Fundamental of nursing Chap 1

1. Unit Objectives
1) Summary of ancient cultures
2) Site of health Care in ancient cultures
3) Islam and Nursing
4) Founder of Nursing
5) Historical perspectives of Nursing
6) Nursing in mughal period
7) Nursing defined by different scholars
8) Definition of Nursing by WHO
9) Types of Nursing Educational programs
10)History of Nursing education in Pakistan

2. Topic:
Summary Of
Ancient Cultures

3. Summary Of Ancient
Cultures
• Early civilization
• Greece
• Roman Empire
• Christianity
• Middle ages
• 15th to 19th century
• Nightingale(1820 -1910)

4. Summary of Ancient
Cultures
Early civilization
Egyptian physicians are believed to have
specialized in certain diseases (such as internal
diseases, fractured bones and wounds)they used to
hire woman to assist childbirth. These women were
the first recorded nurses
GREECE
The Greeks believed in Apollo, they called him
god of healing and prayed to him for magic cures for
their illness.400B.C.,the famous Greek physician
Hippocrates believed that disease had natural not
magical causes.

5. Summary of Ancient
Cultures
Roman Empire
After 300 B.C.,
early physicians built
on the ground work of
their Egyptian and
Greek predecessors.
They are best known
for their advanced
work in health and
health care system.
CHRISTIANITY
Nursing began to
have a formal role. Led
by belief, that love and
care is important for
others. Nursing
became a vocation
Slogan of Christianity
was "love thy neighbor
as thyself"

6. Middle ages
Religion has also played a significant role in the
development of nursing. More hospitals were
built. Nurses gave custodial care and depended
physicians for direction. Care was provided by
monks and nuns.
15th to 19th century
Poverty resulted in serious health issues. Woman
who had committed crimes were recruited in
nursing in lieu of sentence. Before the mid -1800
nursing was without organization, education or
social status, the prevailing attitude was that a
woman's place in the home and that no
respectable woman

7. Site of health Care in
ancient cultures
In ancient periods (B.C.-500AD) ruling class of that
time or usually priests were physician. The site of
health care was temple/church. Treatment was on
the basis of religion or magic. During wars the site
of health care were military tents. Physicians and
their team usually look after their patients in those
tents. In 335 AD Christian hospitals were
established, then Roman military hospitals and
Arab hospitals were developed. In the reign of king
Asoka Indian hospitals were established. They
looked like modern hospitals of today. They had C-
section facility and also have proper sanitation
system as well.

8. : Islam and Nursing
• One of the most famous names in Arab
nursing is Rufaida bent Saad Al- Aslameya, the
first nurse in the Islamic and Eastern world.
• Rufaida accompanied Prophet Muhammad
(PBUH) during his wars, participating in many
battles, such as Badr, Uhud, Khandaq, Khaibar,
and others.

9. Islam and Nursing cont
• She was an advocate for health care, health
education, and disease prevention. Ruanda designed
codes of ethics for nursing and medical care.
• Rufaida was a pioneer in nursing in her era. Since
she received her clinical expertise from her father
who was a physician, she Established a school where
she taught Muslim women nursing, first aid, and
emergency care; this school was the first nursing
school in the Middle East.

10. Q#04 : Founder of Nursing
Nursing leaders
• Florence Nightingale
• Clara Barton
• Lillian Wald
• Lavinia Dock
• Margaret Sanger
• Mary Breckinridge
are among the pioneer leaders of nursing field but
from these Florence Nightingale is the one who is
known for the founder of modern nursing

11. Nursing Leaders
• Margaret Sanger (1979–1966)
Public health nurse in New York Founded
Planned Parenthood
• Mary Breckinridge (1881 - 1965)
Notable pioneer nurse Established Frontier
Nursing Service Started one of first midwifery
training schools in United States

12. Nursing Leaders
• Florence Nightingale (1820 – 1920)
Lady of the Lamp Nursing's first scientist-theorist for her
work Notes on Nursing: What It Is, and What It Is Not (1860)
Nurse during Crimean War
• Clara Barton (1812 – 1912)
Role in establishing American Red Cross, linked to
International red Cross
• Linda Richards (1841 – 1930)
America's first trained nurse
Introduced nurse's notes and doctor's orders
Initiated practice of wearing uniforms

13. Nursing Leaders
• Mary Mahoney (1845-1926)
First African American professional nurse
Worked for equal opportunities
• Lillian Wald (1867 – 1940)
• Lavonia Dock (1858 – 1956)
• Feminist, political activist, suffragette
Campaigned for nurses to control their own
profession

14. FLORENCE
NIGHTINGALE(1820-1910)
Founder of modern nursing Called as lady with the
lamp due to her efforts in Crimean war. First nurse
to exert political pressure on govt.First nursing
Scientist-theorist for her work "Notes on Nursing:
what it is ,and what it is not".[4:14 PM, 1/27/2024]
Mama: CONT....She was born to a wealthy family
and believed that she was "called by God to help
others... [and] to improve the well-being of
mankind". (Schuyler, 1992,p.4).She was given an
honorarium of about 4500 Euro by a grateful
English public .She used this money to develop
Nightingale Training School for Nurses.

