Among the edible mushrooms, Morchella esculenta (Pers.) is a highly prized mushroomwhich consists of a short stalk and a conical, pitted, hollow pileus. It is commonly known as amorel or sponge mushroom, or gucchi, etc. It belongs to the class Ascomycetes, order Pezizalesand family Morchellaceae. It is found throughout the world. In jammu and kashmir, it is found in various forests regions under pine vegetation. It is therapeutic in nature; thereforeits medicinal and biochemical properties are under investigation throughout the world, especiallyin regard to treating the hazardous diseases such as cancer, tumors, etc. The present in vitro studywas conducted for the first time. The three media soil and soil extracts Agar and LuriaAgar were used. Mycellial growth was obtained on all these media, but the LA medium showedbetter growth. Microscopic studies had shown pigmentation is most likely due to the secondarymycelium. Among these mycelium ascogenous hyphae are produced that may lead to theformation of ascogonium and antheridium with the dilated tips. The compact mass ofprosenchymatous and pseudoparenchyma tissues was observed.
The document summarizes the biology and cultivation of Morchella mushrooms. Some key points:
- Morchella, also known as morel mushrooms, are edible fungi prized for their honeycomb appearance and strong flavor.
- They have complex life cycles and form symbiotic relationships with tree roots. Morels fruit in the spring in temperate forests.
- Cultivation methods include using spawn/spore kits to inoculate beds or creating spore slurries to spread on prepared soil.
- False morel mushrooms contain toxins and must be properly identified to distinguish them from edible species.
Taxonomy, classification and life cycle of cultivated Mushroomigkv raipur
Mushroom are generally appears in rainy season during (June- september)
In nature growth of mushroom is of two types
Epigenous ( epi = upon and genous = on earth)
Hypogenous (hypo = under and genous = earth )
Morchella is a saprobic discomycete fungus that produces aerial fruiting bodies called morels or ascocarps. The ascocarps have a pitted pileus and reproduce sexually through the production and release of ascospores in the hymenium. The lifecycle involves a dikaryophase where two nuclei fuse without nuclear fusion, followed by a transitory diploid phase in the young ascus where meiosis occurs, producing ascospores. Morchella lacks asexual reproduction and hook formation.
Mushrooms are fleshy, spore-bearing structures produced by fungi. There are over 1.5 million mushroom species worldwide, with around 80,000-88,000 identified. Mushrooms are classified based on their taxonomic position, natural habitat, and edibility for human consumption. Common edible cultivated mushrooms include oyster mushrooms, button mushrooms, paddy straw mushrooms, milky mushrooms, and shiitake mushrooms. Toxic and poisonous mushrooms like death cap and destroying angel mushrooms contain dangerous toxins and should not be consumed.
Fungi can be found in many forms and habitats around the world. Some examples described in the document include:
1) Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, which causes disease and death in many amphibians and invades their skin cells.
2) Rhizopus stolonifer, a black bread mold that releases spores and can take over bread in a few days if moist. It has commercial uses.
3) Amanita muscaria, a poisonous mushroom that contains psychoactive chemicals and has been used to treat various ailments.
This document provides information on 20 different types of fungi, including their scientific names, where they are found, what organisms they interact with, and interesting facts. Some fungi discussed are edible mushrooms, while others are pathogens that infect plants or animals. The fungi have a variety of structures and life cycles, and several are used in food, research, or have cultural significance.
This document provides information about the ladybird beetle (Coccinella magnifica), including its taxonomic position, morphological description, biology, life cycle, where it can be found, how to attract and conserve it, types of ladybird beetles, alternative foods, and its use in biological control. It describes the beetle's egg, larva, pupa, and adult stages. It lists 8 common types of ladybird beetles found in North America and their distinguishing characteristics. It also discusses providing alternative foods and flowering plants to attract ladybird beetles when their normal prey is scarce.
This document is the preface to the book "Mushroom Growers' Handbook 1: Oyster Mushroom Cultivation" published by MushWorld. The book aims to provide accessible information on mushroom cultivation techniques to help alleviate poverty in developing countries. It contains 12 chapters covering topics like oyster mushroom species, spawn production, substrates, growing methods, and case studies. The preface acknowledges the many contributors from different countries who helped create the book and shares its goal of distributing mushroom growing knowledge worldwide.
The document summarizes the biology and cultivation of Morchella mushrooms. Some key points:
- Morchella, also known as morel mushrooms, are edible fungi prized for their honeycomb appearance and strong flavor.
- They have complex life cycles and form symbiotic relationships with tree roots. Morels fruit in the spring in temperate forests.
- Cultivation methods include using spawn/spore kits to inoculate beds or creating spore slurries to spread on prepared soil.
- False morel mushrooms contain toxins and must be properly identified to distinguish them from edible species.
Taxonomy, classification and life cycle of cultivated Mushroomigkv raipur
Mushroom are generally appears in rainy season during (June- september)
In nature growth of mushroom is of two types
Epigenous ( epi = upon and genous = on earth)
Hypogenous (hypo = under and genous = earth )
Morchella is a saprobic discomycete fungus that produces aerial fruiting bodies called morels or ascocarps. The ascocarps have a pitted pileus and reproduce sexually through the production and release of ascospores in the hymenium. The lifecycle involves a dikaryophase where two nuclei fuse without nuclear fusion, followed by a transitory diploid phase in the young ascus where meiosis occurs, producing ascospores. Morchella lacks asexual reproduction and hook formation.
Mushrooms are fleshy, spore-bearing structures produced by fungi. There are over 1.5 million mushroom species worldwide, with around 80,000-88,000 identified. Mushrooms are classified based on their taxonomic position, natural habitat, and edibility for human consumption. Common edible cultivated mushrooms include oyster mushrooms, button mushrooms, paddy straw mushrooms, milky mushrooms, and shiitake mushrooms. Toxic and poisonous mushrooms like death cap and destroying angel mushrooms contain dangerous toxins and should not be consumed.
Fungi can be found in many forms and habitats around the world. Some examples described in the document include:
1) Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, which causes disease and death in many amphibians and invades their skin cells.
