging activity followed by leaf and root extracts. Among the solvents which have been used, more polar solvents showed highest antioxidant activity than the less polar solvent extracts. The IC50 value of various plant extracts as determined have been found to be 40 for DCM extract of fruit, 38 for Methanolic extract of fruit and 30 for the water extract of fruit. Similarly the leaf extracts posses IC50 value as 51, 47 and 37 respectively for DCM, Methanol and Water extracts. The IC50 values of various root extracts have been found to be 53, 50 and 48 respectively for DCM, Methanol and Water.
This study evaluated the effectiveness of Aloe vera gel and papaya leaf extract coatings for extending the shelf life of papaya fruits compared to chitosan coating. Freshly harvested papaya fruits were coated with 50% Aloe gel, a combination of Aloe gel and 1% papaya leaf extract, or 2.5% chitosan coating. The coated and uncoated fruits were stored for 15 days. The coatings significantly reduced physiological weight loss and maintained fruit size, acidity, and firmness compared to uncoated fruits, which decayed within 10 days. Papaya fruits coated with the combination of Aloe gel and papaya leaf extract showed the least changes and highest quality retention over 15 days of storage
Experimentatal Analysis and Study on Removal of Phosphate from Wastewater wit...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on removing phosphate from wastewater using activated carbon obtained from rice husk. The study was conducted with reference to the Mutha River in Pune, India. Rice husk was collected and converted to activated rice husk ash, which has good adsorptive properties for removing various contaminants from wastewater. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of varying dosages of activated rice husk ash at removing phosphate from wastewater. The results of this study can provide a low-cost method of removing phosphate using an agricultural byproduct to treat wastewater in a sustainable manner.
Calamansi (Citrofortunella Microcarpa) Fruit Extract as a perfumeJulienne Mae Potonia
The study aims to develop a natural perfume using calamansi fruit extract as a substitute for chemicals. Calamansi is abundant in the Philippines and contains citric acid, shown to have aromatic properties. The study will test perfumes with 25, 30, and 45 mg/ml of calamansi extract on subjects, comparing fragrance and price to commercial perfumes. It is hypothesized that calamansi extract can effectively substitute for chemicals in perfumes. The study seeks to benefit the environment, health, and Filipino economy by providing a natural alternative to traditional perfumes.
44.Antimicrobial activity in leaf extract of Neem(Azadirachta indica Linn.)Annadurai B
1) The study investigated the antimicrobial activity of extracts from neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves against several human pathogenic bacteria.
2) Methanol and ethanol extracts of neem leaves were tested using disc diffusion and microdilution assays at concentrations from 200-25 mg/ml.
3) The results showed that both extracts inhibited the growth of Bacillus pumilus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus, with the methanol extract demonstrating the highest level of inhibition against Bacillus pumilus and the ethanol extract showing the strongest effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Most of the synthetic colours are carcinogenic. Many
natural colours are thought to play- a significant role in preventing
or delaying the onset of many diseases. Optimized conditions were
arrived for the extraction of plant based biocolours based on the
literature survey. In the present study, extraction of bixin from
annatto seeds was carried out using ethyl acetate and ethanol. A
pure bixin is obtained by precipitating from petroleum ether. A
simple method for preparing butter colour from annatto seeds is
tested using castor oil and groundnut seed oil. Lycopene was
extracted from tomatoes using ethyl acetate as a solvent and
further purified by successive recrystallisation from ethyl acetate
and ethanol. A stable oleoresin of lycopene was prepared in
soybean oil. Purity of extracted colours is established from spectral
studies.
Effect of Drying Methods on Quality Characteristics of Curry (Murraya koenigi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Different drying methods viz., Sun drying, shade drying and tray drying (temperature 45, 55 and 65 0C) were used for dehydration of curry (Murraya koenigii) leaves for optimal retention of color and its constituents. It was observed that the time required for tray drying was less (27%), when compared to sun and shade drying. Tray dried (550C) curry leaves had maintained nutritional constituents up to acceptable limit with superior green color and a more porous and uniform structure than those obtained from sun and shade drying. Dehydrated curry leaves showed good consumer acceptance as well as shelf life.
Moringa tree-poverty-alleviation-and-rural-developmentSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
The document discusses the potential of the Moringa tree for poverty alleviation and rural development. It reviews evidence on the various uses of Moringa tree parts, such as leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, roots, and their byproducts. The Moringa tree is shown to be a highly nutritious food source and a promising tool for combating malnutrition. It can potentially increase the income of farmers and be utilized in many aspects of life in developing areas.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
This document provides information on the uses, cultivation, and production of Moringa oleifera (moringa). It discusses how almost all parts of the moringa tree are used for food, oil, fiber, and medicine in many cultures. Commercially, mature seeds are used to produce oil and the seed cake leftover is used as fertilizer and for water purification. Leaves are commonly eaten and used as livestock feed. The document provides details on moringa's botanical description, environmental preferences, growth, cultivation practices, pests and diseases. It highlights that moringa is widely adapted to tropical and subtropical regions, and almost every part of the plant has uses.
The document discusses a study that assessed the effect of different drying methods (sun, shade, oven) on the nutritive value of drumstick leaves compared to fresh leaves. The results showed that drying methods significantly increased nutrient levels in the leaves, making them more concentrated sources of nutrients. Shade-dried leaves had the highest nutrient retention, followed by sun-dried and oven-dried leaves, though the differences were not statistically significant. Overall, drying drumstick leaves through various methods can help preserve and concentrate their nutritional value.
