What is nursing.drjma

NURSING: DEFINITIONS
• NURSING (as an art)
– Is the art of caring sick and well individual. It refers to the dynamic
skills and methods in assisting sick and well individual in their recovery
and in the promotion and maintenance of health. It involves the
creative application of knowledge in the service of people
• NURSING (as a science)
– It is the “body of abstract knowledge” arrived through scientific
research and logical analysis
– Is the scientific knowledge and skills in assisting individual to achieve
optimal health. It is the diagnosis and treatment of human responses
to actual or potential problem.

• Nursing (as a profession)
– Profession- a calling in which its
members profess to have acquired
special knowledge by training or
experience, or both so that they may
guide, advise or save others in that
special field.

• FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
– Nursing is the act of utilizing the environment
of the patient to assist him in his recovery.
• VIRGINIA HENDERSON
– Nursing is the act of assisting the individual,
sick or well, in the performance of those
activities contributing to health or its recovery
(or to a peaceful death) that he would perform
unaided if he had the necessary strength, will,
or knowledge, and to do this in such a way as
to help him gain independence as rapidly as
possible.

• CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION (CNA)
– Nursing is a dynamic, caring, helping relationship in which the nurse
assist the client to achieve and obtain optimal health. – 1987
– THEMES THAT ARE COMMON TO THESE DEFINITION:
• Nursing is caring
• Nursing is an art
• Nursing is a science
• Nursing is client-centered
• Nursing is holistic
• Nursing is adaptive
• Nursing is concerned with health promotion, health maintenance, and
health restoration
• Nursing is a helping profession

• AMERICAN NURSES ASSOCIATION (ANA)
– 1973
• Nursing is direct, goal oriented, and adaptable to the needs of the
individual, the family, and community during health and illness.
– 1980
• Nursing is the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or
potential health problems.
– 1995
• ANA acknowledges FOUR ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF CONTEMPORARY
NURSING PRACTICE:
– Attention to the full range of human experiences and responses to health and
illness without restriction to a problem-focused orientation.
– Integration of objective data with knowledge gained from understanding of
the client or group’s subjective experience.
– Application of scientific knowledge to the processes of diagnosis and
treatment.
– Provision of caring relationship that facilitates health and healing.

NURSE: DEFINITION
• NURSE
– Comes from a Latin word “to nourish” or
“to cherish
– One who cares for the sick, the injured, and
the physically, mentally, and emotionally
disabled
– One who advise and instruct individuals,
families, groups and communities in the
prevention, treatment of illness and
diseases and in the promotion of health.
– An essential member of a health team who
cares for individuals, families and
communities in disease and illness
prevention and in the promotion of health
and healthy environment.

PATIENT: DEFINITION
• PATIENT
– Comes from a Latin word, “to Suffer” or “to
Bear”
– An individual who is in the state of physical,
mental, and emotional imbalance
– An individual who seeks for nursing assistance,
medical assistance, or for surgery due to
illness or a disease.
– Is an individual who is waiting or undergoing
medical or surgical care. One who is physically
or mentally disabled.

PERIODS OF NURSING
HISTORY
• Intuitive Period
• Apprentice Period
• Educative Period
• Contemporary Period

INTUITIVE PERIOD
• Prehistoric  Early Christian Era
• More on intuition
• NOMADS – travel from one place to another
– Survival of the fittest
– “Best for the most” – motto
• Sickness is due to “voodoo”
• Performed out of feeling of compassion for others
• Performed out of desire to help
• Performed out of wish to do good
• Nursing is given by the WOMEN

INTUITIVE PERIOD
• SHAMAN – uses white magic to counteract the black magic
– They are the doctors during those time.
• TREPHINING – drilling the skull
– Used to treat Psychotic patients
– Psychotic patients are believed to be possessed by evil spirits.
• Growth of religion – most important thing that happened
• Growth of civilization
• Law of self preservation – inspire man in search of knowledge

RISE IN CIVILIZATION
• From the mode of Nomadic life  agrarian
society  gradual development of urban
community life
• Existence of means of communication
• Start of scientific knowledge  more complex life
 increase in health problems  demand for
more nurses
• Nursing as a duty of SLAVES and WIVES. NURSING
DID NOT CHANGE but there was progress in the
practice of Medicine.
• Care of the sick was still closely allied with
superstitions, religion and magic

• Near East – birth place of 3 religious
ideologist:
– Judaism
– Christianity
– Mohammedism or Islam
- Near East culture was adopted by the Greeks
and Romans combined with the wonders of the
Far East by returning crusaders and explorers
improved and was carried to Europe during the
Renaissance Period that resulted to greater
knowledge then to the New World by the Early
settlers.