2) Rhizopus stolonifer, a black bread mold that releases spores and can take over bread in a few days if moist. It has commercial uses.
3) Amanita muscaria, a poisonous mushroom that contains psychoactive chemicals and has been used to treat various ailments.
This document provides information on 20 different types of fungi, including their scientific names, where they are found, what organisms they interact with, and interesting facts. Some fungi discussed are edible mushrooms, while others are pathogens that infect plants or animals. The fungi have a variety of structures and life cycles, and several are used in food, research, or have cultural significance.
This document provides information about the ladybird beetle (Coccinella magnifica), including its taxonomic position, morphological description, biology, life cycle, where it can be found, how to attract and conserve it, types of ladybird beetles, alternative foods, and its use in biological control. It describes the beetle's egg, larva, pupa, and adult stages. It lists 8 common types of ladybird beetles found in North America and their distinguishing characteristics. It also discusses providing alternative foods and flowering plants to attract ladybird beetles when their normal prey is scarce.
This document is the preface to the book "Mushroom Growers' Handbook 1: Oyster Mushroom Cultivation" published by MushWorld. The book aims to provide accessible information on mushroom cultivation techniques to help alleviate poverty in developing countries. It contains 12 chapters covering topics like oyster mushroom species, spawn production, substrates, growing methods, and case studies. The preface acknowledges the many contributors from different countries who helped create the book and shares its goal of distributing mushroom growing knowledge worldwide.
This document provides information about mushroom farming. It begins with the structure of mushrooms, including the cap, gills, ring, volva, mycelium, and stem. It then discusses the main types of mushrooms like morels, shiitake, oyster mushrooms and their uses. The life cycle of mushrooms is explained in 5 steps - spore dropping, growth of hyphae, mycelium formation, hyphal knots and pinheads developing into full mushrooms. The document outlines the process of mushroom cultivation including compost preparation in 2 phases, spawning, casing and conditions for pinning and cropping. Finally, it mentions some applications of mushrooms like used as food, bio-transformation, medicinal value for
8. Mushroom ( structure of mushroom) A Series of Presention By Mr Allah Dad K...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
A Series of Presention By Mr Allah Dad Khan Master Trainer in Mushroom Technology Former DG Agriculture Extension KPK , Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
Mushrooms are fungi that grow above ground and have two main parts - a cap and a stalk. They reproduce via spores produced on gills under the cap. Mushrooms obtain nutrients from decomposing organic matter via a network of underground threads called mycelium. Edible mushrooms provide various vitamins, minerals, and health benefits. Common cultivated varieties include the white button mushroom and paddy straw mushroom, which are grown on compost and agricultural waste using controlled growing conditions. Poisonous mushrooms can be identified by features like bright colors, milky latex, and unpleasant odor.
Fungi play an important economic role through various industries like baking, brewing, and medicine. They are used to produce enzymes, antibiotics, vitamins, and steroids. However, fungi can also negatively impact food, goods, plants, and human or animal health by causing spoilage, diseases, and decay through their ubiquitous nature. The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of fungi and their various applications and effects.
Fungi are a diverse group of organisms that include mushrooms, molds, yeasts, and lichens. They have filamentous hyphae and obtain nutrients by absorption. Fungi play important ecological roles as decomposers, symbionts that form mycorrhizal relationships with plants, and parasites. They reproduce both sexually through spores or asexually through vegetative growth. There are over 100,000 described fungal species classified into phyla including Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota. Fungi interact with humans both beneficially through food production and medicine, and harmfully through disease and
The document discusses several forest pests that affect popular, kail, and shisham trees in Pakistan. It describes the identification, life cycle, and control methods for:
1) The popular sapwood borer (Aeolasthes sarta), which kills 20-40% of popular trees in dry, cold areas.
2) The popular pith borer (Apriona cinerea) and popular defoliator (Ichthyura anastomoris).
3) The kail defoliator (Biston regalis), which caused serious defoliation of kail trees in 1981.
4) The shisham defoliator (Plecoptera reflexa
The mushroom is a fruiting body of microorganisms called fungi. A mushroom is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced the climatic above ground on soil or on its food source. The standard for the name “mushroom” is the cultivated white button mushroom, Agarics Bosporus, hence the word mushroom is most often applied to fungi (Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes) that have a stem (stripe), a cap (pileups), and gills (lamellae, sing. lamella) on the underside of the cap just as do store-bought white mushrooms. However, “mushroom” can also refer to a wide variety of gilled fungi, with or without stems, and the term is used even more generally to describe both the fleshy fruiting bodies of some Ascomycota and the woody or leathery fruiting bodies of some Basidiomycota, depending upon the context of the word.
The red pumpkin beetle is a destructive pest of cucurbitaceous vegetables like pumpkin, melon, and cucumber. It has a deep orange dorsal side and black ventral side, measuring 5-8mm long. Both the adult beetle and grub damage plants by feeding voraciously on leaves, flowers, and fruits. The beetle completes its life cycle in 25-37 days, with the female laying up to 300 eggs. Control methods include trap crops, collecting and destroying beetles, and spraying soil with insecticides to prevent grub and pupa hatching.
The cabbage butterfly is a pest of cabbage and other cruciferous plants like radish and turnip. The white adult butterfly lays clusters of
1) Fungi have cell walls made of chitin, absorb nutrients from other organisms, and their bodies are made of long filaments called hyphae. 2) The five major phyla of fungi are Zygomycota, Oomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Deuteromycota. 3) Fungi reproduce both sexually through spores and asexually through structures like mushrooms, puffballs, and molds.
This document provides information on the mass rearing of Chrysoperla carnea, an important natural enemy of aphids and other soft-bodied insects. It discusses the morphology and biology of C. carnea, including its egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages. It also outlines the production procedure for mass rearing C. carnea, including rearing the adults, collecting and storing eggs, group rearing of larvae, and maintaining stocks of the predator. Feeding rates on different prey are also presented.