Moringa oleifera is a highly valued plant that is distributed throughout the tropics and subtropics. It has a wide range of medicinal uses and high nutritional value. Various parts of the Moringa plant, including the leaves, roots, seeds, bark, fruit, flowers, and immature pods have properties that act as cardiac stimulants, possess antitumor effects, and have anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antispasmodic, diuretic, antihypertensive, cholesterol lowering, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and hepatoprotective activities. This review focuses on the phytochemical composition, medicinal uses, and pharmacological properties of the different parts of Moring
The document provides an extensive literature review on the ethnopharmacological applications of Moringa. It finds that while Moringa has been used for centuries as both food and medicine in regions like India, Africa, and the Middle East, there is a lack of specific dosing details and clinical trials. The review highlights 13 species of Moringa and their indigenous regions. It discusses the plant's historical uses in ancient Egypt, Rome, Greece, India, and its eventual spread to the Americas. Current research on Moringa focuses on nutritional and medicinal properties but more studies are still needed, especially on under-examined species beyond M. oleifera.
Malunggay, a horseradish tree, as useful as the multivitaminConnie Dello Buono
This document provides information on mineral nutrients, micro-nutrients, and other elements found in leaves of the Malunggay plant (Moringa oleifera) sampled from various locations in the Philippines. It finds that the leaf blades contain high concentrations of nitrogen, calcium, potassium, sulfur, and iron. The concentrations of nutrients and elements in the leaves and leaf stalks vary depending on soil chemistry and conditions of the sampled areas. The document summarizes the nutrient contents in tables and figures to facilitate comparison between locations and plant parts.
Moringa oleifera (family Moringaceae) is the only genus which is cultivated most widely. Moringa is commonly known
as drumstick tree, horseradish tree, benzoil tree etc. Moringa oleifera is very resistant, fast growing and requires very less amount
of water to grow, i.e. it can grow also in drought conditions. Drumstick tree is a native of southern foothills of the Himalayas in
north-west India, and it is widely cultivated in India in tropical and subtropical regions were the seed pods are used as a part of
the diet.
Moringa is used since the ancient times in India and is also a native of India. Moringa is having very high nutritional
values with around 40 antioxidants and is rich in vitamins A, B, C, D, E and K. Not only vitamins but the plant is also very rich
in mineral contents and contains Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, and Zn. The properties and contents of Moringa can cure a number
of deficiencies and diseases. The consumption of Moringa can control blood pressure, eyesight, prepare mental alertness and
bone strength. Moringa is also used as a fodder for livestock. Therefore, this paper is enlightening the use of Moninga as a rich
source of food for the nutritional enrichment.
This document summarizes a review article on the medical evidence for the nutritional, therapeutic, and prophylactic properties of Moringa oleifera. Some key points:
- Moringa is widely cultivated in tropical areas and many parts are edible. It is promoted as a source of nutrition in developing regions.
- The review evaluates the published scientific evidence on Moringa's nutritional and medicinal properties and highlights claims that need further study.
- Moringa contains a variety of vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals that may have beneficial health effects. Claims include antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic properties.
- Many traditional uses are supported by anecdotal
This document summarizes the medicinal properties of Moringa oleifera based on a review of literature. It discusses how all parts of Moringa, including roots, bark, leaves, flowers, seeds and seed oil have been used traditionally for various ailments. Modern research has also found Moringa to have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antihypertensive, diuretic and cholesterol lowering properties. The review concludes that Moringa has great potential as a therapeutic agent and nutritional supplement, and further research could lead to development of novel medicines.
Chemical composition of ten medicinal plant seeds from south west nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the chemical composition of seeds from 10 medicinal plants in Southwest Nigeria. It finds that the seeds contain various phytochemicals like alkaloids and saponins, as well as varying levels of proteins, fibers, fats, ash and carbohydrates. Mineral analysis shows the seeds contain potassium, zinc, iron, manganese and high levels of calcium. The chemical compositions suggest the seeds could potentially serve as sources of antimicrobial drugs and nutrients for humans and livestock.
Microwave assited synthesis of african arrowrootObinna Ofoegbu
This document summarizes research on modifying starch from the tuber of African arrowroot into a fat mimetic using monochloroacetic acid as a crosslinker. Key points include:
1) Starch was extracted from African arrowroot tubers harvested in Benue State, Nigeria.
2) The dried starch was characterized prior to being converted into a fat mimetic through chemical crosslinking with monochloroacetic acid.
3) The research aims to develop a high value fat replacer for use in the food and allied industries from this local starch source.
The document discusses the many uses and nutritional benefits of the moringa tree. Some key points:
- Moringa leaves and leaf powder are highly nutritious and can be used to treat malnutrition, as they are rich in vitamins, minerals, and protein. They have been used successfully in community development projects in places like Senegal.
- Moringa pods, flowers, seeds, and young seedlings can also be eaten and provide nutrition. The tree's many parts can be consumed or used fresh, dried, or powdered.
- Moringa grows widely in tropical areas and is drought-resistant. It has potential to improve nutrition and health across many communities.
This document summarizes the medicinal properties of Moringa oleifera as reported in various studies. Some key points:
- Every part of Moringa oleifera (leaves, fruits, seeds, roots, etc.) has been used in traditional medicine systems for various ailments.
- Modern research has found Moringa to have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-cancer, cardiovascular, hepatoprotective and other medicinal properties.
- Specific studies show Moringa has anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-helmintic, anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic, analgesic, antipyretic, antihypertensive, diure
Ungu (millettia pinnata) by sumit / Pongamia pinnataSumit Pradhan
1) The document presents information about the species diversity project on the plant Millettia pinnata (ungu) presented by Sumit Kumar Pradhan.