• New World – a tiny area known as birth of
monotheism that lies between Tigris and
Euphrates River in the Nile River arose the
cultures of Babylonia, Egypt and Hebrew.
– MONOTHEISM – believer of one God

BABYLONIANS
• CODE OF HAMMURABI
– 1st recording on the medical practice
– Established the medical fees
– Discouraged experimentation
– Specific doctor for each disease
– Right of patient to choose treatment between the
use of charms, medicine, or surgical procedure

EGYPTIANS
• ART OF EMBALMING
– Mummification
– Removing the internal organs of the dead body
– Instillation of herbs and salt to the dead
– Used to enhance their knowledge of the human anatomy.
Since work was done and performed on the dead, they
learned nothing of Philosophy
• “THE 250 DISEASES”
– Documentation about 250 diseases and treatments

HEBREW• Teachings of MOSES
– Created Leviticus
– Father of sanitation
• Practice the values of “Hospitality to
strangers” and the “Act of Charity” –
contained in the book of Genesis
• LEVITICUS – 3rd book of the Old
Testament
– Laws controlling the spread of communicable diseases
– Laws governing cleanliness
– Laws on preparation of food
– Purification of man and his food
– The ritual of CIRCUMCISION – on the 8th day after birth
• MOSAIC LAW
– Meant to keep Hebrews pure so that they may enter
the sanctuary without affronting God
– Meant as a survival for health and hygienic reason only

CHINA• Use of pharmacologic drugs
• “MATERIA MEDICA”
– Book that indicates the
pharmacologic drug used for
treatment
• No knowledge on anatomy
• Use of wax to preserve the body of the
dead
• Method of paper making
• FACTOR THAT HAMPERED THE
ADVANCEMENT OF MEDICINE:
– Prohibits dissecting of human body
thus thwarting scientific study

INDIA
• SUSHURUTO
– 1st recording on the nursing practice
• Hampered by Taboos due to social
structures and practices of animal
worship
• Medicine men built hospitals
• Intuitive form of asepsis
• There was proficient practice of
Medicine and Surgery
• NURSES QUALIFICATIONS: Lay Brothers,
Priest Nurses, combination of
Pharmacist, Masseurs, PT, cooks
• There was also decline in Medical
practice due to fall of Buddhism – state
religion of India

GREECE • AESCULAPUS
– Father of medicine in Greek mythology
• HIPPOCRATES
– Father of modern medicine
– 1st to reject the idea that diseases are caused by evil
spirits
– 1st to apply assessment
– Practice medical ethics
• CADUCEUS
– Insignia of medicine
– Composed of staff of travellers intertwined with 2
serpent (the symbol of Aesculapus and his healing
power). At the apex of the staff are two wings of
Hermes (Mercury) for speed.
• NURSES  function of untrained
slaves

ROMANS
• Proper turnover for the sick people
• “If you’re strong, you’re healthy” – motto
• Transition from Pagan to Christianity
• FABIOLA
– Was converted to Christian and later she
converted her home to a hospital and used her
wealth for the sick.
• 1st hospital in the Christian world

APPRENTICE PERIOD
• 11th century  1836
• On-the-job training period
• Refers to a beginner (on-the-job
training). It means care performed by
people who are directed by more
experienced nurses
• Starts from the founding of Religious
Orders in the 6th century through the
Crusades in the 11th century (1836 –
when the deaconesses School of
Nursing was established in
Kaiserswerth, Germany by Pastor
THEODORE FLEIDNER)

APPRENTICE PERIOD
• There was a struggle for religious, political, and
economic power
• Crusades took place in order to gain religious,
political, and economic power or for adventure
• During the Crusade in this period, it happened as
an attempt to recapture the Holy Land from the
Turk who obtained and gain control of the region
as a result of power struggle. Christians were
divided due to several religious war and
Christians were denied visit to The Holy
Sepulcher.