This document discusses integrated pest management strategies for major pests that affect apple crops. It identifies 12 major pests that cause between 10-30% crop loss, including codling moth, San Jose scale, woolly apple aphid, European red mite, tent caterpillar, and apple maggot. For each pest, it describes identification features, damage symptoms, and both chemical and biological control methods. The integrated pest management approaches emphasize monitoring, removal of infested plant materials, use of resistant plant varieties, and augmentation of natural enemies where applicable to manage pests in an environmentally sustainable manner.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
Ecto and endomycorrhizae and their significanceRitaSomPaul
A part of Botany (Hons) syllabus in Mycopathology illustrates the basic differnces in ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae as well as their significance
This document summarizes information about several edible mushroom species commonly grown or found in India. It discusses the nutrient content of mushrooms in general and provides details on the production and life cycles of key species like the white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus spp.), and paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea). Top global producers of mushrooms are also listed.
Fungi reproduce through three main methods: vegetative reproduction through fragmentation or budding, asexual reproduction through spores produced on specialized structures, and sexual reproduction through the fusion of haploid gametes. Asexual reproduction can be endogenous through spores produced inside sporangia or exogenous through spores (conidia) produced on conidiophores. During sexual reproduction, haploid gametes from two parents fuse and undergo meiosis to produce diploid spores, restoring the haploid phase.
This document defines key terms related to plant diseases and their causal organisms. It discusses the objectives of studying plant diseases and provides examples of major plant disease epidemics throughout history. It also summarizes the disease cycle, types of plant pathogens, examples of specific diseases like late blight of potato and rust diseases of wheat, and control measures for these diseases. Overall, the document serves as a reference for understanding the terminology, mechanisms, and management of important plant diseases.
As part of our project on educational technology 3/ field study 3
I am asking for your help with regards to the ppt that i made kindly leave a comment on my presentation thanks alot
This document provides information on identifying and managing scale insects that can infest trees, shrubs, and other perennials. It describes the different types of scales (armored scales, soft scales, and others), their life cycles, damage they cause, and management strategies. Effective management of scales relies primarily on conservation of natural enemies through practices like controlling tending ants, providing habitat and food sources for beneficial insects, and minimizing broad pesticide use.
biological control of mealy bugs by australian lady bird beetle Cryptolaemus montrouzieri.
The adult as well as the larval cryptolaemus feed on all stages of mealy bugs.
Sclerotia production a way ahead to morchella CultivationDr. siddhant
Morchella, the true morels, belonging to Helvellaceae family of class
Ascomycetes, are amongst the most highly priced fungi in the world. Their
artificial production is still a challenge, even though patents for their
cultivation do exist. The tissue of Morchella sp. was transferred aseptically
to Potato Dextrose Agar medium (peeled, sliced and boiled potato, 200 g;
dextrose, 20 g; agar, 20 g L-1) to grow hyphae. The mycelium showed
fastest growth as compared to other edible mushrooms. It covered entire area
of Petri plate (90 mm) within 4-5 days with the growth rate of 18-
22.5mm/day. A unique growth pattern i.e., vertically oriented mycelia were
observed. Brown coloured pigmentation in the culture was also observed
during the study. The basal media for spawn (wheat grains; Glucose, 1%,
CaCO3, 2%; CaSO4, 1.5% and MgSO4, 1%) was aseptically inoculated with
the mushroom culture. The spawn substrate was colonized by mushroom
mycelium in 7-8 days. The sclerotia were formed in unused (old) spawn.
Wheat straw was used as a substrate for mushroom cultivation. It was
supplemented with wheat bran, 20%, Glucose (1%) and MgSO4 (1%). It
showed prolific growth when it was seeded by mushroom spawn using jar
method. Once substrate was fully covered with mushroom mycelium, casing
was applied. Sclerotia were successfully obtained after 14 days of incubation
in our experiment both in the substrate and casing soil but failed to give rise
to fruiting primordial. Further research is going on to domesticate this
species in our country.
This document summarizes the medicinal properties of Moringa oleifera as reported in various studies. Some key points:
- Every part of Moringa oleifera (leaves, fruits, seeds, roots, etc.) has been used in traditional medicine systems for various ailments.
- Modern research has found Moringa to have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-cancer, cardiovascular, hepatoprotective and other medicinal properties.
- Specific studies show Moringa has anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-helmintic, anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic, analgesic, antipyretic, antihypertensive, diure
This document provides information about mushroom farming. It begins with the structure of mushrooms, including the cap, gills, ring, volva, mycelium, and stem. It then discusses the main types of mushrooms like morels, shiitake, oyster mushrooms and their uses. The life cycle of mushrooms is explained in 5 steps - spore dropping, growth of hyphae, mycelium formation, hyphal knots and pinheads developing into full mushrooms. The document outlines the process of mushroom cultivation including compost preparation in 2 phases, spawning, casing and conditions for pinning and cropping. Finally, it mentions some applications of mushrooms like used as food, bio-transformation, medicinal value for
8. Mushroom ( structure of mushroom) A Series of Presention By Mr Allah Dad K...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
A Series of Presention By Mr Allah Dad Khan Master Trainer in Mushroom Technology Former DG Agriculture Extension KPK , Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
Mushrooms are fungi that grow above ground and have two main parts - a cap and a stalk. They reproduce via spores produced on gills under the cap. Mushrooms obtain nutrients from decomposing organic matter via a network of underground threads called mycelium. Edible mushrooms provide various vitamins, minerals, and health benefits. Common cultivated varieties include the white button mushroom and paddy straw mushroom, which are grown on compost and agricultural waste using controlled growing conditions. Poisonous mushrooms can be identified by features like bright colors, milky latex, and unpleasant odor.
Fungi play an important economic role through various industries like baking, brewing, and medicine. They are used to produce enzymes, antibiotics, vitamins, and steroids. However, fungi can also negatively impact food, goods, plants, and human or animal health by causing spoilage, diseases, and decay through their ubiquitous nature. The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of fungi and their various applications and effects.