2) Ungu is a tree found in tropical regions worldwide that has many ecological, economic, and medical uses. Its leaves, bark, seeds, and oil have traditional and modern applications.
3) The presentation covers ungu's description, habitat, adaptations, life cycle, interactions with humans, conservation status, and importance in biodiesel production. It finds ungu is a valuable species that should be conserved.
The potential of_moringa_oleifera_for_agricultural_and_industrial_usesSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
This research proposal aims to determine the growth, yield, and survival rate of different ampalaya varieties planted between rambutan trees. The study will use a randomized complete block design to compare four ampalaya varieties: BonitoF1, Jade star F1, Galaxy F1, and Galactica F1. Data on plant growth, fruit yield, income, expenses, and soil properties will be collected and analyzed. The results will identify the highest yielding and most profitable variety to grow in an agroforestry system with rambutan.
The document analyzes the nutritional composition of Moringa oleifera leaves from South Africa. It finds the leaves contain high levels of protein (30.3%), various minerals including calcium (3.65%), phosphorus (0.3%), and micronutrients like iron (490 mg/kg). Seventeen fatty acids were identified with alpha-linolenic acid being highest (44.57%). Vitamin E content was also high at 77 mg/100g. Overall, the amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, and vitamin profiles indicate Moringa leaves can provide a desirable nutritional balance.
The document analyzes the nutritional composition of Moringa oleifera leaves of the South African ecotype. It finds the dried leaves contain 30.3% crude protein with 19 amino acids. Notable mineral contents include 3.65% calcium, 1.5% potassium, and 0.3% phosphorus. Fatty acid analysis identified 17 fatty acids, with alpha-linolenic acid at 44.57%. Vitamin E was the highest vitamin at 77 mg/100g. The fiber contents were 11.4% NDF and 8.49% ADF. Overall, the amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins reflected a desirable nutritional balance for the Moringa leaves.
Similar to A review of the applications of moringa oleifera seeds extract in water treatment (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
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A review of the applications of moringa oleifera seeds extract in water treatment
1. Civil and Environmental Research www.iiste.org
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A Review of the Applications of Moringa oleifera Seeds Extract in
Water Treatment
Mustapha Hassan Bichi, Ph.D.
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bayero University, Kano-Nigeria
mhbichi2000@yahoo.com
Abstract
Moringa oleifera is a single family of shrubs and trees that is cultivated in the whole of tropical belt. It belongs
to the family Moringaceae and is one of the 14 known species. The tree has been described as a multi-purpose
tree for life. It has, in recent times, been advocated as an outstanding indigenous source of highly digestible
protein, Ca, Fe, Vitamin C, and carotenoids suitable for utilization in many of the developing regions of the
world where undernourishment is a major concern. The seeds are eaten green, roasted, powdered and steeped for
tea or used in curries. It has found applications in medicinal uses, as cosmetics, in food supplements, and in
water treatment. One of the active ingredients in the M. oleifera seed has been identified as a polyelectrolyte. Its
use for coagulation, co-coagulation, or coagulant aid has been a subject of investigation in many parts of the
world. Softening of water with M. oleifera has also been identified to have potential advantage since it is
accompanied by very low reduction in alkalinity, which is required to provide the necessary buffering capacity to
achieve required treatment objectives. Many researchers have also identified the presence of an active
antimicrobial agent in Moringa oleifera seeds. This paper presents a review of these various applications of M.
oleifera seeds extract in water treatment and highlights the areas requiring further investigations.
Key words: Moringa oleifera, seeds extract, water coagulation, softening, disinfection.
1. Introduction
The provision of potable water is an enormous undertaking, especially in developing countries. This is so
because the chemicals required for treatment, namely: alum for coagulation, polyelectrolytes as coagulant aids,
lime for softening and pH correction, and chlorine for disinfection; needs to be imported with scarce foreign
exchange. In reaction to this, local materials are being considered as a substitute. Moringa oleifera seeds extract
has been a subject of research by several scholars in this regard.
Jahn (1986) noted that M. oleifera is a single genus family of shrubs and trees cultivated in the whole of the
tropical belt. In Northern Nigeria, Sani (1990) reported the use of the leaves as vegetable and for medicinal
purposes while the stem is used for demarcating property. Many researchers (Muyibi, et al 1995a, b; Suarez, et al
2005; Bichi, et al 2012) have reported its use in surface water treatment. In this paper, a review of the
applications of Moringa oleifera seeds extract in water treatment is presented and the areas that require further
works by researchers highlighted.
2. Occurrence of Moringa oleifera
According to Wikiepedia (2009), Moringa oleifera, commonly referred to as Moringa, is the most widely
cultivated variety of the genus Moringa. The tree itself is rather slender with drooping branches that grows to
approximately 10 m in height. However, it normally is cut back annually to one meter or less, and allowed to re-
grow, so that pods and leaves remain within reach. Wikipedia (2009) noted that Moringaceae is a single genus
family with 14 known species. Of these, Moringa oleifera Lam (syns. Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn.) is the
most widely known and utilized species. A native of the sub-Himalayan regions of north-west India, Moringa
oleifera (M. oleifera) is now indigenous to many countries in Africa, Arabia, South East Asia, the Pacific and
Caribbean Islands; and South America. Commonly known as the 'horse-radish' tree (arising from the taste of a
condiment prepared from the roots) or 'drumstick' tree (arising from the shape of the pods), M. oleifera has a host
of other country specific vernacular names (Zogale in Northern Nigeria), an indication of the significance of the
tree around the world.