MILITARY RELIGIOUS ORDERS AND THEIR
WORKS
• KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM (ITALIAN)
– Also called as “Knights of the Hospitalers”
– Established to give care
• TEUTONIC KNIGHTS (GERMAN)
– Took subsequent wars in the Holy Land
– Cared for the injured and established hospitals in the
military camps
• KNIGHTS OF ST.LAZARUS
– Care for those who suffered Leprosy, syphilis, and chronic
skin diseases

• ALEXIAN BROTHERS
– A monasteric order founded in 1348. They established the Alexian
Brothers School of Nursing, the largest School under religious auspices
exclusively in US and it closed down in 1969
• ST. VINCENT DE PAUL
– He organized the charity group called the “La Charite” and the
“Community of Sisters of Charity” composed of women dedicated in
caring for the sick, the poor, orphaned, and the widowed. He founded
the “Sisters of Charity School of Nursing” in Paris, France where
Florence Nightingale had her 2nd formal education in Nursing.
• LOUISE de GRAS
– Was the 1st Superior and co-founder of the Community of Sisters of
Charity

NURSING SAINTS
• ST. CLAIRE OF ASSISI
– Took vows of poverty, obedience to service and chastity
– Founded the 2nd order of St. Francis of Assisi
• “the poor Claire”
• ST. ELIZABETH OF HUNGARY
– The patroness of Nursing
– A princess
– Sees her calling to give care for the sick
– Fed thousands of hungry people
• St. CATHERINE OF SIENA
– “Little Saint” – took care of the sick as early as 7y/o
– “1st Lady with a Lamp”

RISE OF RELIGIOUS NURSING ORDER
• Orders of St. Francis of Assisi
– 1st order – founded by St. Francis
– 2nd order “the poor Claire” – founded by St. Claire
– 3rd “the tertiary order”
• Beguines
• Oblates
• Benedictines
• Ursulites
• Augustinians

DARK PERIOD OF NURSING
• From 17th century – 19th century
• Also called the Period of Reformation until the American Civil War
• Hospitals were closed
• Nursing were the works of the least desirable people (criminals,
prostitutes, drunkards, slaves, and opportunists)
• Nurses were uneducated, filthy, harsh, ill-fed, overworked
• Mass exodus for nurses
• The American Civil War was led by Martin Luther, the war was a religious
upheaval that resulted to the destruction in the unity of Christians.
• The conflict swept everything connected to Roman Catholicism in schools,
orphanages, and hospitals

DARK PERIOD OF NURSING
• THEODORE FLIEDNER
– (a pastor) reconstituted the Deaconesses and later be established the
School of Nursing at Kaiserswerth, Germany where Florence
Nightingale had her 1st formal training for 3 months as nurse
– Practiced her profession during the Crimean War
– “Lady with a Lamp”
– From a well-known family
– Went to Germany to study

EDUCATIVE
PERIOD
• Florence Nightingale era
• Began in June 15, 1860 when Florence Nightingale School
of Nursing opened at St. Thomas Hospital in London
England, where 1st program for formal education of
Nurses began and contributed growth of Nursing in the
US
– FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING
EDUCATION:
• Social forces
• Trends resulting from war
• Emancipation of women
• Increased educational opportunities
– Mother of Modern Nursing
– Lady with the Lamp
– Born on May 12, 1820 in Florence, Italy
– Her SELF-APPOINTED GOAL – to change the profile of
Nursing
– She compiled notes of her visits to hospitals, her
observations of sanitation practices and entered
Deaconesses School of Nursing at Kaiserswerth, Germany
for 3 months.

EDUCATIVE PERIOD
– Became the Superintendent of the Establishment
for Gentle Women during the Illness (refers to the ill
governess or instructors of Nursing
– She disapproved restriction on admission of patient
and considered this unchristian and contrary to
health care.
– Upgraded the practice of Nursing and made Nursing
a honorable profession
– Led other nurses in taking care of the wounded and
sick soldiers during the Crimean War
– She was designated as Superintendent of the
Female Establishment of English General Hospital in
Turkey during the Crimean War
– She reduced the casualties of war by 42%-2% thru
her effort by improving the practice of sanitation
techniques and procedure in the military barracks

EDUCATIVE PERIOD
• THE CONCEPTS OF FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE ON NURSING
SCHOOL:
– School of Nursing should be self-supporting not subject to the whimps
of the Hospital.
– Have decent living quarters for students and pay Nurse instructors
– Correlate theories to practice
– Support Nursing research and promote continuing education for
nurses
– Introduce teaching knowledge that disease could be eliminated by
cleanliness and sanitation and Florence Nightingale likewise did not
believed in the Germ Theory of Bacteriology.
– Opposed central registry of nurses
– Wrote Notes on Nursing, “What it is and what it is not.”
– Wrote notes on hospitals