Fungi are a diverse group of organisms that include mushrooms, molds, yeasts, and lichens. They have filamentous hyphae and obtain nutrients by absorption. Fungi play important ecological roles as decomposers, symbionts that form mycorrhizal relationships with plants, and parasites. They reproduce both sexually through spores or asexually through vegetative growth. There are over 100,000 described fungal species classified into phyla including Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota. Fungi interact with humans both beneficially through food production and medicine, and harmfully through disease and
The document discusses several forest pests that affect popular, kail, and shisham trees in Pakistan. It describes the identification, life cycle, and control methods for:
1) The popular sapwood borer (Aeolasthes sarta), which kills 20-40% of popular trees in dry, cold areas.
2) The popular pith borer (Apriona cinerea) and popular defoliator (Ichthyura anastomoris).
3) The kail defoliator (Biston regalis), which caused serious defoliation of kail trees in 1981.
4) The shisham defoliator (Plecoptera reflexa
The mushroom is a fruiting body of microorganisms called fungi. A mushroom is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced the climatic above ground on soil or on its food source. The standard for the name “mushroom” is the cultivated white button mushroom, Agarics Bosporus, hence the word mushroom is most often applied to fungi (Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes) that have a stem (stripe), a cap (pileups), and gills (lamellae, sing. lamella) on the underside of the cap just as do store-bought white mushrooms. However, “mushroom” can also refer to a wide variety of gilled fungi, with or without stems, and the term is used even more generally to describe both the fleshy fruiting bodies of some Ascomycota and the woody or leathery fruiting bodies of some Basidiomycota, depending upon the context of the word.
The red pumpkin beetle is a destructive pest of cucurbitaceous vegetables like pumpkin, melon, and cucumber. It has a deep orange dorsal side and black ventral side, measuring 5-8mm long. Both the adult beetle and grub damage plants by feeding voraciously on leaves, flowers, and fruits. The beetle completes its life cycle in 25-37 days, with the female laying up to 300 eggs. Control methods include trap crops, collecting and destroying beetles, and spraying soil with insecticides to prevent grub and pupa hatching.
The cabbage butterfly is a pest of cabbage and other cruciferous plants like radish and turnip. The white adult butterfly lays clusters of
1) Fungi have cell walls made of chitin, absorb nutrients from other organisms, and their bodies are made of long filaments called hyphae. 2) The five major phyla of fungi are Zygomycota, Oomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Deuteromycota. 3) Fungi reproduce both sexually through spores and asexually through structures like mushrooms, puffballs, and molds.
This document provides information on the mass rearing of Chrysoperla carnea, an important natural enemy of aphids and other soft-bodied insects. It discusses the morphology and biology of C. carnea, including its egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages. It also outlines the production procedure for mass rearing C. carnea, including rearing the adults, collecting and storing eggs, group rearing of larvae, and maintaining stocks of the predator. Feeding rates on different prey are also presented.
This document discusses integrated pest management strategies for major pests that affect apple crops. It identifies 12 major pests that cause between 10-30% crop loss, including codling moth, San Jose scale, woolly apple aphid, European red mite, tent caterpillar, and apple maggot. For each pest, it describes identification features, damage symptoms, and both chemical and biological control methods. The integrated pest management approaches emphasize monitoring, removal of infested plant materials, use of resistant plant varieties, and augmentation of natural enemies where applicable to manage pests in an environmentally sustainable manner.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
Ecto and endomycorrhizae and their significanceRitaSomPaul
A part of Botany (Hons) syllabus in Mycopathology illustrates the basic differnces in ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae as well as their significance
This document summarizes information about several edible mushroom species commonly grown or found in India. It discusses the nutrient content of mushrooms in general and provides details on the production and life cycles of key species like the white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus spp.), and paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea). Top global producers of mushrooms are also listed.
Fungi reproduce through three main methods: vegetative reproduction through fragmentation or budding, asexual reproduction through spores produced on specialized structures, and sexual reproduction through the fusion of haploid gametes. Asexual reproduction can be endogenous through spores produced inside sporangia or exogenous through spores (conidia) produced on conidiophores. During sexual reproduction, haploid gametes from two parents fuse and undergo meiosis to produce diploid spores, restoring the haploid phase.
This document defines key terms related to plant diseases and their causal organisms. It discusses the objectives of studying plant diseases and provides examples of major plant disease epidemics throughout history. It also summarizes the disease cycle, types of plant pathogens, examples of specific diseases like late blight of potato and rust diseases of wheat, and control measures for these diseases. Overall, the document serves as a reference for understanding the terminology, mechanisms, and management of important plant diseases.
As part of our project on educational technology 3/ field study 3
I am asking for your help with regards to the ppt that i made kindly leave a comment on my presentation thanks alot
This document provides information on identifying and managing scale insects that can infest trees, shrubs, and other perennials. It describes the different types of scales (armored scales, soft scales, and others), their life cycles, damage they cause, and management strategies. Effective management of scales relies primarily on conservation of natural enemies through practices like controlling tending ants, providing habitat and food sources for beneficial insects, and minimizing broad pesticide use.
biological control of mealy bugs by australian lady bird beetle Cryptolaemus montrouzieri.
The adult as well as the larval cryptolaemus feed on all stages of mealy bugs.
Sclerotia production a way ahead to morchella CultivationDr. siddhant
Morchella, the true morels, belonging to Helvellaceae family of class
Ascomycetes, are amongst the most highly priced fungi in the world. Their
artificial production is still a challenge, even though patents for their
cultivation do exist. The tissue of Morchella sp. was transferred aseptically
to Potato Dextrose Agar medium (peeled, sliced and boiled potato, 200 g;
dextrose, 20 g; agar, 20 g L-1) to grow hyphae. The mycelium showed
fastest growth as compared to other edible mushrooms. It covered entire area
of Petri plate (90 mm) within 4-5 days with the growth rate of 18-
22.5mm/day. A unique growth pattern i.e., vertically oriented mycelia were
observed. Brown coloured pigmentation in the culture was also observed
during the study. The basal media for spawn (wheat grains; Glucose, 1%,
CaCO3, 2%; CaSO4, 1.5% and MgSO4, 1%) was aseptically inoculated with
the mushroom culture. The spawn substrate was colonized by mushroom
mycelium in 7-8 days. The sclerotia were formed in unused (old) spawn.