Rajangam (2001) reported that India is the largest producer of Moringa with an annual production of 1.1 to 1.3
million tonnes of tender fruits from an area of 380 km². Among the states, Andhra Pradesh leads in both area and
production (156.65 km²) followed by Karnataka (102.8 km²) and Tamil Nadu (74.08 km²). In other states, it
occupies an area of 46.13 km². Tamil Nadu is the pioneering state insomuch as it has varied genotypes from
diversified geographical areas, as well as introductions from Sri Lanka.
2.1 Description of M. oleifera
NRC (2006) reported that Moringa has a tuberous taproot, whose presence helps explain the species’ tolerance to
drought conditions. Normally umbrella shaped, the tree comes with a lax crown of graceful, airy foliage, whose
feathery effect is due to the finely trip innate division of the leaves. The leaves are densely crowded at the tops of
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the branchlets. Depending on climate, the foliage is evergreen or deciduous and, from a distance, reminiscent of
a legume like leucaena or calliandra.
In season the tree is enshrouded in creamy white, honey-scented flowers arranged in drooping panicles 10-30 cm
long. Flowers (Plate 1) are insect pollinated and “require a large number of insect visitations,” with carpenter
bees being the most common guests (Bhattacharya, et al 2004). Flowers and fruits (pods) can be produced twice
a year; though in many places, flowering and fruiting occur all year-round. The fruits are initially light green,
slim and tender, eventually turning dark green and firm. Depending on genotype, they are up to 120 cm long.
While most are straight a few are wavy and some curly. In cross-section most are rectangular but a number are
triangular and some are round. Fully mature, the dried seeds are surrounded by a lightly wooded shell with three
papery wings.
2.2 Species Information
Botanical Name: Moringa oleifera Lamarck
Synonyms: Moringa pterygosperma Gaertner; Moringa zeylanica Pers.; Guilandina moringa L.
Family: Moringaceae
Moringa oleifera
Plate 1: Moringa oleifera Flower (NRC, 2006)
Because of its wide distribution nature, Moringa has various common names in various localities. Some of these,
according to National Research Council (2006) are: English: moringa, horseradish tree, drumstick tree, sujuna,
ben tree, ben oil tree; French: ben ailé, ben oléifère, benzolive, arbre radis du cheval; Spanish: ben, árbol del ben,
paraiso, morango, Moringa; Portuguese: acácia branca, marungo, muringa, moringuiero; cedro (Brazil); Arabic:
ruwag, alim, halim, shagara al ruwag (Sudan); Swahili: mzunze, mlonge, mjungu moto, mboga chungu, shingo;
Yoruba & Nago: èwè igbale, èwè ile, èwè oyibo, agun oyibo, ayun manyieninu, ayèrè oyibo; Fulani: gawara,
konamarade, rini maka, habiwal hausa; Hausa: zogall, zogalla-gandi, bagaruwar maka, bagaruwar masar, shipka
hali, shuka halinka, barambo, koraukin zaila, rimin turawa; and Ibo: Ikwe oyibo
2.3 Related Species
The National Research Council (2006) noted that, out of the 14 Moringa species only M. oleifera has been
accorded research and development. The rest remain almost unknown to science. The other 13 species are:
Moringa drouhardii (Madagascar), Moringa concanensis (mostly India), Moringa arborea (northeastern Kenya),
Moringa hildebrandtii (Madagascar), Moringa oleifera (India), Moringa borziana (Kenya and Somalia),
Moringa ovalifolia (Namibia and extreme southwestern Angola), Moringa peregrina (Horn of Africa, Red Sea,
Arabia), Moringa longituba (Kenya, Ethiopia, Somalia), Moringa stenopetala (Kenya and Ethiopia), Moringa
pygmaea (northern Somalia), Moringa rivae (Kenya and Ethiopia), Moringa ruspoliana (Kenya). NRC (2006)
also noted that perhaps these other species could provide even better food ingredients, flocculants, antibiotics,
oils, or wood; perhaps they have their own unique qualities; but no one knows at present.
2.4 Active Ingredients in M. oleifera Seeds
Ndabigengesere et al. (1995) found that the shelled Moringa oleifera contains 36.7% proteins, 34.6% lipids, and
5% carbohydrates. The un-shelled Moringa oleifera contains 27.1% proteins, 21.1% lipids, and 5.5
carbohydrates. Folkard et al (1989) identified the active ingredient in the M. oliefera seed to be a Polyelectrolyte.
According to Jahn (1988), the moringa flocculants are basic polypeptides with molecular weights ranging from
6,000 to 16,000 daltons. Six polypeptides were identified with their amino acids being mainly glutamic acid,
proline, methionine, and arginine. Bina (1991) identified the active ingredient as a polypeptide acting as cationic
polymers; and Ndabigengesere et al (1995; 1998) reported that the active ingredients in an aqueous Moringa
extract are dimeric cationic proteins with molecular weights of about 13 000 daltons and iso-electric point of
between 10 and 11.
