Nursing care,

2. Nursing
Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, preventions of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of
human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations” (ANA, 2010, p. 10; ANA, 2015b, p7).
NURSING: DEFINITIONS
• NURSING (as an art), Is the art of caring sick and well individual. It refers to the dynamic skills and methods in assisting sick and well individual in their recovery and in the
promotion and maintenance of health.
NURSE: DEFINITION • NU
RSE • Comes from a Latin word “to nourish” or “to cherish • One who cares for the sick, the injured, and the physically, mentally, and emotionally disabled • One who advise and
instruct individuals, families, groups and communities in the prevention, treatment of illness and diseases and in the promotion of health. • An essential member of a health team
who cares for individuals, families and communities in disease and illness prevention and in the promotion of

3. ROLES OF A NURSE
1. Caregiver
2. Communicator
3. Teacher
4. Client Advocate
5. Counselor
6. Change Agent
7. Leader
8. Manager
9. Case Manager
10. Research Consumer
11. Administrator

4. patient
A patient is an individual who is waiting for or undergoing medical treatment and care.

5. client
A client is an individual who engages the advice or services of another who is qualified to provide
this service.

6. Hospital
Hospital is an institution for the care, cure and treatment of the sick and wounded, for the study of the diseases, and for the training of the doctors and nurses.
Definition according to WHO:
The hospital is a complex organization utilizing combination of intricate, specialized scientific equipment, and functioning through a corps of trained people educated to the
problem of modern medical science.

10. Private hospitals

11. Classification of Hospitals
Objectives of the Hospital: Based on the objectives, hospitals can be classified into the following:
1. Teaching-cum-Research Hospital: The primary objective is training of doctors and research. Healthcare is secondary. For example, Medical
Colleges.
2. General Hospitals: These hospitals offer treatment for common diseases. The main objective is to provide medical care, whereas teaching is
secondary.
3. Specialized Hospitals: These hospitals concentrate on giving medical and nursing care in a specific area, e.g. ophthalmic hospital, heart hospital,
etc.
4. Isolation Hospital: This is a hospital in which client requiring isolation or clients suffering from communicable diseases are taken care of.
5. Rural Hospitals are those located in rural areas permanently staffed by at least one or more physicians.

12. Healthcare Services

13. Types of Healthcare Services
1. Primary prevention, which consists of health promotion and illness prevention;
2. Secondary prevention, which consists of diagnosis and treatment.
3. Tertiary prevention, which consists of rehabilitation, health restoration, and palliative care