Wheat straw was used as a substrate for mushroom cultivation. It was
supplemented with wheat bran, 20%, Glucose (1%) and MgSO4 (1%). It
showed prolific growth when it was seeded by mushroom spawn using jar
method. Once substrate was fully covered with mushroom mycelium, casing
was applied. Sclerotia were successfully obtained after 14 days of incubation
in our experiment both in the substrate and casing soil but failed to give rise
to fruiting primordial. Further research is going on to domesticate this
species in our country.
This document summarizes the medicinal properties of Moringa oleifera as reported in various studies. Some key points:
- Every part of Moringa oleifera (leaves, fruits, seeds, roots, etc.) has been used in traditional medicine systems for various ailments.
- Modern research has found Moringa to have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-cancer, cardiovascular, hepatoprotective and other medicinal properties.
- Specific studies show Moringa has anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-helmintic, anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic, analgesic, antipyretic, antihypertensive, diure
This document provides information about yams, including their classification, cultivation, and key species. It discusses yams originating from Africa and Asia, with over 600 species worldwide, of which D. alata, D. cayenensis, D. rotundata, D. esculenta, D. bulbifera, D. nummularia, D. pentaphylla, D. hispida, D. trifida and D. dumetorum are the major cultivated ones. The document focuses on D. alata, D. dumentorum, and D. rotundata. It reviews literature around yam origins and classification. The objective is to determine the ploidy levels and
This document summarizes the medicinal properties of Moringa oleifera based on a review of literature. It discusses how all parts of Moringa, including roots, bark, leaves, flowers, seeds and seed oil have been used traditionally for various ailments. Modern research has also found Moringa to have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antihypertensive, diuretic and cholesterol lowering properties. The review concludes that Moringa has great potential as a therapeutic agent and nutritional supplement, and further research could lead to development of novel medicines.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Mushroom is a type of fungus that can be found in forests and grows in winters and rainy seasons. Pleurotus ostreatus is a wild mushroom commonly found growing on dead wood in moist, shady forests. It is one of the most widely cultivated edible mushrooms worldwide and has high nutritional value. The objectives of the current study are to culture the mycelium and fruiting body of P. ostreatus and check its antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella oxytoca using the agar disk diffusion assay method. Previous studies have shown that extracts from the mycelium and fruiting bodies of P. ostreatus produced using various solvents exhibit antibacterial
1. Ocimum tenuiflorum is a sacred plant in Hinduism believed to be a manifestation of the goddess Lakshmi. It is considered very beneficial for health and is used in religious rituals.
2. Traditionally, all parts of the plant have been used as medicine to treat many conditions. Modern research also shows it has properties like antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-stress and more.
3. The plant can be propagated through tissue culture methods like using nodal segments, which allows for rapid and large-scale production in a uniform manner. Studies have optimized such methods for Ocimum tenuiflorum and other basil species.
Moringa oleifera is a highly valued plant that is distributed throughout the tropics and subtropics. It has a wide range of medicinal uses and high nutritional value. Various parts of the Moringa plant, including the leaves, roots, seeds, bark, fruit, flowers, and immature pods have properties that act as cardiac stimulants, possess antitumor effects, and have anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antispasmodic, diuretic, antihypertensive, cholesterol lowering, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and hepatoprotective activities. This review focuses on the phytochemical composition, medicinal uses, and pharmacological properties of the different parts of Moring
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Invitro and Invivo antibacterial study of leaf extracts of Euphorbia heteroph...Premier Publishers
A study was carried out to determine the phytochemical components and antibacterial activity of Euphorbia heterophylla crude extracts on four enteric organisms namely; Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris. The clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, E.coli and Proteus vulgaris were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test using agar diffusion technique. Phytochemistry of the Euphorbia heterophylla, crude extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and cardiac glycosides. Methanolic and aqueous crude extract produced clear zones of inhibition at concentration ranging from 50 to 200mg/ml. In vivo antimicrobial assay revealed that the mice treated with the crude methanolic and aqueous extracts after being infected with the various test organisms, survived and showed minute pathological effects. Similarly, untreated mice (control) died after 48hours of inoculation with Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, E.coli and Proteus vulgaris. Euphorbia heterophylla crude extract, most especially its methanolic and aqueous counterpart could be a potential source for the treatment of diseases associated with enteric organisms. Further studies should be directed towards isolation and characterization of the active compound in the crude extracts.
Problems facing mushroom availability and consumption in owerri municipal cou...Alexander Decker
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The document summarizes research on the Gymnema sylvestre plant, which is used by people in the Vidisha district of India to treat diabetes. Key points include:
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- People in Vidisha district use the leaves of the plant to control blood sugar levels. The plant may decrease sugar absorption and increase insulin production.