EDUCATIVE PERIOD
• OTHER SCHOOLS OF NURSING
– Bellevue Training School for Nurses – New York City
– Alexian Brothers Hospital School of Nursing in US
exclusively for men. It opened in 1348 and it closed
down in 1969.
• LINDA RICHARDS – the first graduate nurse in
US. Graduated in September 1, 1873.
• 2 NURSING ASSOCIATION / ORGANIZATIONS
THAT UPGRADED NURSING PRACTICE IN US:
– American Nurses Association
– National League for Nursing Education

CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
• World War II – present
• This refers to the period after World War I and the
changes and development in the trends and practice
of Nursing occurring since 1945 after World War II.
• Includes scientific and technological development,
social changes occurring after the war.
• Nursing is offered in College and Universities

CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
• DEVELOPMENT AND TRENDS:
– W.H.O established by U.N to fight diseases by providing
health information, proper nutrition, living standard,
environmental conditions.
– The use of Atomic energy for diagnosis and treatment.
– Space Medicine and Aerospace Nursing
– Medical equipment and machines for diagnosis and
treatment
– Health related laws
– Primary Health Care – Nurses involvement in CHN
– Utilization of computers
– Technology advances such as development of disposable
equipment and supplies that relieved the tedious task of
Nurses.
– Development of the expanded role of Nurses

CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
• FACTORS AFFECTING NURSING TODAY:
– Economics
– Consumer’s Demand
– Family Structure
– Information and Telecommunications
– Legislation

HISTORY OF NURSING
(PHILIPPINE SETTING)
• EARLY BELIEFS AND PRACTICES
– Beliefs About Causation of Diseases:
• Caused or inflicted by other person (enemy or witch)
• Evil spirits
– Beliefs That Evil Spirits Could Be Driven Off By
Person With Powers To Expel Bad Spirits:
• Believed in Gods of healing
• Word doctors – priest physicians
• Herbolarios – herb doctors

HISTORY OF NURSING
• EARLY CARE OF THE SICK
– HERBICHEROS – herbmen who practice
witchcraft
– MANGKUKULAM / MANGANGAWAY – a
person suffering from disease without any
identified cause and were believed
bewitched by such
– Difficult child birth and some diseases
attributed to (NONO) midwives
– Difficult birth, witches were supposed to be
the cause, gunpowder exploded from a
bamboo pole close to the head of the
mother to drive evil spirits

HISTORY OF NURSING
• EARLY HOSPITALS:
– Hospital Real de Manila – 1577
• 1st hospital established
• Gov. Francisco de Sande
• To give service to the king’s Spaniard soldiers
– San Lazaro Hospital – 1578
• Fray Juan Clemente
• Named after the Knights of St. Lazarus
• Hospital for the lepers

HISTORY OF NURSING
• EARLY HOSPITALS:
– Hospital de Indios – 1586
• Franciscan Orders
• Hospital for the poor Filipino people
– Hospital de Aguas Santas – 1590
• Fray Juan Bautista
• Named after its location (near spring) because people believed
that spring has a healing power.
– San Juan de Dios Hospital – 1596
• For poor people
• Located at Roxas Boulevard

HISTORY OF NURSING
• PERSONAGES:
– Dona Hilaria de Aguinaldo
• 1st wife of Emilio Aguinaldo
• Established Philippine Red Cross – February 17, 1899
– Dona Maria Agoncillo de Aguinaldo
• 2nd wife of Emilio Aguinaldo
• 1st president of Philippine Red Cross (Batangas Chapter)
– Josephine Bracken
• Helped Rizal in treating sick people

HISTORY OF NURSING
• PERSONAGES:
– Melchora Aquino
• Took care of the wounded Katipuneros
– Anastacia Giron Tupaz
• Founder of Filipino Nurses Association – established on October
15, 1922
• 1st Filipino chief nurse of PGH
• 1st Filipino Superintendent of Nurses in the Philippines
– Francisco Delgado
• 1st president of Filipino Nurses Association

HISTORY OF NURSING
• PERSONAGES:
– Cesaria Tan
• 1st Filipino to receive Masteral Degree in Nursing abroad
– Socorro Sirilan
• Pioneer in Social Service at San Lazaro Hospital
• Also the chief nurse
– Rosa Militar
• Pioneer in nursing education
– Socorro Diaz
• 1st editor of PNA magazine called, “The Message”
– Conchita Ruiz
• Full time editor of the PNA newly named magazine, “The
Filipino Nurse

