The physician shall comply with observing the implementation of all moral criteria and guidelines as well as the social and religious values laid down by the competent authority for conducting medical research on human beings
Legal and Ethical Issues of International Clinical TrialsWolfgang Kuchinke
An analysis of regulatory, ethical and international aspects of clinical trials is presented, covering all relevant regulatory and ethical requirements for the conduct of international clinical trials. Our analysis is extended by discussing certain legal and ethical issues that are of importance for personalised medicine, especially for the use of software tools dealing with sensitive patient data and supporting patients in their decision making. Following ethical issues connected to the use of personalised medicine tools are discussed:
Tools that have been completely developed and tested for use in a medical environment and are GCP compliant, tools that capture patient data that have to be accurate, reliable and correct. Compliant clinical data management systems (CDMS) that are based on computer system validation. The ethical environment for GCP compliance in data management (audits, subject identification codes, importance of retention of sponsor-specific essential documents). Security of the portal so that unauthorised persons do not have access; the issue of personal data used in clinical trials and “directly" or "indirectly" identifiable data; legal and ethical issues arising by the deep integration of tools for clinical trials in personalised medicine; and issues caused by software that falls under the medical device law. An important aspect is to ensure patient’s autonomy during use of integrated tools for Patient Empowerment.
HUMAN ORGAN TRANSPLANT:
Organ transplantation is often the only treatment for end state organ failure, such as liver and heart failure. Although end stage renal disease patients can be treated through other renal replacement therapies, kidney transplantation is generally accepted as the best treatment both for quality of life and cost effectiveness. Kidney transplantation is by far the most frequently carried out transplantation globally.
The legislation called the Transplantation of Human Organ Act (THO) was passed in India in 1994 to streamline organ donation and transplantation activities. Broadly, the act accepted brain death as a form of death and made the sale of organs a punishable offence. With the acceptance of brain death, it became possible to not only undertake kidney transplantations but also start other solid organ transplants like liver, heart, lungs, and pancreas.
Legal and Ethical Issues of International Clinical TrialsWolfgang Kuchinke
An analysis of regulatory, ethical and international aspects of clinical trials is presented, covering all relevant regulatory and ethical requirements for the conduct of international clinical trials. Our analysis is extended by discussing certain legal and ethical issues that are of importance for personalised medicine, especially for the use of software tools dealing with sensitive patient data and supporting patients in their decision making. Following ethical issues connected to the use of personalised medicine tools are discussed:
Tools that have been completely developed and tested for use in a medical environment and are GCP compliant, tools that capture patient data that have to be accurate, reliable and correct. Compliant clinical data management systems (CDMS) that are based on computer system validation. The ethical environment for GCP compliance in data management (audits, subject identification codes, importance of retention of sponsor-specific essential documents). Security of the portal so that unauthorised persons do not have access; the issue of personal data used in clinical trials and “directly" or "indirectly" identifiable data; legal and ethical issues arising by the deep integration of tools for clinical trials in personalised medicine; and issues caused by software that falls under the medical device law. An important aspect is to ensure patient’s autonomy during use of integrated tools for Patient Empowerment.
HUMAN ORGAN TRANSPLANT:
Organ transplantation is often the only treatment for end state organ failure, such as liver and heart failure. Although end stage renal disease patients can be treated through other renal replacement therapies, kidney transplantation is generally accepted as the best treatment both for quality of life and cost effectiveness. Kidney transplantation is by far the most frequently carried out transplantation globally.
The legislation called the Transplantation of Human Organ Act (THO) was passed in India in 1994 to streamline organ donation and transplantation activities. Broadly, the act accepted brain death as a form of death and made the sale of organs a punishable offence. With the acceptance of brain death, it became possible to not only undertake kidney transplantations but also start other solid organ transplants like liver, heart, lungs, and pancreas.
ETHICAL GUIDELINES FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH ON HUMAN PARTICIPANTSjyothibhat21
This presentation highlights the regulations on Ethical requirements for conducting clinical research in India. This is the guiding regulation for the Ethics Committees in India.
The viewers are requested to give their feedback on the utility of the presentation.
Regulation in clinical trial, Schedule Y and recent amendmentsDr. Siddhartha Dutta
Regulatory framework of India, Acts and Regulations for conduct of clinical trial in India, Schedule Y, approval of new chemical entity and recent amendments
Describes Functions of IMC, SMC, NMC, Professional Misconduct, Rights and Duties of a Doctor, Professional Secrecy, Privilidged Communication, Professional Medical Negligence, consent and its types, Consumer Protection Act
Malpractice occurs when a health care provider deviates from the recognized medical standard of care in the treatment of a patient. However, for a case to be viable, a plaintiff must show that harm directly resulted from the negligence. Most medical malpractice lawsuits involve considerable harm or disability resulting in lost income, significant past and future medical bills, pain, suffering, and hardship.
At Kashyap Partners & Associates, we believe in the pursuit of justice for all parties and uphold this in the advocacy, counsel, and representation of our clients. We represent the patients who are at the receiving end of an act of medical negligence by the medical practitioner or hospitals, and we also represent the doctors and healthcare institutions that are victims of malicious suits.