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Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
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Huang (2018) decomposes the differences in quantile portfolio returns using distribution regression. The main issue of using distribution regression is that the decomposition results are path dependent. In this paper, we are able to obtain path independent decomposition results by combining the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition and the recentered influence function regression method. We show that aggregate composition effects are all positive across quantiles and the market factor is the most significant factor which has detailed composition effect monotonically decreasing with quantiles. The main decomposition results are consistent with Huang (2018)
In Kenya, the newly promulgated constitution of 2010 (CoK, 2010), provides the basis of monitoring and evaluation as an important tool for operationalizing National and County Government projects to ensure projects success, integrity, transparency and accountability. The county governments are responsible for delivering basic services in collaboration with other agencies and partners to enhance quality of life: however, the county government projects has been marred by lack of integrity, transparency, accountability and litany of other monitoring and evaluation weakness which has undermined the impacts and success of projects including Regional Economic Blocs. Lake Region Economic Bloc (LREB) which comprised of fourteen counties bordering Lake Victoria Basin is not sparred either. The study was conducted in six LREB Counties namely, Migori, Homabay, Kisumu, Siaya, Kakamega and Vihiga chosen in a random manner. This study specifically assessed the effectiveness of Monitoring and Evaluation methods on the Performance of County Governments Projects. The study was guided by the theory of change. The research was carried out using descriptive survey design which entails both qualitative and quantitative data collection procedures. The researcher used stratified random sampling techniques to draw a sample from the study population. The qualitative method focused on group discussion and in-depth interviews. The quantitative techniques employed questionnaires to 398 purposively selected subjects from the county projects. Data collection was from two main sources; primary and secondary. Secondary sources included relevant county documents, constitution, legislations, policy documents and reports among others. The Study employed questionnaires, Focus group discussion and Interview guide as its primary data collection method. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 18.0 was used for analysis. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics techniques and presented in tables and figures. The study findings indicated thatM&E methods, indicated by the coefficient of effectiveness (R2) which is also evidenced by F change 109.403>p-values (0.05). This implies that this variableis significant (since the p values<0.05) and therefore should be considered as part of effectiveness of M&E systems on the performance of County Governments projects. The study concludes that there are no effective and adequate projects monitoring and evaluation methods in place for County Government Projects, which can facilitate the achievement of desired projects performance and outcomes. The study recommends that the County Government should develop a clear M&E methods for each project with clear data collection, analysis, reporting and implementation methods. This Study recommends further research to be conducted in the other Regional County Economic Blocs.
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The corporate governance is a popular topic within two last decade, and the emerging economies are practicing &enhancing their performances. The review is conducted to assess the effectiveness of the corporate governance implications on firm’s performances. The study followed the deductive approach and the journal articles, and the reports have used the source of the review. As per the literature findings, the researcher developed a conceptual design for the case review. The independent variable is the corporate governance mechanism, and the dependent variable is organizations performances. Both independent and dependent variables comprise the different type of corporate governance practice and the different function of the organizational performances. The review found that all the types of corporate governance practices are influenced to the organizational performance and the better corporate governance mechanism can enhance all type of performances.
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Evaluvation, propagation and study of life cycle in vitro of Morchella esculanta
1. www.theijbmt.com 113|Page
The International Journal of Business Management and Technology, Volume 2 Issue 5 September-October 2018
ISSN: 2581-3889
Research Article Open Access
Evaluvation, propagation and study of life cycle in vitro of
Morchella esculanta
Aasif Majeed Sofi (Research Scholar), Dr.poornima Srivastava (Director research at deptt. Of
applied science). Dr Tajamul rafi
Dept. of Biotechnology, Faculty of applied sciences, Bhagwant university ajmer, Rajastan.
Abstract:Among the edible mushrooms, Morchella esculenta (Pers.) is a highly prized mushroomwhich consists of a short stalk and
a conical, pitted, hollow pileus. It is commonly known as amorel or sponge mushroom, or gucchi, etc. It belongs to the class
Ascomycetes, order Pezizalesand family Morchellaceae. It is found throughout the world. In jammu and kashmir, it is found in
various forests regions under pine vegetation. It is therapeutic in nature; thereforeits medicinal and biochemical properties are under
investigation throughout the world, especiallyin regard to treating the hazardous diseases such as cancer, tumors, etc. The present in
vitro studywas conducted for the first time. The three media soil and soil extracts Agar and LuriaAgar were used. Mycellial growth
was obtained on all these media, but the LA medium showedbetter growth. Microscopic studies had shown pigmentation is most
likely due to the secondarymycelium. Among these mycelium ascogenous hyphae are produced that may lead to theformation of
ascogonium and antheridium with the dilated tips. The compact mass ofprosenchymatous and pseudoparenchyma tissues was
observed.
Keywords:microscopic study, mushroom, culturing, Jammu and Kashmir.
Morchella spp.(guchhi)
I. Introduction:
They are well represented in India as well as various regions of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and in Shivalik,
Kumaon and Hairshi hills of Uttar Pradesh (Waraitch, 1976 and Kaul, 1997). World over 215 taxa belong to the genus
Morchella have been reported (Index Fungorum, 2008). In India ten species viz., Morchella esculenta, M.conica, M.
deliciosa, M.angusticipes, M.crassipes, M.vulgaris, M.rotunda, M.hybrida (M. semilibera) and M.gigaspora are known to
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Evaluvation ,propagation and study of life cycle in vitro of Morchella esculanta
exist (Waraitch, 1976; Jamaluddin et.al., 2004). While in Jammu and Kashmir six species of this genus have been
recorded (Abraham, 1991). They are highly prized edible mushrooms which have been used traditionally for centuries
(Pegler, 2003). As more and more mushrooms are being investigated for their role as nutritional foods, morels
(Morchella spp.) still occupies the pinnacle position amongst them. Morels have a long-standing history in Indian
cuisines and culture and their collection from the wild dates back centuries Scenario of Morels in Jammu and Kashmir
In Jammu and Kashmir, of all the edible mushrooms collected from the wild, morels (commonly called as 'Guchchi') are
prime edibles with immense commercial importance and their strong demand makes them an important non-timber
forest produce (NTFP). The sale of morels provides substantial monetary benefits to rural livelihoods and local traders.
Morel collection, in this northern state of India, is undertaken twice in a year between March-May and August-
September. Due to lucrative returns, in many villages, almost all the families are actively involved in morel collection.
plants by connecting mycelium with roots. This symbiotic association is calledthe mycorhizal association. Morchella
esculenta is an example. It is considered a saprotroph (Kuo,2008; Frank et al., 2010). Morchella are heterotrophs (Panday,
. Some species of Morchella form symbiotic associations with Morchella esculenta is a proteinacious edible mushroom
also known as gucchi in kashmiri . It has great importance as it is used as a vegetable and is equivalentto or better than
meat. It is delicious. Medically, it is very important, containinginterferon which are anticancerous. The generic name
Morchella is derived from the German word“Morel” meaning “Mushroom,” while the specific epithet esculenta is Latin
meaning “edible”. So it is considered an edible fungus (Reilly, 2011). Morphologically, the Morchella species
iscommonly known as the common morel, true morel, sponge morel, Black morel, yellow morel,M. esculenta morel
mushroom, haystack, dry land fish, etc. (Dörfelt, 2001; Roody, 2003). It is alsoknown as Phallus esculentus (Fries, 1753).
