The document discusses the Nuremberg Code, which was established after the Nuremberg Trials in response to unethical medical experiments conducted by Nazi doctors during World War II without participants' consent. The Code established ethical research principles including voluntary informed consent, beneficence, and that experiments should avoid unnecessary harm or injury. It also states that researchers must be qualified and participants can withdraw at any time if they feel unable to continue. The 10-point Nuremberg Code was the first international code of research ethics.

1. RESEARCH ETHICS
SPH 534
NUREMBERG CODE
PADDINGTON MUNDAGOWA
160097

2. PRESENTATION OUTLINE
• Introduction
• Nazi experiments
• Nuremberg trials
• Nuremberg code
• Conclusion
• References

3. INTRODUCTION
• Experts at the Doctor’s Trial submitted points which were
incorporated into the Nuremberg Code.
• Before the formation of Nuremberg Code there were 3 drafted
codes
1. First Prussian directive on informed consent (1891)
2. Berlin Code (1900)- directed its attention to beneficence and
autonomy.
3. Guidelines to Human experimentation (1931)- added legal
consent
• these were not legally binding

4. NAZI EXPERIMENTS
• In Nazi Germany, German physicians planned & enacted the
"Euthanasia" Program ignoring the drafted codes
• the systematic killing of those they deemed "unworthy of life“
• The victims included the mentally retarded, the institutionalized
mentally ill & the physically impaired
• during World War II, German physicians conducted
pseudoscientific medical experiments utilizing thousands of
concentration camp prisoners without their consent.
• Most victims died or were permanently crippled

5. NUREMBERG TRIALS (1946-7)
• Held from 9 Dec 1946 to 19 Aug 1947
• Twenty two men & one woman tried for participation in
experiments
• The defendants in this case were charged with murders,
tortures & other atrocities committed in the name of
medical science

7. NUREMBERG CODE
VOLUNTARY CONSENT
1. Voluntary well informed, understanding consent of human
participants in a full legal capacity (free power of choice)
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
2. Experiment should aim at positive results for the society
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
3. Experiments should be based on previous knowledge of
natural history of the disease to justify the performance of the
experiment

8. NUREMBERG CODE (CONT.)
INJURY &SUFFERING
4. It should not be conducted to avoid unnecessary physical &
mental suffering or disabling injury
5. No experiment should be conducted where there is any prior
reason to believe that death or disabling injury will occur
PROTECTION AGAINST RISKS
6. Risk of experiment should never exceed human benefit
7. Preparations and facilities must be able to adequately protect
the participants against experimental risks

9. NUREMBERG CODE (CONT)
QUALIFIED INVESTIGATORS
8. Researchers must be fully trained & scientifically qualified.
FREEDOM TO WITHDRAW
9. Participants are free to immediately quit the experiment at any
point when they feel physically & mentally unable to go on
TERMINATION OF STUDIES
10. The researcher must stop the experiment at any point when
they observe that continuation could result in harmful
consequences

10. CONCLUSION
• In any experiment or research involving human participants, the
researcher must make sure that the individuals understand and
consent to participate voluntarily.
• The outcomes of the research should benefit the participants &
researchers must be scientifically qualified.
• Participants are free to withdraw at any time during the course
of the research & researchers have an obligation to stop the
study as soon as they observe that continuation could be fatal.

12. REFERENCES
• British Medical Journal (1996)No. 7070 Volume 313 page 1448
available at http://www.cirp.org/library/ethics/nuremberg/
• Nuremberg Code retrieved from website:
https://www.slideshare.net/Pradeepben84/nuremberg-
code?from_action=save

13. THANK YOU
KEAOLEBOGA