15. Historical perspectives of
nursing Women roles
• From the beginning of time woman have cared
infants and children; thus nursing could be said to
have roots in "the home ". Generally, the care
provided was related to physical maintenance and
comfort. Religion: Religion has also played a
significant role in the development of nursing.
Although most of the world's religions encourage
benevolence but firstly it was Christianity which
exerts its effect over care provision to people, it
gave the values like self-sacrificing, spiritual calling,
and devotion to duty and hard work

16. War
1. War has also put its effect on the nursing field.
During Crimean War the work of Florence Nightingale
played an important role to increase the worth of a
nurse in providing health care to patients. Nurse
became a necessary character to meet the needs of
the patient.
2. Nightingale and her team transformed the military
hospital by setting up laundry, kitchens, recreational
centers, and reading rooms.
Societal attitudes:
1. Before mid 1800s nursing was without education,
organization, education, social status. woman was
only to serve her family as a housewife.
2. In 19th century this attitude was totally revolved by
the work of Nightingale.

17. Nursing In Mughal Period
• The women in mughal were wet nurses to princes and
princesses with the title "royal nurse" Angah or Maham-
angah. These women were usually represented prominently
in the Mughal sources providing care to magnificent
children.
• Mughal imperial family have to rely on the services of wet-
nurses with an open mind and with warmth. They never
judge their practice
• Mughal history writers wrote that wet nurses should be pious
women.
• Abul Fazl in his Akbar Nama explains that before selection
wet nurses have to be "even tempered, spiritually-minded"
(Abul Fazl 1998, Vol.1:43-44).

18. Nursing defined by different
scholars
• "The act of utilizing the environment of the patient to
assist him in his recovery "Nightingale, (1860).
• The America Nursing Association describe Nursing
Practice as "direct,goal-oriented, and adaptable to the
needs of the individual, the family, and community
during health and illness". (ANA, 1973,p.2).
• "The unique function of the nurse is to assist the
individual, sick or well, in the performance of those
activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to
peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he
had the necessary strength, will or knowledge".
(Virginia Henderson).

19. Definition of Nursing by
WHO
• Nursing encompasses autonomous and
collaborative care of individuals of all ages,
families, groups and communities, sick or well
and in all settings. It includes the promotion of
health, the prevention of illness, and the care
of ill, disabled and dying people.

20. Types of Nursing
Educational programmers
• Nursing Education is designed to guide students into high-
level nursing education careers to improve their capabilities.
• Nursing assistant (NA) Nursing assistants also go by the title
of nursing aides or CNAs (Certified Nursing Assistants).
• Licensed practical nurse (LPN)
• Registered nurse (RN)
• Baccalaureate Degree Programs Lead to Licensure as an RN
(BSN)
• Master's Programs in Nursing
• Doctoral Programs

21. CONT....
• 2004 to Date many schools of nursing
and colleges of nursing are
established Masters and doctorate
degrees are started across the
country.HEC and PNC established
proper curriculum for nurses.
Scientific publication increased

22. Recipients of Nursing
• Consumer – individual, group of people, or a
community that uses a service or commodity
• patients - person who is waiting for or undergoing
medical treatment and care Seek assistance
because of illness or for surgery. Client person
who engages the advice or services of another
who is qualified
• Term “clients" presents the receivers of health
care as collaborators in the care, that is, as people
who are also responsible for their own health's

23. Scope of Nursing Practice
Nurse provide care for 3 type:
individual, family, and community .
Nursing practice involve four area
1. Promotion of health and wellness
2. Restoration of health
3. Care for the dying

24. Setting for nursing practice
• Hospital
• client's home
• community agenesis
• ambulatory activities and others

25. New chapter

26. Unit no 2
Role of nursing
in health care

27. Unit Objectives
• 1- Define profession
• 2- Characteristics of a profession
• 3- Role of a professional nurse
• 4- Description of career roles
• 5- Description of role as a Communicator
• 6- Description of role as a Teacher
• 7- Description of role as a Counselor

