This document provides an overview of community medicine, public health, and preventive medicine. It discusses how community medicine differs from clinical medicine by focusing on populations rather than individuals. Key concepts covered include the importance of addressing issues like communicable diseases, malnutrition, and health trends through public health approaches. The document traces the history of medicine from ancient times to modern developments and changing approaches in public health.
The specialty which deals with population.
Comprises those doctors who try to measure the needs of sick and healthy.
Who plan and administer the services to meet the needs.
Who are engaged in research & teaching in the field.
From a seminar I gave in my first year MD in Shivamogga Institute of Medical Sciences.
Oxford Textbook of Public Health and Textbook of Preventive Medicine and Public Health by Maxcy, Rosenau and Last are my references.
Might help readers learn the evolution of the concept of public health.
The specialty which deals with population.
Comprises those doctors who try to measure the needs of sick and healthy.
Who plan and administer the services to meet the needs.
Who are engaged in research & teaching in the field.
From a seminar I gave in my first year MD in Shivamogga Institute of Medical Sciences.
Oxford Textbook of Public Health and Textbook of Preventive Medicine and Public Health by Maxcy, Rosenau and Last are my references.
Might help readers learn the evolution of the concept of public health.
Public health and Community medicine as a professional career; awareness & op...Dr. Shatanik Mondal
Public health and community medicine is an enormously diverse and dynamic field enthralling with so many sub-specialities. It has grown from infection prevention to chronic diseases, mental health, environmental health, bioterrorism, demography and many more. Public health is still at its infancy in India, but there is a huge potential in the next 10-15 years. MBBS students in India find it very difficult to digest community medicine as a subject in their curriculum in general till now. This presentation will show the importance of the subject and how they can think community medicine as their future career, all its job prospects and opportunities.
An Introduction To Community Medicine (Basic Definitions) | SurgicoMed.comMukhdoom BaharAli
Community Medicine is the new branch of medicine recently added with a concept to provide
health all of the community as it is the basic right of the community. Community Medicine may
be defined as;
“Community Medicine is a system of delivery of comprehensive health care to the people by a
health team in order to improve the health of community.” (WHO Definition)
Definition and Historical Glimpse of Public Health
Ancient Greece (500-323 BC)
Roman Empire (23 BC – 476 AD)
Middle Ages (476-1450 AD)
Birth of Modern Medicine (1650-1800 AD)
Great Sanitary Awakening (1800s-1900s)
Modern Public Health (1900 AD & onward)
The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical and mental health and efficiency through organized community efforts for the sanitation of the environment, the control of community infections, the education of the individual in principles of personal hygiene, the organization of medical and nursing service for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease, and the development of the social machinery, which will ensure to every individual in the community a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health.
Public health and Community medicine as a professional career; awareness & op...Dr. Shatanik Mondal
Public health and community medicine is an enormously diverse and dynamic field enthralling with so many sub-specialities. It has grown from infection prevention to chronic diseases, mental health, environmental health, bioterrorism, demography and many more. Public health is still at its infancy in India, but there is a huge potential in the next 10-15 years. MBBS students in India find it very difficult to digest community medicine as a subject in their curriculum in general till now. This presentation will show the importance of the subject and how they can think community medicine as their future career, all its job prospects and opportunities.
An Introduction To Community Medicine (Basic Definitions) | SurgicoMed.comMukhdoom BaharAli
Community Medicine is the new branch of medicine recently added with a concept to provide
health all of the community as it is the basic right of the community. Community Medicine may
be defined as;
“Community Medicine is a system of delivery of comprehensive health care to the people by a
health team in order to improve the health of community.” (WHO Definition)
Definition and Historical Glimpse of Public Health
Ancient Greece (500-323 BC)
Roman Empire (23 BC – 476 AD)
Middle Ages (476-1450 AD)
Birth of Modern Medicine (1650-1800 AD)
Great Sanitary Awakening (1800s-1900s)
Modern Public Health (1900 AD & onward)
The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical and mental health and efficiency through organized community efforts for the sanitation of the environment, the control of community infections, the education of the individual in principles of personal hygiene, the organization of medical and nursing service for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease, and the development of the social machinery, which will ensure to every individual in the community a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health.
population medicine has been referred to as hygiene, public health, preventive medicine, social medicine or community medicine. All these aim for promotion of health and prevention of disease.
Introduction. History of Department for Public
Health and Health Care I. Sechenov`s FMSMU
Part I CONCEPT OF HEALTH.
Determinants of Health. Globalization and Health.