HISTORY OF NURSING
• EARLY NURSING SCHOOLS
– Iloilo Mission Hospital and School of Nursing
• Established in 1906 under the supervision of Rose
Nicolet (American)
• Nursing course – 3yrs.
• Produced 1st batch of Nursing graduates in 1909 – 22
nurses
• 1st TRAINED NURSES:
– Nicasia Cada
– Felipa Dela Pena
– Dorotea Caldito
• April 1944 – 1st Nursing Board Exam at Iloilo Mission
Hospital

HISTORY OF NURSING
• EARLY NURSING SCHOOLS
– PGH School of Nursing – 1907
– St. Paul School of Nursing – 1907
– St. Luke’s School of Nursing – 1907
– UST – 1946
– Fatima – 1947

Nursing in Primary Care Setting
1. Public health nursing
2. Occupational nursing
3. Clinic nursing
4. School nursing
5. Private duty nursing
6. Military nursing
7. Ambulatory care nursing
8. Nursing in correctional facilities
• Nursing in primary care setting
• Primary- initial health care for general complaints
• Usually the person’s 1st contact with the health care delivery
system
• Managing current health care needs, and preventing further
problems.

Nursing in Secondary Care Setting
Institutional nursing: Hospital nursing
• Director of nursing
• Clinical coordinator
• Head nurse
• Staff nurse
• OB-Gyne nursing
• Pediatric nursing
• Orthopedic nursing
• OR nursing
• Med-surgical nursing
• Psychiatric nursing
• ER nursing
• Critical care nursing
• Flight nurse
• Infection-surveillance nurse

Nursing in Tertiary Care Setting
1. Skilled care setting
2. Rehabilitation setting
3. Advanced practice nursing (APN)
– Clinical nurse specialist
– Nurse anesthetist
– Nurse educator
– Nurse administrator
– Nurse researcher

Role
• A goal directed act or behavior
that is considered acceptable to
the culture of given situation

ROLES OF A NURSE
• Caregiver
• Communicator
• Teacher
• Client Advocate
• Counselor
• Change Agent
• Leader
• Manager
• Case Manager
• Research Consumer
• Role Model
• Administrator
• Expanded Career Roles

ROLES OF A NURSE
• Caregiver
– Primary goal
– TYPES OF CARE:
• Full Care  for completely dependent patient
• Partial Care  for partially dependent patient
• Supportive-Educative care  to assist clients in attaining
their highest possible level of health and wellness; for
learnings
• Communicator
– Integral to all nursing roles
– Nurses communicate with the client, support persons,
other health professionals, and people in the
community
– Nurses identify client problems and then communicate
these verbally or in writing to other members of the
health team

ROLES OF A NURSE
• Teacher
– Nurses help clients learn about their health and the
health care procedure they need to perform to restore
or maintain their health.
– Nurses assesses the client’s learning needs and
readiness to learn, sets specific learning goals in
conjunction with the client, enacts teaching strategies,
and measures learning.
– Nurses also teaches unlicensed assistive personnel to
whom they delegate care, and they share their
expertise with other nurses and health professionals.
• Client Advocate
– Acts to protect the client
– Nurse may represent the client’s needs and wishes to
other health professionals, such as relaying the client’s
wishes for information to the physician.
– Nurses assist clients in exercising their rights and help
them speak up for themselves

ROLES OF A NURSE
• Counselor
– Helping a client recognize and cope with stressful
psychologic or social problems, to develop
improved interpersonal relationships, and to
promote personal growth.
– Involves providing emotional, intellectual and
psychologic support.
– Nurses counsel primarily healthy individuals with
normal adjustment difficulties and focuses on
helping the person develop new attitudes, feelings,
behaviors by encouraging the client to look at
alternative behaviors, recognizing the choices, and
develop sense of control.
• Change Agent
– Assisting others to make modifications in their own
behavior.
– Nurses also often act to make changes in a system if
it is not helping client return to health.

ROLES OF A NURSE
• Leader
– Influences others to work together to accomplish a specific goal.
– Can be employed at different levels: individual client, family, groups of
clients, colleagues, or the community
• Case Manager
– Work with the multidisciplinary health care team to measure the
effectiveness of the case management plan and to monitor outcomes.
– Works with primary or staff nurses to oversee the care of a specific
caseload.
– Primary nurse or provides some level of direct care to the client and
family
– Helps ensure that care is oriented to the client, while controlling costs.