Tabular summary of New Drugs & Clinical Trials Rules, 2019 [INDIA]Vikas Dhiman
The slides summarize the changes brought in by the New Drugs & Clinical Trials Rules, 2019. A comparison with previous regulatory requirement is presented in tabular form.
The presentation explains the principles of medical ethics and describes important terms on the subject. Brief descriptions of codes of medical ethics are covered but for details actual documents may be referred.
Euthanasia - Types, Arguments For and AgainstTejas Shah
Euthanasia, its types, ethical and moral dilemma, arguments for and against, religious views, philosophical arguments and legal validity in different countries.
ETHICAL GUIDELINES FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH ON HUMAN PARTICIPANTSjyothibhat21
This presentation highlights the regulations on Ethical requirements for conducting clinical research in India. This is the guiding regulation for the Ethics Committees in India.
The viewers are requested to give their feedback on the utility of the presentation.
Regulation in clinical trial, Schedule Y and recent amendmentsDr. Siddhartha Dutta
Regulatory framework of India, Acts and Regulations for conduct of clinical trial in India, Schedule Y, approval of new chemical entity and recent amendments
Describes Functions of IMC, SMC, NMC, Professional Misconduct, Rights and Duties of a Doctor, Professional Secrecy, Privilidged Communication, Professional Medical Negligence, consent and its types, Consumer Protection Act
Malpractice occurs when a health care provider deviates from the recognized medical standard of care in the treatment of a patient. However, for a case to be viable, a plaintiff must show that harm directly resulted from the negligence. Most medical malpractice lawsuits involve considerable harm or disability resulting in lost income, significant past and future medical bills, pain, suffering, and hardship.
At Kashyap Partners & Associates, we believe in the pursuit of justice for all parties and uphold this in the advocacy, counsel, and representation of our clients. We represent the patients who are at the receiving end of an act of medical negligence by the medical practitioner or hospitals, and we also represent the doctors and healthcare institutions that are victims of malicious suits.
Tabular summary of New Drugs & Clinical Trials Rules, 2019 [INDIA]Vikas Dhiman
The slides summarize the changes brought in by the New Drugs & Clinical Trials Rules, 2019. A comparison with previous regulatory requirement is presented in tabular form.
The presentation explains the principles of medical ethics and describes important terms on the subject. Brief descriptions of codes of medical ethics are covered but for details actual documents may be referred.
Euthanasia - Types, Arguments For and AgainstTejas Shah
Euthanasia, its types, ethical and moral dilemma, arguments for and against, religious views, philosophical arguments and legal validity in different countries.
When a new drug/device/surgical procedure/treatment or other potential medical innovation is developed it must be thoroughly tested to ensure that it is safe and does what it is supposed to be.
This presentation will provide a basic overview of clinical research process.
Research is the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles, or theories, resulting in prediction and possible control of events .
While we depend more and more on research to make our clinical decisions, research misconduct is a malady that seriously undermines the credibility of the evidence generated. It is universal, ubiquitous and more common than we know
Saudi Commission for Health Specialties, Part 1 of the series of lectures I gave for the PEER (Professionalism and Ethics Education for Residents) Project sponsored and organized by the Saudi Commission for Health Specialties (SCHS).
Commonly used Statistics in Medical Research HandoutPat Barlow
We found this handout to be incredibly useful as a guide and resource for non-statistical professionals to make quick decisions about statistical methods. The handout accompanies the Commonly Used Statistics in Medical Research Part I Presentation
Research for Medical Students: Luxury or Necessity?Sohail Bajammal
An invited keynote speech, delivered on April 22, 2014 at the 4th Medical Students Research Symposium, Faculty of Medicine ay King Fahd Medical City, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
It argues the necessity of research methodology teaching in medical schools.
This is a presentation I gave to the Research Coordinators in the Federal Ministry of Health, Sudan (04.03.2015).
It included the following topics:
• Overview on the Knowledge Management Cycle and how research fits in it
• Brief historical background on research ethics
• What makes research ethical?
• Definition and examples of scientific misconduct
• How to make your research ethical and avoid scientific misconduct?
WMA Declaration of Helsinki - Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects.
Source: https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-helsinki-ethical-principles-for-medical-research-involving-human-subjects/
In medical research on human subjects, considerations related to the well-being of the human subject should take precedence over the interests of science and society.
The Declaration of Helsinki is a set of ethical principles and guidelines for medical research involving human subjects. It was first adopted by the World Medical Association (WMA) in 1964 and has been revised multiple times, with the most recent version released in 2013. The Declaration provides a framework to protect the rights, safety, and well-being of individuals participating in research studies. Here are the key elements of the Declaration of Helsinki:
Respect for Autonomy and Informed Consent: The Declaration emphasizes the importance of respecting the autonomy of individuals and their right to make informed decisions about participating in research. It requires researchers to obtain informed consent from participants or their legally authorized representatives, ensuring they have been adequately informed about the study's purpose, procedures, potential risks and benefits, and their right to withdraw at any time.