Model of Disease causation theories.
Part II PUBLIC HEALTH. History of public health.
Definition of public health. Major disciplines in
public health.
Part III HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Community medicine let's think beyond diseaseDr.Jatin Chhaya
Introduction - Community Medicine
Concept of Hygeine, Public health, Preventive & Social Medicine and Community diagnosis..
Difference between Clinician and Epidemiologist..
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
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Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
2. Objectives
By the end of these lessons you will be
able to understand:-
•How Community Medicine is
different then Clinical Medicine
•Its evolution
• What is Community Medicine/
Public Health/ Preventive and Social
Medicine and
•Its basic Concepts
3. Importance of Preventive and Social
Medicine/ Public Health
What is common in:-
• Swine flu
• HIV
• Typhoid
• Malaria
• Malnutrition
• Cancer
• Addiction
4. Public health movements
• Started in mid-nineteenth century by Edwin
Chadwick in UK (report on an inquiry into the
sanitary conditions of the labouring
population in great Britain, 1842) and
• around the same time in USA in 1850 by
Lemuel Shattuck (Report of the sanitary
commission of Massachusetts)
5. Renewal of Interest in Prev. Prom.
And Protection of Health!!
Due to:-
• Continued Emergence and Resurgence of
Communicable Diseases and increase in Life-
Style Diseases
• Realization that investment in Clinical Care;
though necessary, bring diminishing results.
• Implementing Public Health Methods; may be
difficult, time-consuming but bring maximum
gains.
6. Clinical vs Preventive
Medicine Medicine
• Cater to individual patient
• Abstract, invisible
• Focus on cure of diseases
and immediate sufferings
• Bring immediate
gratification form patient;
his family and friends and
the community at large.
• Cater to Masses (community)
• concrete, visible
• Focus on promotion and
protection of health and
prevention of diseases
• Results are not easily
recognizable, measurable
and quantifiable!!
< 1% of national health budget is spent on public health
7. Contributions of Community Medicine
• A major driving force in furthering the
cause of human health and development!
• Simple Public Health measures like –
Safe Water Supply, Sanitary Excreta
Disposal, Vaccination and Vector control
measures has saved many more lives
than would have been saved by all the
dazzling advancement of curatives and
diagnostics put together.
8. Contributions of Community Medicine
• Smallpox Eradication
• Guinae worm Eradication
• Polio Eradication
• Elimination of Leprosy
• Elimination of Neonatal Tetanus
• Control of Maternal and Child Mortality and
Morbidity
• Control of IDD, Vit A deficiency, Iron Deficiency
and so on…..
• Improved health planning (policies and system)
9. Medicine
Noted historian Henry Sigerist defined
medicine as:
“Medicine, by providing health and
preventing illness, endeavors to keep
individuals adjusted to their environment
as useful and contented members of
society; or by restoring health and
rehabilitating the former patient, it
endeavors to readjust individuals to their
environment.”
10. Contd……
From this definition, medicine has two
components –
• “The Promotive and Preventive” component &
• “Restorative and Rehabilitative” component
• However there is no sacrosanct dividing line in
practice. A Public Health expert has to adopt
both the components with focus on public
• In broader sense Preventive medicine refers
to “Limiting the progression of disease ”
at any stage of its course………..
11. Contd……..
• Initially, Preventive Medicine was identified
with “Control of Communicable Diseases”
• Subsequently, “Epidemiology”; an
important “Know-how,” included prevention
of Non-Communicable diseases as well.
• With improvement in HE techniques
“Counseling and Behavior Change
Communication” techniques developed as its
tools too.
12. Preventive Medicine & Public health
The dividing line is hazy -
Preventive medicine is an overall science
while Public Health is an approach
When preventive efforts are focused on
population groups and utilizes the
approach of ‘organized community
efforts’ it takes the shape of public health.
13. Public Health
• In public health problems are named
within the context of the community as
a whole.
• This help in establishing Priorities and
Rational use of resources for the benefit
of the health of the population as a
whole by ‘Organized Community Effort’
and ‘Systematic Social Action’
14. Public Health as defined by CEA Winslow
The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life
and promoting physical health and efficiency; via:-
Organized community efforts for the sanitation of the ENV.
Control of community infections,
Education of individuals in principles of personal hygiene,
Organization of medical and nursing services for early
diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease and
Development of social machinery which will ensure to
every individual in the community, a standard of living
adequate for maintenance of health.
15. Preventive and Social Medicine
• Somewhere around the mid 20th century it
was realized that the art & science of
preventing disease and promoting health
should be taught as independent subject
in medical schools (till then it was taught
as hygiene with medicine).