14. Foundations of Nursing
1. Ma. Tosca Cybil A. Torres, RN, MAN
2. NURSING: DEFINITIONS • NURSING (as an art) • Is the art of caring sick and well individual. It refers to the dynamic skills and methods in assisting sick and well individual in their recovery and in the promotion and maintenance of health. It involves the creative application of knowledge in the service of people • NURSING (as a science) • It is the “body of abstract knowledge” arrived through scientific research and logical analysis • Is the scientific knowledge and skills in assisting individual to achieve optimal health. It is the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential problem.
3. NURSING: DEFINITIONS • Nursing (as a profession) • Profession- a calling in which its members profess to have acquired special knowledge by training or experience, or both so that they may guide, advise or save others in that special field.
4. NURSING: DEFINITIONS • FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE • Nursing is the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery. • VIRGINIA HENDERSON • Nursing is the act of assisting the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to a peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will, or knowledge, and to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible.
5. NURSING: DEFINITIONS • CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION (CNA) • Nursing is a dynamic, caring, helping relationship in which the nurse assist the client to achieve and obtain optimal health. – 1987 • THEMES THAT ARE COMMON TO THESE DEFINITION: • Nursing is caring • Nursing is an art • Nursing is a science • Nursing is client-centered • Nursing is holistic • Nursing is adaptive • Nursing is concerned with health promotion, health maintenance, and health restoration • Nursing is a helping profession
6. NURSING: DEFINITIONS • AMERICAN NURSES ASSOCIATION (ANA) • 1973 • Nursing is direct, goal oriented, and adaptable to the needs of the individual, the family, and community during health and illness. • 1980 • Nursing is the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems. • 1995 • ANA acknowledges FOUR ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF CONTEMPORARY NURSING PRACTICE: • Attention to the full range of human experiences and responses to health and illness without restriction to a problem-focused orientation. • Integration of objective data with knowledge gained from understanding of the client or group’s subjective experience. • Application of scientific knowledge to the processes of diagnosis and treatment. • Provision of caring relationship that facilitates health and healing.
7. NURSE: DEFINITION • NURSE • Comes from a Latin word “to nourish” or “to cherish • One who cares for the sick, the injured, and the physically, mentally, and emotionally disabled • One who advise and instruct individuals, families, groups and communities in the prevention, treatment of illness and diseases and in the promotion of health. • An essential member of a health team who cares for individuals, families and communities in disease and illness prevention and in the promotion of
8. PATIENT: DEFINITION • PATIENT • Comes from a Latin word, “to Suffer” or “to Bear” • An individual who is in the state of physical, mental, and emotional imbalance • An individual who seeks for nursing assistance, medical assistance, or for surgery due to illness or a disease. • Is an individual who is waiting or undergoing medical or surgical care. One who is physically or mentally disabled.
9. PERIODS OF NURSING HISTORY • Intuitive Period • Apprentice Period • Educative Period • Contemporary Period
10. INTUITIVE PERIOD • Prehistoric Early Christian Era • More on intuition • NOMADS – travel from one place to another • Survival of the fittest • “Best for the most” – motto • Sickness is due to “voodoo” • Performed out of feeling of compassion for others • Performed out of desire to help • Performed out of wish to do good • Nursing is given by the WOMEN
11. INTUITIVE PERIOD • SHAMAN – uses white magic to counteract the black magic • They are the doctors during those time. • TREPHINING – drilling the skull • Used to treat Psychotic patients • Psychotic patients are believed to be possessed by evil spirits. • Growth of religion – most important thing that happened • Growth of civilization • Law of self preservation – inspire man in search of knowledge
12. RISE IN CIVILIZATION • From the mode of Nomadic life agrarian society gradual development of urban community life • Existence of means of communication • Start of scientific knowledge more complex life increase in health problems demand for more nurses • Nursing as a duty of SLAVES and WIVES. NURSING DID NOT CHANGE but there was progress in the practice of Medicine. • Care of the sick was still closely allied with superstitions, religion and magic
13. RISE IN CIVILIZATION • Near East – birth place of 3 religious ideologist: • Judaism • Christianity • Mohammedism or Islam - Near East culture was adopted by the Greeks and Romans combined with the wonders of the Far East by returning crusaders and explorers improved and was carried to Europe during the Renaissance Period that resulted to greater knowledge then to the New World by the Early settlers.
14. RISE IN CIVILIZATION • New World – a tiny area known as birth of monotheism that lies between Tigris and Euphrates River in the Nile River arose the cultures of Babylonia, Egypt and Hebrew. • MONOTHEISM – believer of one God
15. BABYLONIANS • CODE OF HAMMURABI • 1st recording on the medical practice • Established the medical fees • Discouraged experimentation • Specific doctor for each disease • Right of patient to choose treatment between the use of charms, medicine, or surgical procedure
16. EGYPTIANS • ART OF EMBALMING • Mummification • Removing the internal organs of the dead body • Instillation of herbs and salt to the dead • Used to enhance their knowledge of the human anatomy. Since work was done and performed on the dead, they learned nothing of Philosophy • “THE 250 DISEASES” • Documentation about 250 diseases and treatments
17. HEBREW • Teachings of MOSES • Created Leviticus • Father of sanitation • Practice the values of “Hospitality to strangers” and the “Act of Charity” – contained in the book of Genesis • LEVITICUS – 3rd book of the Old Testament • Laws controlling the spread of communicable diseases • Laws governing cleanliness • Laws on preparation of food • Purification of man and his food • The ritual of CIRCUMCISION – on the 8th day after birth • MOSAIC LAW • Meant to keep Hebrews pure so that they may enter the sanctuary without affronting God • Meant as a survival for health and hygienic reason only
18. • Use of pharmacologic drugs CHINA • “MATERIA MEDICA” • Book that indicates the pharmacologic drug used for treatment • No knowledge on anatomy • Use of wax to preserve the body of the dead • Method of paper making • FACTOR THAT HAMPERED THE ADVANCEMENT OF MEDICINE: • Prohibits dissecting of human body thus thwarting scientific study
19. • SUSHURUTO INDIA • 1st recording on the nursing practice • Hampered by Taboos due to social structures and practices of animal worship • Medicine men built hospitals • Intuitive form of asepsis • There was proficient practice of Medicine and Surgery • NURSES QUALIFICATIONS: Lay Brothers, Priest Nurses, combination of Pharmacist, Masseurs, PT, cooks • There was also decline in Medical practice due to fall of Buddhism – state religion of India
20. GREECE • AESCULAPUS • Father of medicine in Greek mythology • HIPPOCRATES • Father of modern medicine • 1st to reject the idea that diseases are caused by evil spirits • 1st to apply assessment • Practice medical ethics • CADUCEUS • Insignia of medicine • Composed of staff of travellers intertwined with 2 serpent (the symbol of Aesculapus and his healing power). At the apex of the staff are two wings of Hermes (Mercury) for speed. • NURSES function of untrained slaves
21. ROMANS • Proper turnover for the sick people • “If you’re strong, you’re healthy” – motto • Transition from Pagan to Christianity • FABIOLA • Was converted to Christian and later she converted her home to a hospital and used her wealth for the sick. • 1st hospital in the Christian world
22. APPRENTICE PERIOD • 11th century 1836 • On-the-job training period • Refers to a beginner (on-the-job training). It means care performed by people who are directed by more experienced nurses • Starts from the founding of Religious Orders in the 6th century through the Crusades in the 11th century (1836 – when the deaconesses School of Nursing was established in Kaiserswerth, Germany by Pastor THEODORE FLEIDNER)
23. APPRENTICE PERIOD • There was a struggle for religious, political, and economic power • Crusades took place in order to gain religious, political, and economic power or for adventure • During the Crusade in this period, it happened as an attempt to recapture the Holy Land from the Turk who obtained and gain control of the region as a result of power struggle. Christians were divided due to several religious war and Christians were denied visit to The Holy Sepulcher.
24. MILITARY RELIGIOUS ORDERS AND THEIR WORKS • KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM (ITALIAN) • Also called as “Knights of the Hospitalers” • Established to give care • TEUTONIC KNIGHTS (GERMAN) • Took subsequent wars in the Holy Land • Cared for the injured and established hospitals in the military camps • KNIGHTS OF ST.LAZARUS • Care for those who suffered Leprosy, syphilis, and chronic skin diseases
25. • ALEXIAN BROTHERS • A monasteric order founded in 1348. They established the Alexian Brothers School of Nursing, the largest School under religious auspices exclusively in US and it closed down in 1969 • ST. VINCENT DE PAUL • He organized the charity group called the “La Charite” and the “Community of Sisters of Charity” composed of women dedicated in caring for the sick, the poor, orphaned, and the widowed. He founded the “Sisters of Charity School of Nursing” in Paris, France where Florence Nightingale had her 2nd formal education in Nursing. • LOUISE de GRAS • Was the 1st Superior and co-founder of the Community of Sisters of Charity