ROLES OF A NURSE
• Research Consumer
– Often use research to improve client care
– Have some awareness of the process and language of research
– Be sensitive to issues related to protecting the rights of human
subjects
– Participate in the identification of significant researchable problems
– Be a discriminating consumer of research findings
• Role Model
– Has good physical appearance
– Practices proper hygiene
– Practices healthy lifestyle

ROLES OF A NURSE
• Administrator
– Assumes middle management position
– Connects the patient to other services of the hospital
• Expanded Career Roles
– Nurse practitioner, clinical nurse specialist, nurse midwife,
nurse educator, nurse researcher, and nurse anesthetist
– All of which allow greater independence and autonomy.

CONCEPT OF PROFESSION (Marie
Jahoda)
• An organization of an occupational group based on the
application of special knowledge which establishes its own
rules and standards for the protection of the public and the
professionals.
• A profession implies that the quality of work done by its
members is of greater importance in its own eyes and the
society than the economic rewards they earn.
• Serves all of society and not the specific interests of a group

CHARACTERISTICS AND ATTRIBUTES OF A PROFESSIONAL
PERSON
• Is concerned with quality.-ksa
• Is self-directed, responsible and accountable for
his actions.
• Is able to make independent and sound
judgment including high moral judgment.
• Is dedicated to the improvement of human life
• Is committed to the spirit of inquiry.

NURSING AS A PROFESSION
Primary Characteristics:
• Education
• Theory
• Service
• Autonomy
• Code of Ethics
• Caring

• Professional Nursing
- art and science, dominated by an ideal of
service in which certain principles are applied in
skillful care of the well and ill, and through
relationship with the client, significant others
and other members of the health team.
• Professional Nurse
- A person who has completed a basic nursing
education program and is licensed in his country
or state to practice professional nursing.

QUALITIES AND ABILITIES OF A
PROFESSIONAL NURSE
• Has faith in the fundamental values that
underlie the democratic way of life:
– Respect for human dignity
– Self sacrifice for the common good.
– Strong sense of responsibility for sharing in the
solution of the problems of the society.
• Has a sense of responsibility for
understanding those with whom he works or
associates with through the use of skills:

• Has the basic knowledge, skills and attitudes
necessary to address present day social
problems, realistic and well organized thoughts
through the use of critical thinking
• Has skills in using written and spoken language,
both to develop own thoughts and to
communicate them to others.
• Appreciates and understands importance of good
health
• Has emotional balance.
• Accepts and tries to understand people of all
sorts, regardless of race, religion and color.

Five fold nursing functions
– Promoting Health and Wellness
– Preventing Illness
– Pain/suffering alleviation
– Restoring Health
– Creation of a spiritual environment

• PROMOTING HEALTH AND WELLNESS
– Wellness – state of well-being. Engaging in attitudes and behavior that
enhance the quality of life and maximize personal potential
– For both healthy and ill.
– Involve individual and community activities to enhance healthy
lifestyle, such as improving nutrition and physical fitness, preventing
drug and alcohol misuse, restricting smoking, and preventing
accidents and injury in the home and workplace.

• PREVENTING ILLNESS
– The goal is to maintain optimal health by
preventing diseases
– Nursing activities includes immunizations,
prenatal and infant care, and prevention of
sexually transmitted disease.

Pain/suffering Alleviation
• The goal is to provide relief from pain
to promote comfortable healing
process

• RESTORING HEALTH
– Focuses on the ill client
– Extends from early detection of disease to helping
the client during the recovery period
NURSING ACTIVITIES:
• Providing direct care to the ill person: administering
medications, baths, and specific procedures and
treatments
• Providing diagnostic and assessment procedures:
measuring BP and examining feces for occult blood
• Consulting with other health care professionals about
client’s problems
• Teaching clients about recovery activities: exercise
that will accelerate recovery after a stroke
• Rehabilitating clients to their optimal functional level
following physical or mental illness, injury, or
chemical addiction

• Creation of a spiritual environment
– Provision of spiritual care
– Involves comforting and caring for people of all
ages who are dying
– Includes helping clients live as comfortable as
possible until death and helping support
persons cope with death.
– Work in homes, hospitals, and extended care
facilities
– Hospices are specifically designed for this
purpose.

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