• Rudolph Virchow et al emphasized the
role of social factors in disease causation
and thereby in its prevention. & helped in
origin of Preventive and Social Medicine
16. Preventive and Social Medicine
• The preventive medicine essentially
combine the social aspects of health &
disease in its theory, practice and teaching.
• Socialized Medicine: refers to the policy of
providing complete medical care
(preventive as well as curative), to all
members of the society (usually a nation)
as a Govt. commitment through public
funds.
17. History of Medicine:
Ancient Times
• Primitive Man attributed disease & sufferings to
the wrath of God- “Supernatural theory of disease;”
• Indian medicine:
5000BC- Ayurveda (‘Tridosa Theory) emerged from
“Atharved”
800BC- Atrey (Takshila); great Indian physician &
Teacher
200 AD- Charak (Court physician of king Kaniska);
wrote “Charak Samhita” descibing some 500
drugs;(Rauvolfia before Reserpine).
18. Indian Medicine…..
Up to 400AD- Shushrut k/a ‘Father of Surgery,’
“Shushrut Samhita”; included Surgery, Anatomy, Pathology,
Ophthalmology, Hygiene, medicine and Mid-Wifery
800AD- Charak & Shushrut Samhita translated in Arabic & Persian
languages.
Hygiene was upfront- “Mohan zodaro”
800BC-600AD- Golden Age of Indian Medicine
Set Back in Mughal period
10th Century AD- Unani & Tibb (originated in Greec), introduced
by Muslim Rulers
1810-1839AD- Homeopathy (originated in Germany),
19. Chinese Medicine: (2700 BC) oldest body of
Medical Knowledge
• Principle - “Yang” (Active Masculine Factor)
and “Yin” (negative Feminine Factor)-
balance= Good Health
• Tools were – hygiene, dietetics, hydrotherapy,
massages, immunization and drugs
• Integrated “Traditional Methods” with “Modern
Techniques”
• Gave “Barefoot Doctors” & “Acupuncture”
20. Egyptian Medicine: (“best of all,” – Homer)
The Art of medicine was mingled with Religion
• Specialization prevailed- in ‘eye, tooth, head etc.’
• Principle - absorption of harmful substances from
intestine putrefy blood and formation of pus.
• Tools- Enema, Bloodletting and drugs
• Excelled in Public Health- Built public baths,
underground drains & planned cities.
• Knew association of plague with Rats, skull &
paralysis, worms, diabetes, rheumatism, polio &
smallpox Vaccination
• Recorded their work on ‘papyrus’
21. Greek Medicine:
460BC-136AD- civilizers of the ancient world
• Principle- “Theory of Humor” matter is build up
of four elements- Earth (cold), Air(dry), Fire(hot)
and Water (moist); represented in body by four
humors- phlegm, yellow bile, blood & black bile.
The human body was assumed to have powers
of restoration of humoral equilibrium.
• Hygiea (PH) and Panacea (Curative)were two
daughters of Aesculapius (his staff; entwined by
a serpent continues to be the symbol of
medicine )
22. Greek Medicine……
• Hippocrates (460-370BC)- Challenged magic and
initiated “application of clinical methods”
• He studied & classified diseases based on
observation & reasoning; distinguished endemic
and epidemic diseases; (Epidemiologist seeking
causes).
• Taught us to think “Why & How.” He studied
effect of climate, diet, clothing, water, habits of
eating & drinking on health.
• Established relation between “Man & his
Environment”
• Hippocratic Oath- set standards for ‘practicing
medicine’.
23. Roman Medicine:
• By 1st Century BC center of civilization shifted to
Rome. They built their Medicine on Greek medicine.
• Public health developed- they built fine roads,
sewers, aqueducts, drained marshes to combat
malaria and established Hospitals/ medical schools.
• Galen (130-205AD); - emphasized importance of
Preserving health; (since both in importance & in
time health precedes disease) & curing disease
• He said disease is due to three factors-
– Predisposing, Initiating, & Environmental Factors
• Europeans accepted his writings as Text Books
24. Middle Ages(500-1500AD)- “Dark Age”
• Fall of Roman Empire lead to Abolition of Medical
Schools/ Hospitals
• Medicine reverted back to “magic & superstition”
(T.B., Plague, Leprosy & Smallpox became
rampant)
• Arabs developed “Unani & Tibb” with borrowed
knowledge from Greek & Roman.