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Brassicales
Family: Moringaceae
Genus: Moringa
Species: M. oleifera
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Preliminary studies by Gassenchmidt et al. (1995), on the active ingredients of Moringa oleifera as a coagulant,
have suggested that the active components are cationic peptides of molecular weight between 6.5 – 7.0 kDa. The
extract of Moringa oleifera was described by Ndabigengesere et al. 1995 as dimeric cationic proteins with
molecular mass of 12-14 kDa. Tauscher, (1994) mentioned that the sequence of one of the Moringa oleifera
proteins is oppositively charged 6 kDa polypeptide. Moringa oleifera seed extract was described as water-
soluble protein with a net positive charge (Nkhata, 2001). Broin et al (2002) mentioned that the molecular weight
is 6 kDa and that Moringa oleifera contains eight (13.1% positively charged amino acids, 7 arginines and 1
histidine) and only one (1.6%) negatively charged residue (aspartic acid). As a consequence, the protein in
solution is highly positively charged. Broin et al (2002) also proposed that the coagulation mechanism is mainly
relies on patch charge mechanism. Interestingly, according to the same study, this protein is also very rich in
glutamine (14- residues, 23%). The high density of glutamine residues could favour floc formation through H-
bonding among proteins coating the particles. Kebreab et al. (2005) mentioned that there were no characteristic
differences (molecular weight and pI) between the proteins extracted by different methods. In all cases the
coagulants were proteins, as determined by the dye binding method and absorbance at 595 nm. Kebreab et al
(2005) additionally mentioned that the protein fraction obtained during the research does not consist of a single,
homogenous protein, but is a mixture of proteins with similar physical characteristics; and using mass
spectrometry analysis of the protein also indicated a dominant protein with molecular weight of 4.75 kDa.
Eilert et al (1981) also identified an active anti-microbial agent in the seeds. When isolated, it was found to be
4α-4-rhamnosylox.y-benzyl-isothiocynate, the only known glycosidic mustard oil at present. The compound is
readily soluble in water at 1.3µmol/L and is non-volatile.
3.0: Applications of Moringa oleifera in Water Treatment
The use of natural materials of plant origin to clarify turbid surface waters is not a new idea. Many believe the
Biblical book of Exodus (15:23-27) is the earliest written reference to what is most likely Moringa being used to
purify water (probably Moringa peregrina,): “And the people murmured against Moses, saying, “What we shall
drink?” And he cried unto the Lord; and the Lord showed him a tree, which when he had cast into the waters, the
waters were made sweet….” (NRC, 2006)
The traditional use of the M. Oleifera seeds for domestic household water treatment has been well known to
certain rural areas in the Sudan (NRC, 2006). In the West Asia, one of the best known uses for Moringa is the
use of powdered seeds to flocculate contaminants and purify drinking water (Berger, et al 1984; Gassenchmidt,
et al 1995; Olesen, 1987), but the seeds are also eaten green, roasted, powdered and steeped for tea or used in
curries (Gassenchmidt, et al 1995). This tree has in recent times been advocated as an outstanding indigenous
source of highly digestible protein, Ca, Fe, Vitamin C, and carotenoids suitable for utilization in many of the so-
called “developing” regions of the world where undernourishment is a major concern. These various uses have
been documented by many researchers (Fahey, 2005; Fahey, et al 2001; Fahey et al 2002; Fuglie, 1999, 2002;
Goplan, et al 1971; Palada, 1996; Sampson, 2005; Talalay, et al 2001; Faizi, et al, 1994a, b; Kumar and Pari,
2003; Rao, et al, 1999; Bharali, et al 2003)
Detailed studies have been carried out on the use of Moringa oleifera seeds extract in water treatment (Eilert,
1978; Fahey, et al 2001, 2002; Jahn, 1986, 1988; Kaser, et al 1990; Okuda, et al 1999; Okuda et al 2001a, b; and
Muyibi, et al 2003). A review of the works carried out in this regard is presented in the following sections.
3.1 Processing of Moringa Oleifera seeds Powder and Extracting the Active Ingredients
The first stage in the application of Moringa oleifera seeds extract in water treatment is the production of
Moringa oleifera seeds powder. This normally involves manually removing the seed coat and wings, grinding
the seeds in to fine powder using a domestic blender, and sieving. Earlier researchers (Muyibi, eta al 1995a,b)
used the grinded powder without sieving. Later researchers (Okuda et al 1999; Okuda, et al 2001a, b; Ali, 2010;
Bichi, et al 2012a,b, c) sieved the powder through a 210 µm sieve. The second stage comprises extracting the
active ingredients. Earlier researchers used mixing in water and filtering through Mosley cloth (Muyibi, et al
1995a, b). Later researchers use mixing with a stirrer and filtering with whattman filter paper (Muyibi, et al,
2003). Ali (2010) used six different methods: normal aqueous extraction (M1), normal salt extraction (M2), oil
removal followed by aqueous extraction (M3), oil removal followed by salt extraction (M4), oil removal
followed by aqueous extraction and micro-filtration or cross flow filtration (M5), and oil removal followed by
salt extraction and micro-filtration or cross flow filtration (M6). The extracted bio-active constituents were then
applied to determine the method with best results. Ali (2010) found that oil removal followed by salt extraction
and microfiltration produced the best result for the application of Moringa oleifera in water coagulation.
Bichi, et al (2012a), on the other hand, found that oil removal and aqueous extraction produced the best result for
its application in water disinfection. Zaika (1988) noted that extracting solvents could bring about variation in
specie extractive components, which may influence their antimicrobial activities. Gan, et al (2011) studied the
extraction of polyphenolic compounds from P. speciosa pod powders using 50% acetone solution, based on the
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result from a preliminary study which showed that 50% acetone yielded the highest content of polyphenols
compared to methanol, ethanol, ethyl-acetate and hexane. Oluseyi and Francisca (2009) also reported that
Hexane extraction of antimicrobial agent of Buchholzia Corcea (Wonderful Kola) showed inhibitory zone of
21mm for E. coli and methanolic extract showed inhibitory zone of 30mm for E. coli.
3.2 Use of Moringa oleifera as Coagulant
Coagulation is by far the most widely used process to remove the substances producing turbidity in water. These
substances normally consists largely of clay minerals and microscopic organisms and occur in widely varying
sizes ranging from those large enough to settle readily to those small enough to remain in suspension for a very
long time. Colloidal and fine impurities in water possess a certain anticoagulation stability which is due to the
presence of hydrate shells or a double electric field around particles. This anti-coagulation stability of impurities
can be disturbed by heating, freezing, addition of electrolytes to water or by the application of a magnetic field.