It is also known as a sponge mushroom because itsfruiting body (cap) has honey-comb like depressions. Morchella vary
in color, shape and size. Itsfruit bodies are polymorphic (Masaphy et al., 2010). It is classified in the kingdom fungi,
divisionascomycota, class pezizomycetes, order pezizales, family Morchellaceae, genus Morchella andspecies esculenta
(Persoon, 1801).Morchella are commonly found under trees. They grow in temperate forests, and appear asthe frost
melts. They are also found on burnt soil and trees burnt by fire (Wurtz et al., 2005). TheMorchella is native to india and
india also exports it. In india,it is found in Himalayan regions. it is found in the Northernareas starting in forests of
kashmir, as well as Azad Kashmir (Kaul,1975). It is also found in Britain, Ireland, Europe (Reilly, 2011), Brazil (Cortez et
al., 2004),Turkey (Taskina et al., 2010), Israel (Masaphy et al., 2009) and the Himalayas (Kanwal et al.,2010). Morchellas
are also found in Asian countries and from sites throughout most of NorthAmerica. This edible mushroom is very rarely
found in Australia, where several other members ofthe genus Morchella are known to occur. It is found in the same
season in different countries.The fruit body of Morchella esculenta has several medicinal properties such as anti-
tumoreffects, immuno-regulatory properties (Duncan et al., 2002), Fatigue resistance and antiviraleffects (Wasser, 2002;
Rotzoll I 2005; Nitha and Janardhanan, 2008). Extracts from the fruit bodyhave antioxidant properties, i.e.
polysaccharides (Mau, 2004; Elmastas et al., 2006; Gursoy et al.,2009). Christian Handrik Persoon (1801) named it
Morchella esculenta, while other synonyms ofMorchella esculenta include Helvella esculenta (L), Phallus esculentus L
and Morchella rotunda(Relliy, 2011).Mycelium is always found in the form of masses of hyphae. It consists of
inconspicuous,branched, filamentous and septate hyphae that grows in the humus soil. This septate hyphacontains
many nuclei. Apothecia (fruiting body) consist of asci containing ascospores. Theascocarp consists of Stipe, Pileus,
Hymenium and Sub-hyminum. Stipe consists of a fleshy stalklikestructure. Its height is around 3 inches and its diameter
is one inch. This stalk-like structurebears a sponge-like cap which is also termed as pileus (Ower, 1982; Vashista et al.,
1939). Pileusis about 7-5cm long and 4-5cm wide. The presence of pits and ridges is because of the growingstructure of
hymenium. Basically hyminial layer grow unequally. The depression and ridges arebrown in colour (Negi, 2006). This
hyminial layer later consists of elongated, cylindrical cellscalled asci. Asci contain ascospores; a single asci contains 8
ascospores, which later are releasedfrom it (Ammirati, 1985). The asci are surrounded by protected structures, called
paraphysis(Sharma, 1988). The sub-hymenium layer consists of pseudoparenchymatous tissue that is presentbeneath the
hymenium layer. These tissues are present in the depression region of the pileus,termed the hypothecium (Vashista et
al., 1939; Pandey, 2000).There are different views about the germination of ascospores. After the dispersal ofascospores,
they fall in soil. In the presence of the required condition, e.g. moist humus soil, theygerminate and produce mycelium
(Harvey et al., 1978). They germinate at a low temperature(2ºC), and after one year they do not remain viable in this soil
surface (Schmidt, 1983). Sexual reproduction is reduced in Morchella; it consists of plasmogamy and
karyogamy(Vashista et al., 1939).
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Evaluvation ,propagation and study of life cycle in vitro of Morchella esculanta
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
The sample was collected from the Kashmir Valley in the spring season of 2017. The driedsample of Morchella esculenta
was processed for cultivation. To grow M. esculenta, soil was alsobrought from growing regions of morchella of Jammu
and Kashmir.
MEDIA USED:
1. Soil (Schmidt, 1983).
2. Luria agar (L.A) (Sambrook, 2001).
3. Soil extract agar (SEA) (Subbannayya et al., 2011).
COMPOSITION OF FIRST MEDIUM (SOIL)
Soil and water
COMPOSITION OF 2ND MEDIUM (L.A)
Distilled Water 100 mL
Tryptone 1 g
Yeast extract 0.5 g
NaCl 1 g
Agar 1 g
One hundred millilitres of L.A medium was prepared by weighing 1g of tryptone, 0.5g ofyeast extract and 1g of NaCl.
Distilled water was added up to the mark. These were mixedthoroughly and pH 6.4 was maintained. Agar (1g) was
added at the end. Media was then autoclavedat 120 oC and 15 psi.
COMPOSITION OF 3RD MEDIUM (SEA)
Soil 2g
Water 100g
Agar 2%
2 g of soil was weighed and added to 100 ml of water. It was mixed thoroughly and thehomogenized solution was
filtered. 2% agar was added into this filtrate. The pH was observedbefore and after filtration by the pH meter. Observed
pH was 6.6. Media was then autoclaved at120 oC and 15 psi.
PREPARATION OF SOIL
The soil had been sterilized in the autoclave at 120 o C and 15 psi. Autoclaved soil wastransferred to a new polar box.
Soil was watered according to requirement.
PREPARATION OF INOCULUM
Sample was ground. The prepared material was termed the inoculum.
INOCULATION UNDER ASEPTIC CONDITION
Inoculum was inoculated into the soil box containing the prepared soil. A thermometer wasset with it. This medium
was then placed in at 4ºC. The pouring and inoculation of the 2nd (L.A)
and 3rd media (soil extract) was done in a laminar flow bench. Roxithromycin (antibiotic) was
also added to these media before inoculation. After inoculation in both media (L.A and soil extract
agar), plates were placed at 4 ºC. Pileus of Morchella esculenta was examined under the
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microscope. The spore size and diameter was taken by a standardized ocular micrometer and stage micrometer.