• Abu Becr (Bagdad)865-925AD- also k/a “Razes”
published book on child diseases, his book
differentiating smallpox & Measles !!
• Arabs were seeking “Elixir of Life,” hence
Pharmaceutical chemistry developed.
• Built Hospitals with specialized departments.
25. After 1500AD- “Age of Revolutions”
• Fracastorius: Theory of “Contagion” ( transfer of
infection via minute invisible particles):-
Explained the cause of an Epidemic.
Recognized that Syphilis is transmitted via Sex.
• Vesalius- Anatomy & Ambroise Pare- Surgery.
• 1540- united Co. of barber surgeons formed; later
became Royal College of Surgeons.
• 1628- Harvey; discovery of circulation of blood
• 1670- Leeuwenhoek’s microscope
• Morgagni; 1682-1771 founded pathologic Anatomy
• 1796- Jenner’s vaccination against smallpox
26. • 18th Century; Industrial Revolution slums
• Edwin Chedwick’s (a lawyer) report on “the
sanitary conditions of the labouring
population in Great Britain” same time
Shuttak in America.
• 19th Century; “Great Sanitary
awakening.”
• Public health Act 1848- The State has a
direct responsibility for the Health of the
people.
27. • Concept of Public Health emerged properly
with - Jhon Snow’s spot map for cholera deaths
& Willium Budd’s study on Typhoid fever leading to
source of infection even before causative organism
was identified.
• France, Spain, Australia, Germany, Italy, Belgium, &
the Scandinavian countries all developed Public
Health
• Developing Countries- slow growth of PH
• 1945 – WHO, initiated Public Health movements
28. Germ Theory of Disease (1873):
• Louis Pasteur, (1860) showed presence of
bacteria in air.
• Robert Koch 1877- showed bacteria of Anthrax,
after that; many other were demonstrated-
gonococcus, typhoid, pneumococcus, TB,
Cholera, diphtheria & so on
Preventive Medicine:
James Lind; 1753 for scurvy, Edward Jenner;
1796 developed vaccine for smallpox. In later
part of 19th century many more vaccines
developed.
29. • 1898; Ross demonstrated that malaria
was transmitted by Anopheles, then
Walter Reed et al identified Aedes for
Yellow fever, thus control measures
became specific e.g. – blocking
transmission channels e.g. destruction of
vectors & its breeding places, quarantine.
• With development of Laboratory Methods
“Early Diagnosis & treatment” was also
thought of as preventive measure.
30. • Tissue culture of viruses- Anti Viral Vaccines;
eradication of Smallpox in 1977 (Somalia).
• Discoveries in the field of Nutrition- control of
deficiency diseases.
• Discovery of Synthetic Insecticides.
• Discovery of Sulpha Drugs, Anti malarials, ATT,
Anti Leprosy drugs.
• Development of Chemoprophylaxis and Mass
drug treatment strategies.
• Concept of Screening – Syphilis, TB etc
• Screening for “Risk Factors”& identification of
“High Risk Groups”
31. Changing Concepts in Public Health
• 1880-1920 – Disease Control Phase
• 1920- 1960 – Health Promotional Phase
• 1960-1980 – Social Engineering Phase
• 1981 - 2000 – Health for All Phase
• Preventive Medicine- “health
promotion, Disease Prevention, Disability
limitation & Rehabilitation”
Editor's Notes
Last 2 decades of the 20th century witnessed renewal of interest in Public Health due to
If we had but the gift of second sight to transmute abstract figures into flesh and blood, so that as we walk along the street, we could say, “that man would have been dead of typhoid fever”, “that woman would have succumbed to anaemia of pregnancy”, “that rosy infant would have been in its coffin because of diarrhoea and dehydration”, -then only would we have a faint conception of the silent victories of public health-----“.
even in USA, just about 1% of the nation’s total health spending go towards public health. In 1992, when the average cost of medical treatment was $3,007 for each American, the amount spent on public health was only $ 34 per person.
In USA, the life expectancy increased from 45 years in beginning of 20th century to over 75 years in the next 100 years and only 5 out of these 30 years increase can be attributed to the work of curative medical care system, while the large majority of this gain has come from improvements in public health, broadly defined to include better housing, nutrition, sanitation, immunization and occupational safety
Rauvolfia or srpgandha - reserpine is an alkaloid first isolated from Rauvolfia serpentina and was widely used as antihypertensive drug. It had drastic psychological side effects and has been replaced by other drugs as first line anti hypertensive
Galen (130-205AD); - emphasized importance of Preserving health; & curing disease since both in importance & in time health precedes disease