This problem is most often solved by coagulating hydrophilic and hydrophobic impurities. (Nikoladze et al,
1989).
The active ingredient in the M. oleifera seed has also been identified as a polyelectrolyte (Folkard et al 1989). Its
use for coagulation, co-coagulation, or coagulant aid has been a subject of investigation in many parts of the
world. Most of these works have been documented by Jahn (1986), Jahn (1988), Folkard et al (1989), Sani
(1990), Bina (1991), Ndabigengesere et al (1995), Muyibi and Okuofu (1995), Muyibi and Evison (1996), and
Buthalezi, et al (2009).
3.2.1Moringa oleifera as a Primary Coagulant
Many researchers like Folkerd, et al (1989); Muyibi and Okuofu (1995); and Kaser, et al (1990) have reported
the potential use of M. oleifera seed extracts as a primary coagulant. Madsen at al (1987) in a study carried out
in Sudan using the Nile river water found that there was a fall in turbidibity, within 1 hour, from 2000 FTU to 1-
2FTU for the Blue Nile water; from 50FTU to 10FTU for the White Nile water and from 300FTU to 10FTU for
the irrigation canal water. Folkard et al (1989), working in Malawi, evaluated the performance of M. oleifera and
M. Stenopetola in the flocculation of turbid water with alum. They found that both M. oleifera and M.
Stenopetola gave equivalent performance to alum in the clarification of highly turbid waters. There was,
however, a limit to the effectiveness of the seeds on low turbidity waters, the limit varying depending on the
source.
In another study carried out in Kano-Nigeria, Sani (1990) reported a 92.99% reduction in turbidity within 2
hours settling period for initial turbidities ranging 205-986NTU using M. oleifera dosages of 40 - 400mgll
depending on initial turbidities. In a similar study by Muyibi and Okuofu (1995) working in Kano-Nigeria, three
water samples from Challawa water works, Thomas reservoir and Rimin Gado water were used. It was found
that turbidity removal varied from 26.5% to 45% for Challawa water, 32.5% to 83.3% for Thomas reservoir
water, and 27.8% to 49.1% for the Rimin Gado reservoir water. They also noted that for Thomas reservoir water,
for example, at initial turbidity of 90 NTU, the turbidity removal was 83% while at 60NTU initial turbidity,
removal dropped to 63%. It was then concluded that, in general, turbidity removal increase with increase in
initial turbidity of the raw water sample. These results corroborated the earlier findings by Jahn (1988), Folkard
et al (1992 and Kaser et al (1990).
Muyibi and Evison (1996) also worked in Kano and used water samples from Challawa and Dambatta water
works, and Rimin Gada reservoir. The report showed that for Challawa and Dambatta water works water
samples, turbidity removals were 36-98.2% and 14.3-99.4% respectively, with the dosage varying from 100 to
450mg/l and 100 to 250mg/l, respectively. The optimum dose of M. Oleifera for the two samples was 250mg/1.
For the Rimin Gado reservoir water samples, turbidity removal varied from 17.1-95.7% with the M. Oleifera
dose varying from 100 to 450mg/l. It was however, observed that in this case, turbidity removal was probably
inhibited by the humic substances and high natural colour of the water samples. Muyibi and Okuofu (1995)
noted that since M. Oleifera is a polyelectrolyte (Weber, 1972), it may not be effective as a primary coagulant
for low turbidity water because such waters contain low concentration of colloidal particles, with a low rate of
inter particle contact in such systems. This is later collaborated by Muyibi and Evison (1995a).
Most works on the use of M. oleifera in coagulation employ the parameters used in conventional jar tests to
evaluate the coagulating efficiency of the seed extract. However, Muyibi and Evison (1995) investigated among
others, the multiple effects of physical parameters of rapid and slow mixing rates and times on coagulation of
turbid water with M. oleifera. Using the single factor method of optimization and optimum dosage, it was
observed that at initial turbidity of 50 NTU (low turbidity), the rapid mix velocity gradient and time was 432/s
and 1 min respectively. Also for initial turbidity of 225-750 NTU (moderate to high), the optimum rapid mix
velocity gradient and time was 443/s and 4 min respectively. The residual turbidity recorded was < 10 NTU in
all cases. Similarly, the optimum slow mix velocity gradient and time recorded were 149.9/5 and 20 min for low
turbidity water; and 208.3/5 and 25min for medium and high turbidity water.
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3.2.2 Co-coagulation of M. Oleifera with Alum
Investigations were carried out on the use of M. oleifera in conjunction with alum. Felkard et al (1989) reported
dramatic improvements in floc characteristics and significant savings in imported alum usage of the order of 50
to 80%. Muyibi and Okuofu (1995) also observed that the floes formed in conjunctive use were bigger, denser
and settled faster after slow mixing, than when alum or M. oleifera alone were used. Furthermore, rates of floc
formation and settling were reported to be comparable to alum in the range of raw water turbidities (26-40 NTU)
considered. Saving in alum use in the range of 40-80% was similarly reported, depending on the raw water and
the quality of the product water desired.
In the same study, it was noted that as optimum dose of alum was reduced by 80%, 60%, and 40% and the M.
oleifera seed dose increased by 10mgll from 20mg/l to 50mg/l, respectively the residual turbidity of the water
decreased. In another study, Muyibi and Evison (1996) reported a saving of up to 40% in alum use when M.
oleifera was used as a co-coagulant. The lowest residual turbidity was recorded at a combination of 30mg/l alum
+ 40mg/l M. oleifera.