28. Q#3: Roles of Professional
Nurse
1- Caregiver (physical or psychological care provider)
2- Communicator(communicate with client, support people)
3- Teacher (teach client about health and health care problems)
4- Client Advocate(protect the client).
5- Counselor(help in recognizing and coping health problems)
6- Change Agent (nurse deal with the change in health care
system)
7- Leader(nurse understand the needs and goals of patient as a
leader)
8- Manager(manages the nursing care of pt. in hospital or
community)
9- Case Manager(nurse deals with multidisciplinary team to
deal a pt.)
10- Research consumer(use research findings to
improve client care)

29. Q#4: Description of career
roles Career Roles:
1-Nurse- Midwife
2-Nurse Educator
3-Nurse-Practitioner
4-Nurse- Researcher
5-Nurse- Anesthetist
6-Clinical Nurse specialist
7-Nurse- Administrator
8-Nurse- Entrepreneur

30. 1-Nurse-midwife
An RN who has completed her education in
field of midwifery . This nurse provide prenatal
(prenatal, intranasal, postnatal) care to
mother and neonate. These midwifes remain
in interaction with the health care agencies
and inform them in case of emergency during
delivery. They also conduct cervical smear,
guide about family planning and

31. 2-Nurse-Educator
They are employed in nursing programs, e.g. in nursing schools
and colleges for teaching as nursing instructors. They usually
have a baccalaureate degree or more advanced education in a
particular area of practice, they also have a clinical experience,
that help them efficiently in teaching. They are responsible for
class lectures as well as clinical teaching. They are employed in
nursing programs, e.g. in nursing schools and colleges for
teaching as nursing instructors. They usually have a
baccalaureate degree or more advanced education in a
particular area of practice, they also have a clinical experience,
that help them efficiently in teaching. They are responsible for
class lectures as well as clinical teaching.

32. 3-Nurse practitioner
A nurse who has an advanced education and
is graduate of a nurse -practitioner program.
They are certified in areas such as adult nurse-
practitioner, family nurse-practitioner, school
nurse-practitioner, and pediatric nurse-
practitioner. They are employed in health care
agencies or community-based settings. They
usually deal with non-emergency acute or
chronic illness and provide ambulatory care.

33. 4-Nurse Researcher
Nurse Researcher investigate the
problems originating in nursing field,
she analyzes these problems and
does research on it and expand
nursing knowledge. They usually have
education at doctoral level

34. 5-Nurse Anesthetist
A nurse who has completed advanced
education in the field of anesthesiology. This
nurse perform her duty in pre-operative
assessment of a client, also administer general
anesthetics to the patients under the
supervision of physician or anesthetist.

35. 7-Nurse Administrator
The nurse administrator have usually a middle
management position such a head -Nurse,
Supervisor, or sometimes more senior
management position such as Director of
Nursing, Nursing Superintendent. The
responsibilities of administrator is to manage
budgets, staff distribution in different wards,
ward management. Education required is
usually a baccalaureate degree(BSN), Master's
or a doctoral degree

36. Q-5:Description of role as a
Communicator
Communication is an integral part of all nursing
roles. Nurses communicate with client, with
support people, with community ,and with other
health professionals effectively. The
communication skills are necessary for nursing
field. A professional nurse must be a good
communicator so that he/she may be able to
understand the actual needs of client to meet
those needs. As a good communicator nurse must
be a good listener, having a non judgmental
behavior, kind and empathetic to patient.

37. Q-7:Description of role as a
Teacher
As a teacher, the nurse is efficient in teaching
clients, support people and community about
health related problems and also give awareness
about serious health issues and their
management. They also manage community based
lectures for the well-being of people. Nurse
determines the client's learning needs, readiness
of learning ,sets specific learning goals and
teaching strategies. They also teach nursing
students how to solve the health related issue and
how to meet the needs of the client.

38. Description of role as a
Counselor
• Counseling:
• It is the process of helping the client recognize and cope with
stressful psychological or social problems, to interpersonal
relationships and to promote personal growth.
• • As a counselor a nurse provide emotional, intellectual and
psychological support.
• • Nurse counsels primarily healthy clients with normal
adjustment difficulties.
• • As a counselor a nurse focuses on helping the person to
develop new attitudes, feelings, and behaviors.
• • Nurse helps the client to adapt alternative behaviors,
recognize new choices and develop sense of control 20