III. STUDY OF CULTURE
The growth in the first media, i.e. soil media, was observed after 1st, 2nd, 4th and 6th week Of inoculation. The growing
material was examined under the microscope. The staining procedure Thatwas followed was: Place a drop of waste
water sample on a slide. Add one, or at most, two drops of the Lactophenol cotton blue (Nagamani et al., 2005) and
observe the slide under the microscope.
For the 2nd and 3rd medium, some material from the media had been picked and the slide was prepared in water and
examined under the microscope. The measurements of hyphae were taken with a stage and ocular micrometer for 1st,
2nd, 4th and 6th week.
IV. RESULTS:
The aim of in vitro propagation of Morchella esculenta is to proceed for cultivation commercially.
If successful, it could help meet the protein needs of the growing world population, With commercial cultivation, we
may able to provide it to people at lower cost than wild harvested Morchella esculenta.
The section of pileus was examined in Lactophenol. It bears the asci and paraphysis in layers. The Paraphysis are
septate, and may or may not be swollen at their tips. The 8 spored asci were cylindrical, and measured about 240 -280 x
18 – 21. The ascospores were 16 – 21 x 7.8 - 18
ellipsoidal, slightly grained at the ends, smooth and yellowish.
Macroscopic studies
The mycelia growth on the SEA is light brown and milky white on the L.A and soil media.
MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF CULTURE
The cultural studies of soil medium showed different hyphal structures like coil form hyphae,
rhyziomorph, compact mass of prosenchyma, and pseudoparenchyma tissue after one, four and six week respectively.
The mycelial colony on the soil extract agar showed no growth after the first week, but it showed pigmented healthy
mycelium. The highly pigmented mycelial growth increased in thickness after four and six weeks respectively.
On the L.A media, comparatively better growth of mycelium was obtained with slightly compact patches. With the
germination of spore and actively spreading hyphae, healthy mycelium formed on this media as compared to first
media (soil). The compact form of hyphae developed, and was termed the plectenchyma . Among the compact hyphae,
differentiated hyphae with curved swollen tips can be seen, and might be representing the ascogonium and antheridium
of the culture.
Cultural characteristics of Morchella esculenta on selected 3 media.
WEEKS SOIL SOIL EXTRACT AGAR LURIA AGAR
Colony
color
Milky white Light brown Milky white
1st Mycelium well developed
ramifying outwards in
some places and tending
to form rhizomorph
There was no growth Mycelial growth better and
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form compact patches. From
where hyphae were actively
growing outward.
4TH The mycelium forming
networking; where the
single hyphae can be
observed, forming
prosenplectenchyma
Thin layer of hyphae
developed.
The compact mycelium
forming the plectenchyma
tissues. The hyphae
becoming thick walled and
pigmented
6TH The colony showed
comparatively thick
mycelia growth where the
single hyphae cannot be
distinguished, the tissues
named as
pseudoparanchymatous;
the different hyphae
measured 1 to 6 m dia.
Mycelium growth increased
in thickness, showing slow
growth.
The pigmented mycelium
seems to be the secondary
mycelium, among the
compact tissues, the
differentiated hyphae with
curved swollen tips can be
seen, might be representing
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Evaluvation ,propagation and study of life cycle in vitro of Morchella esculanta
the ascogonium and
anthredium of the culture
Av. Dia. of
hyphae
Ranging from 2 to 5 µm Ranging 2 to 6 µm Ranging from4 to 6.3 µm
A hyphae grew parallel and other spreading outwards trying to form rhizomorph; hyphae grew in coil form; thin mat
of mycelium where single hyphae can be observe easily termed as prosenchyma or prosoplectenchyma; comparatively
thick but single hyphae cannot be distinghuished termed as pseudoparenchyma; pigmented healty mycelium
developed was consinting of interwoven hyphae; highly pigmented thick growth mycelium developed comparatively;
Actively growing hyphae from the grounded inoculums; Formation of healthy mycelium tending to becoming parallel;
convolution structure of hyphae might be representing ascogonium and antheridium.
V. Discussion:
In the present study, the original soil of the same locality was used, which may have all the Required substances such as
sugars, minerals etc., where they were already growing. As in vitro Culturing was carried out, wellmycelia growth was
observed on all these media at the temperature 2.2°C (Schmidth, 1983). Powdered form inoculum was used. The growth
of mycelium was abundant and thick on soil, soil extract agar and the L.A medium at 2.2°C (Schmidth, 1983; Guler et al.,
2005; Guler, Winder, 2006; Gilbert, 1960). However, Gilbert (1960) had used the semi broth media. Microscopic studies
showed ascospore germination at 2.2°C (Winder, 2006; Schmidth, 1983). Mycelial formation occurred after the first week
on soil media in scattered and rhizomorphic form (Guler et al., 2005). Guler et al (2005) obtained the same structure by
using malt extract agar. Thick and Compact mycelium formation developed after 4-6 weeks in three media (Goldway et
al., 2000).
Convoluted and compact mycelium were observed in the L.A media. The compact mycelia growth seems to be showing
a tendency to the formation of ascogonium and antheridium.
VI. Conclusion:
In the present study, the mycelial growth of M. esculenta was obtained on the following media: Soil, Soil extract agar
and L.A media. The L.A medium showed better growth than the other two. Temperature and pH parameters were
considered. Microscopic studies showed different hyphal structures, like rhizomorph and the compact mass of
prosenchyma and pseudoparenchyma tissue, were obtained. The pigmented formation of mycelium observed most are
probably the secondary mycelium. Among these, ascogenous hyphae are produced that lead to the formation of
ascogonium and antheridium with dilated tips. The media used in the present study could be better if it could be
supplemented with other natural substances of rich protein like wheat bran, rice bran etc.
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