3.2.3 M. oleifera as a Coagulant Aid
Since M. oleifera seed extract is a polyelectrolyte, it may be able to function as a coagulant aid, using alum as
the primary coagulant (Jahn, 1982). This possibility was a subject of study in recent times. Muyibi and Okuofu
(1995) reported that in one investigation, the optimum dose of alum without M. oleifera was 40mg/l. When M.
oleifera was used as a coagulant aid, the optimum dose of M. oleifera was found to be 10mg/l while alum was
20mgll. The optimum time of application of M. oleifera was found to be 50 seconds' after slow mixing. It was
further noted that the floes formed were dense and settled faster than with alum alone. The residual turbidity was
also found to be much lower than that of alum alone.
3.3 Use of Moringa oleifera in water Softening
Softening is the removal of ions which cause hardness in water. Hardness is caused mainly by calcium and
magnesium ions, or at times, by iron, manganese, strontium, and aluminum ions. Hardness causes excessive soap
consumption and scale formation in hot water pumps, boilers and pipes. Public water supplies should not exceed
300 to 500mg/l of hardness; although, aesthetically, a hardness greater than 150mgll is unacceptable (Corbitt,
1990). Because the cost of chemicals for softening is high, local materials are being considered as substitutes. M.
oleifera seed extract has been identified as a potential softening agent (Muyibi and Evison, 1995a; Muyibi and
Evison, 1996; Muyibi and Okuofu, 1996).
Barth et al (1982) reported that initial hardness of water varying from 80300mg/l CaCO3 was found to have been
reduced to between 50-70% after coagulation and softening with M. oleifera. Sani (1990), using water samples
from Watari and Challawa rivers, and from Yarimawa and Kofar Kabuga wells, reported total hardness reduction
from 54mg/l to 25mg/l CaC03 for river Watari water while using 40-200mg/l M. oleifera dosage. This reduction
was from 95 to 30mg/l CaC03 for Challawa water using 50-250mg/l M. oleifera dosage. For Yarimawa well
water, the reduction was from 11.2mg/l at 100mg/l M. oleifera t09.8mg/l at 400 mg/l M. oleifera dose; whereas
for Kabuga well water sample, the hardness reduced from 21 mg/l to 17mg/l CaC03 as M. oleifera dosage
increased from 0 - 250mg/l, but at 150mg/I, the hardness went up to 20mg/l and leveled off to 15mg/l CaC03 at
250mg/l M. oleifera dosage.
Muyibi and Okuofu (1995) studied the softening of water samples from 17 hand-dug wells in Kano Nigeria, and
found that the residual hardness decreased with increased dosage of M. oleifera. It was also observed that for the
same initial hardness, water samples containing both calcium and magnesium hardness required higher doses of
M. oleifera than those containing only calcium hardness. Muyibi and Evison (1995a) using water samples from
4 sources of varying hardness in England also observed that hardness reduction increased with increasing dosage
of M. oeifera. This was later corroborated in another study by Muyibi and Evison (1996). In this work, it was
further reported that for water samples with hardness values of 50 to 600mg/l CaC03, softening with M. oleifera
was found to be dependent on the initial hardness of the water and the seed extract dosage. Muyibi and Okuofu
(1995) also found that the absorption isotherm for softening with M. oleifera was linear and of approximately the
Langmuir type. This was later corroborated in another study by Muyibi and Evison (1996).
Softening of water with M. oleifera has a potential advantage since it is accompanied by very low reduction in
alkalinity, which is required to provide the necessary buffering capacity to achieve required treatment objectives
(Muyibi and Okuofu (1996), Muyibi and Evison (1995a); Muyibi and Evison (1996).
3.4 Use of Moringa oleifera in Water Disinfection
The gravest of all dangers to which water supplies can be exposed is contamination by pathogenic organisms.
Disinfection is a chemical process for eliminating pathogenic microbes from an environment. Chemical agents
that have been used as disinfectants include halogens, phenols, alcohols, heavy metals, dyes, soap and detergents,
ammonia compounds, hydrogen peroxide, and various alkalis and acids (Metcalf and Eddy, 1991). The most
common of these are the oxidizing chemicals, and chlorine is the most universally used. However, chlorine has
problem of decay and reduced concentration as the water flows through the distribution network (Devarakonda,
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et al, 2010). It also has the potential for forming carcinogenic and mutagenic disinfection by-products (DBPs)
(Goveas, et al, 2010). Disinfectants and their by-products may also be associated with increased risks of
cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and birth defects. Although such risks are low, Arbuckle et al., (2002); Bove et
al., (2002); and Woo, et al., (2002) noted that associations with such diseases could not be ruled out.
These, and the high cost of chlorine, especially in developing countries where it needs to be imported, makes it
imperative to look for cheaper alternatives that are also environmentally friendly. Studies by Eilert, et al (1981);
Suarez, et al (2003), Suarez, et al (2005), Fisch, et al (2004), Thilza, et al (2010), and Bukar, et al (2010)
identified the presence of an active antimicrobial agent in Moringa oleifera seeds.
Eilert et al (1981) identified 4α-4-rhamnousyloxy-benzyf-isothiocynate as an active antimicrobial agent in M.
Oleifera. This is readily soluble to water at 1.3umol/l and is non-volatile. In a study using pure 4α-4-
rhamnotyloxy-benzylsothiocynate isolated from defatted M. Oleifera seeds, the antimicrobial action of M.
Oleifera was investigated on three bacteria species - Bacillus Subtilis (gram -ve) , Serratia Marcescens (gram -ve)
and Mycobacterium Pheli. The result showed that B. Subtlis was completely inhibited by 56µmol/l and M. Pheli
by 40µmol/l. Only partial inhibition was observed for S. Macesscens in the range of concentration considered.
The effect of residual turbidity on the antimicrobial action of M. oleifera was also reported. Folkard (1989),
using extract of M. Stenopetala, was able to achieve 90% reduction of Herpes simplex virus and Orf virus.
Whereas re-growth of Serratia Marinatubra occurred at high dosage (800rng/l), no re-growth was observed at
lower seed dosage. In each case, the initial sample turbidity was between 20 to 25 NTU with residual turbidities
in the range of 3-8NTU. However, Jahn (1986) reported that residual turbidities greater than 100NTU was
companied by bacterial removal of only 0-36%.
Thilza, et al (2010) reported that Moringa leaf stalk extract had mild activities against E. coli and Entrobacter
aerogenes. Bukar, et al (2010) also studied the antimicrobial activities of Moringa Seed Chloroform extract and
Moringa Seed Ethanol extract. They found both to have inhibitory effects on the growth of E. coli and
determined the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) to be >4mg/ml. Thilza, et al (2010) using extract from
Moringa leaf stalk, found that at dilutions of 1000mg/ml, 700mg/ml, 400mg/ml, and 200mg/ml, only mild
activity against E. coli and Entrobacter Aerogenes was noticed. They also found that the highest activity was
produced by E.Coli at 1000mg/ml which comparatively was less than that of the standard drug tetracycline
(250mg/ml).
Suarez et al (2003) had reported that Moringa seeds protein may be a viable alternative to chemicals commonly
used as food preservatives or for water disinfection. Bichi, et al (2012a) has shown that its highest disinfection
action was achieved with the use of de-fatted seed cake and extracting the active ingredients by aqueous
extraction. Bichi, et al (2012b) also found that the optimal conditions for the extraction of the bioactive
compounds to be 31 minutes mixing time, 85 rpm mixing speed and 3.25 mg/mL Moringa dosage. In another
study, Bichi, et al (2012c) developed a kinetic model for the application of Moringa oleifera seeds extract in
water disinfection and determined the coefficient of specific lethality (Ʌcw) for E. coli inactivation to be 3.76 L
mg-1 min-1. The mode of attack of the Moringa seeds extract on the E.coli cell was explained as by rupturing
the cell and damaging the intercellular components, when water dips in to the cell which causes it to swell more
and burst leading to death.
4. Discussions
The application of Moringa Oleifera seeds extract in water coagulation and softening has received a lot of
attention. Currently, M. Oleifera coagulant is being used in many countries including Malawi, Sudan, Egypt and
Malaysia. Moringa coagulants are also being patented by many researchers.
The mechanism of the action of Moringa oleifera seeds extract in water disinfection as well as the kinetics of
this action is yet to be fully understood. The effect of the method of seed processing on the disinfection action of
Moringa is also a researchable area. These understandings would also pave way for its practical application in
the field.
The safety of using M. oleifera in water treatment has also received some attention. Sani (1990) reported the use
of leaves as vegetables and for medicinal purposes in Northern Nigeria. Berger et al (1984) in a study on the
toxicology of M. oleifera seed concluded that it may not constitute a serious health hazard. Muyibi and Evison
(1995a) suggested that further studies need to be carried out to ensure the complete safety of using M. oleifera in
water treatment. Folkard, et al (1992) however reported that, to date, all the studies have concluded that there is
no evidence to suggest any acute or chronic effects on humans, particularly at the low doses required for water
treatment.
5. Conclusion and Recommendations
Moringa oleifera seeds can be used as a coagulant to replace conventional coagulants, flocculant, hard water
softener, disinfectant, and for removing of heavy metal in drinking water treatment. Thus improved application
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of this should be encouraged, especially in rural water supplies where the water requirement is relatively small
and the production of Moringa is likely to be high and constant. Thus in order to improve on the application of M.
oleifera in water treatment, certain questions still needs to be answered. The following are some of the areas
requiring further investigations.
i) The effect of grain size on the extraction of the active ingredients
ii) The effect of shelf life on the coagulating, softening and disinfection property of the extract
iii) The mode of attack of the extract on the microbes
iv) Isolation of the exact active compound responsible for the ant-microbial activity
v) Further work on the use of the extract in the removal of heavy metals
vi) Development of pilot plant for the subsequent application of the extract in the field.
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Mustapha Hassan Bichi was born in Bichi, Kano State, Nigeria on 23rd
September 1962. He obtained First
Class Honors B. Eng. (Civil Engineering) Degree from Bayero University, Kano-Nigeria in 1985; M.Eng.
(Water Resources & Environmental Engineering) from University of Benin, Beinin-City Nigeria in 1987; and
10. Civil and Environmental Research www.iiste.org
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Vol.3, No.8, 2013
10
Ph.D (Civil-Water Resources & Environmental Engineering) from Bayero University, Kano-Nigeria in 2012. He
became a member of Nigerian Society of Engineers (MNSE) in 1998 and a Fellow (FNSE) in 2013. He is a
member of the Nigerian Institution of Civil Engineers (MNICE-2009); Nigerian Environmental Society (MNES-
1994); Nigerian Water Supply Association (MNWSA-1999); Waste Management Society of Nigeria
(WAMASON-2007); International Association of Small Hydropower Schemes (MIASHPS-2006) and COREN
Registered Engineer (R7951) in 2000. He was Head of Civil Engineering Department (1998-2002) and Dean,
Faculty of Technology (2002-2006), Bayero University, Kano-Nigeria. He is currently an Associate Professor of
Water Resources & Environmental Engineering at Bayero University, Kano-Nigeria.
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