Beneficence and Risk Assessment: Researchers have a responsibility to maximize potential benefits and minimize potential harm to research participants. The Declaration states that research protocols should be based on a thorough scientific assessment of risks and benefits and should prioritize the well-being of participants.
Ethical Review and Approval: The Declaration highlights the necessity of independent ethical review of research protocols by an appropriate research ethics committee or institutional review board (IRB). The committee should ensure that the study is scientifically valid, ethically sound, and compliant with relevant regulations and guidelines.
Privacy and Confidentiality: The Declaration emphasizes the importance of protecting the privacy and confidentiality of research participants. Researchers should ensure that participants' personal information is kept confidential, and data should be anonymized or pseudonymized whenever possible to protect participant identities.
Data and Safety Monitoring: The Declaration emphasizes the importance of ongoing data monitoring and safety assessments during the research study. Researchers should have plans in place to detect and manage any adverse events or unanticipated risks that may arise during the study.
Vulnerable Populations: Special protections are outlined for vulnerable populations, such as children, pregnant women, prisoners, and individuals with impaired decision-making capacity. Researchers should take extra precautions to ensure their well-being, and their involvement in research should be justified based on the potential benefits to their own population.
Publication and Dissemination of Results: The Declaration emphasizes the responsibility of researchers to publish and share the results of their research in a timely manner. The results should be accurately reported, and negative or inconclusive results should also be disseminated to prevent publication bias.
Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR).pptxSamikshaHamane
Introduction
Objective
Organisation structure
Roles & responsibilities of ICMR
Intramural research & Extramural research
General principles
Ethical Review Procedures
Composition
Training & regulation
Introduction
Historical background
Sections
Principles
Ethics committee
Responsibilities of sponsor, investigator and monitor
Investigator brochure
Informed consent process
The International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) Good Clinical Practice (GCP) guidelines provide internationally recognized standards for the design, conduct, monitoring, recording, analysis, and reporting of clinical trials involving human subjects. These guidelines aim to ensure that the rights, safety, and well-being of trial participants are protected and that the clinical trial data generated is credible and reliable.
Key components of the ICH-GCP guidelines include:
Investigator Responsibilities: The guidelines define the responsibilities of the investigator, who is typically a qualified physician overseeing the conduct of the trial at a study site. This includes ensuring that the trial is conducted in compliance with the protocol, maintaining the confidentiality of participant data, and reporting adverse events and other relevant information promptly.
Ethics Committee/Institutional Review Board (IRB) Oversight: The guidelines stress the importance of independent ethics committees or IRBs in reviewing and approving the trial protocol, providing ongoing oversight, and protecting the rights and well-being of trial participants.
Informed Consent: The guidelines emphasize the importance of obtaining informed consent from each trial participant. Informed consent is a process that involves providing participants with relevant information about the trial, its purpose, potential risks and benefits, and any alternative treatments, enabling them to make an informed decision about participation.
Safety Reporting: The guidelines outline procedures for monitoring and reporting adverse events and any other safety concerns that arise during the course of the trial. Safety reporting ensures that potential risks to participants are identified and communicated appropriately.
Data Integrity: The guidelines emphasize the need for accurate and reliable data collection, recording, and reporting. This includes maintaining source documents and case report forms, as well as implementing data quality control measures.
Quality Assurance and Quality Control: The guidelines highlight the importance of quality assurance and quality control measures to ensure that the trial is conducted in compliance with the protocol, applicable regulations, and Good Clinical Practice.
Monitoring of Clinical Trials: The guidelines stress the need for systematic monitoring of the trial's progress to ensure that it is conducted in compliance with the protocol, applicable regulations, and Good Clinical Practice. Monitoring activities may include on-site visits, source data verification, and assessment of trial conduct.
..
Overall, the ICH-GCP guidelines provide a framework for the ethical and scientific conduct o
Workplace wellbeing relates to all aspects of working life, from the quality and safety of the physical environment, to how workers feel about their work, their working environment, the climate at work and work organization.
Workers wellbeing is a key factor in determining an organization’s longterm effectiveness
law is a body of norms
(or rules of conduct) of binding force and effect, specified
and enforced by a recognised authority. Law is used to
create rights and duties, which should be applied fairly
and consistently throughout society
PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY & LEGISLATIONS Health is the right of all persons and the duty of the State and is guaranteed by means of social and economic policies aimed at reducing the risk of illness and other hazards and at universal and equal access to all actions and services for the promotion, protection and recovery of health.
After completing this module you will able to..
1. Describe the access tools available to you for finding information
2. Identify effective search techniques
3. Describe the characteristics of Internet search engines , subject directory and databases.
4. Identify a range of information sources
5. Consider which sources are most likely to be useful for your search question
6. Understand why some information sources may be more helpful than others in the context of a particular information need.
After completing this module you will able to..
1. Analyze a research topic
2. Develop appropriate search strategies and conduct a search
3. Refine search results
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae