The family environment plays an important role in influencing the way that children use the media and the degree of their exposure to media, however the mediating role of parents in this process is not sufficiently understood. The present paper presents the results of a 2016 Slovenian national survey in which opinions of 2,825 parents concerning their children’s exposure to media were collected and analysed using the SPSS PSAW Statistic 18 software package. Our results show that exposure to media by children from the first to the sixth grade increases with age, that children of parents who are themselves heavy media users are more likely to be heavy users and that children who are heavy media users also receive lower test scores.
Impacts of social networking site (sns) on growing up adolescent girls a stud...NAAR Journal
Nowadays the internet has gained paramount importance in the education arena. The main objective of the study is to identify the impacts of social networking sites (SNS) on growing up adolescent girls in KCC. To identify the nature of browsing the internet, to find out how social sites help to increase the knowledge level, to know the impact of using a social networking site. The study was conducted through a survey research design. For this study, purposive sampling was used. Samples were collected from the 13 to 18-year girls. The total sample size was 100. The average age of using the internet for the first time of the respondents was 17.71 years old. The study shows that teenagers were positively affected as social media helped in increasing their communication abilities, getting information, developing their technical skills, and how they can effectively use this recent technology.
Exploring adolescent social media use and high schools: Tensions and compati...Vanessa Dennen
Poster presented at Social Media & Society 2018 (Copenhagen).
Authors: Rutledge, Dennen, Bagdy, Rowlett & Burnick
for more info on our project see: http://studentssocialmediaschools.com
Impacts of social networking site (sns) on growing up adolescent girls a stud...NAAR Journal
Nowadays the internet has gained paramount importance in the education arena. The main objective of the study is to identify the impacts of social networking sites (SNS) on growing up adolescent girls in KCC. To identify the nature of browsing the internet, to find out how social sites help to increase the knowledge level, to know the impact of using a social networking site. The study was conducted through a survey research design. For this study, purposive sampling was used. Samples were collected from the 13 to 18-year girls. The total sample size was 100. The average age of using the internet for the first time of the respondents was 17.71 years old. The study shows that teenagers were positively affected as social media helped in increasing their communication abilities, getting information, developing their technical skills, and how they can effectively use this recent technology.
Exploring adolescent social media use and high schools: Tensions and compati...Vanessa Dennen
Poster presented at Social Media & Society 2018 (Copenhagen).
Authors: Rutledge, Dennen, Bagdy, Rowlett & Burnick
for more info on our project see: http://studentssocialmediaschools.com
Social Media Use and Adolescent Mental Health: Findings From the UK Millenniu...eraser Juan José Calderón
Social Media Use and Adolescent Mental Health: Findings From the UK Millennium Cohort Study de Yvonne Kelly, Afshin Zilanawala, Cara Booker, Amanda Sacker publicado en eClinicalMedicine
Published: January 04, 2019 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2018.12.005
Social Media Use and Junior High School Student’s Academic Performance in the...ijtsrd
This descriptive correlational study was conducted to determine the social media utilization and its effects on student’s academic performance in selected secondary schools in the Division of Northern Samar. This study utilized purposive sampling in determining the 1,144 Grade 10 student respondent from the following schools in Northern Samar Balicuatro area Allen National High School, San Isidro Agro Industrial High School, The majority of the students own only one 1 social media account. The findings also revealed that the students had good academic performance in all subjects, namely English, Mathematics, Science, Filipino, Araling Panlipunan, MAPEH, ESP, and TVE. This resulted in an overall proficient academic performance. It was also found out that the best positive effect of using social media is its effectiveness in communicating with their friends. On the other hand, one of the prominent negative effects of social media on students is that social media is addictive and a challenge that affects their academic life. The findings also revealed that the profile and the social media utilization have no significant relationship with the students’ academic performance. The top school related problem that emerged is the reduced learning and research capabilities when utilizing social media. In general, the school related problems encountered by the students using social media were described as very alarming. The top personal problem is that in social media, the students are more prone to cyber bullying. In general, the personal problems encountered by the students using social media were described as very alarming. Jester Ditche "Social Media Use and Junior High School Student’s Academic Performance in the Division of Northern Samar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41278.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comhumanities-and-the-arts/education/41278/social-media-use-and-junior-high-school-student’s-academic-performance-in-the-division-of-northern-samar/jester-ditche
Presentation that explains the relationship between the Facebook use and academic performance, based on the results of an expressive and exploratory survey study on college students who use Facebook and who do not use.
Ref: "Computers and Human Behavior" by Paul A. Kirschner & Aryn C. Karpinski
IMPACT OF FACEBOOK USAGE ON THEACADEMIC GRADES: A CASE STUDYSajjad Sayed
IMPACT OF FACEBOOK USAGE ON THE ACADEMIC GRADES: A CASE STUDY
This article prove a Impact on Students grades but it was recommendation of author of this article that students can reap higher grades if institute will monitor its usage. for example open access for few hours in a day at mentioned time.
Research Thesis (The Impact of Facebook Usage to the Academic Performance of ...Anjenette Columnas
This is our research paper in a thesis-like form entitled "The Impact of Facebook Usage to the Academic Performance of the 4th Year Education Students in Andres Bonifacio College". Together with the unity of the group, our research thesis was made possible.
I hope this will help as a guidance for students who will also make their own research thesis in the future!
To find the students awareness of social networks.
b. To find for what purposes the students are using social networks.
c. To find effects of social networks on studies of the students.
d. To find Student’s ideas on how social networks can be used positively for education purposes.
e. To find average time spent on social networks by UNIVOTEC students
f. To find average expenditure spend by students on sustenance in social network
THE PROBLEM
The Effects of Unrestricted Usage of Social Media to the Academic Performances
Of Selected G12 SHS-IT Students from PHINMA - Cagayan de Oro College
Background Information of the Study
A literature review of the impact of online social neyworking sites on student engagement and achievement; as partial completion of the Masters of Education program at menorial Univesity of Newfoundland.
This research assesses the effects of modern media technologies on the parent-child relationship whether positive or negative. Technological solutions are intended for improving the quality of life on the planet by easing day to day tasks. Modern media technologies have pervaded almost every aspect of the human experience today including behavior. This has resulted in both desirable and undesirable impacts on the aspects of life that are affected by these technologies. An apt example of an instance where the use of modern media technologies has impacted profoundly is upon the parent-child relationship. The aim is to highlight possible benefits and detriments which usage of these technologies has had within the household as far as parent-child relationships. This study will be qualitative conducted through analysis of relevant and recent literature due to the dynamic nature of this field of research, participant observation and questionnaires will also be used. The study will also use snowballing to increase the scope of literature used.
Running head SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT1SOCIAL MED.docxagnesdcarey33086
Running head: SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT 1
SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT 13
Social Media’s Effect on the Development and Learning Stages of A Child
Nisha Cunningham
Felician University
Social Media’s Effect on the Development and Learning Stages of A Child
Annotated Bibliography
Best, P., Manktelowa, R., & Taylor, B. (2014). Online communication, social media, and adolescent wellbeing: A systematic narrative review. Children and Youth Services Review, 27-36.
The article looks into the growing debate about the effects of online social technologies on children and teenagers. Through an in-depth analysis of empirical research, the authors identify both the benefits and harmful effects of social media on young people. The article gives recommendations on how to minimize adverse impacts and increase the positive effects of social media.
Loureiro, K., Solnet, D., Bolton, R. P., Hoefnagels, A., Migchels, N., & Kabadayi, S. (2013). Understanding Generation Y and their use of social media: a review and research agenda. Journal of Service Management, 245-267.
Social media use has several implications for young people. This article refers to today's younger generation as Generation Y. The authors collect information to show the effects of social media on society, organizations, and individuals. Several research questions are derived to explain social media use in a better way.
Hutter, K., Hautz, J., Dennhardt, S., & Füller, J. (2013). The impact of user interactions in social media on brand awareness and purchase intention: the case of MINI on Facebook. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 342-351.
The article analyzes how social media influences the purchase of products. Through an online survey, the authors indicate how individuals can be talked into buying products over the internet. The authors use a mixed-method research method to show how social media has influenced the marketing of products.
Schwendler, I. L., & Trude, A. (2018). Implementation of Text-Messaging and Social Media Strategies in a Multilevel Childhood Obesity Prevention Intervention: Process Evaluation Results. The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 187-198.
Social media has been highly attributed to the increase in obesity in young children. Children are spending more time on social media platforms. Physical exercise has dramatically reduced as more children embrace social media and their major entertainment. The article reviews the use of social media in both increasing and lowering obesity prevalence.
Lewin, C., & Greenhow, C. (2016). Social media and education: reconceptualizing the boundaries of formal and informal learning. Journal of Learning, Media and Technology, 6-30.
Social media has several effects on society. Some people have argued that social media has the potential of creating a bridge between formal and informal learning. Social media affects learning at both levels. This article analyzes the use of .
Social Media Use and Adolescent Mental Health: Findings From the UK Millenniu...eraser Juan José Calderón
Social Media Use and Adolescent Mental Health: Findings From the UK Millennium Cohort Study de Yvonne Kelly, Afshin Zilanawala, Cara Booker, Amanda Sacker publicado en eClinicalMedicine
Published: January 04, 2019 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2018.12.005
Social Media Use and Junior High School Student’s Academic Performance in the...ijtsrd
This descriptive correlational study was conducted to determine the social media utilization and its effects on student’s academic performance in selected secondary schools in the Division of Northern Samar. This study utilized purposive sampling in determining the 1,144 Grade 10 student respondent from the following schools in Northern Samar Balicuatro area Allen National High School, San Isidro Agro Industrial High School, The majority of the students own only one 1 social media account. The findings also revealed that the students had good academic performance in all subjects, namely English, Mathematics, Science, Filipino, Araling Panlipunan, MAPEH, ESP, and TVE. This resulted in an overall proficient academic performance. It was also found out that the best positive effect of using social media is its effectiveness in communicating with their friends. On the other hand, one of the prominent negative effects of social media on students is that social media is addictive and a challenge that affects their academic life. The findings also revealed that the profile and the social media utilization have no significant relationship with the students’ academic performance. The top school related problem that emerged is the reduced learning and research capabilities when utilizing social media. In general, the school related problems encountered by the students using social media were described as very alarming. The top personal problem is that in social media, the students are more prone to cyber bullying. In general, the personal problems encountered by the students using social media were described as very alarming. Jester Ditche "Social Media Use and Junior High School Student’s Academic Performance in the Division of Northern Samar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41278.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comhumanities-and-the-arts/education/41278/social-media-use-and-junior-high-school-student’s-academic-performance-in-the-division-of-northern-samar/jester-ditche
Presentation that explains the relationship between the Facebook use and academic performance, based on the results of an expressive and exploratory survey study on college students who use Facebook and who do not use.
Ref: "Computers and Human Behavior" by Paul A. Kirschner & Aryn C. Karpinski
IMPACT OF FACEBOOK USAGE ON THEACADEMIC GRADES: A CASE STUDYSajjad Sayed
IMPACT OF FACEBOOK USAGE ON THE ACADEMIC GRADES: A CASE STUDY
This article prove a Impact on Students grades but it was recommendation of author of this article that students can reap higher grades if institute will monitor its usage. for example open access for few hours in a day at mentioned time.
Research Thesis (The Impact of Facebook Usage to the Academic Performance of ...Anjenette Columnas
This is our research paper in a thesis-like form entitled "The Impact of Facebook Usage to the Academic Performance of the 4th Year Education Students in Andres Bonifacio College". Together with the unity of the group, our research thesis was made possible.
I hope this will help as a guidance for students who will also make their own research thesis in the future!
To find the students awareness of social networks.
b. To find for what purposes the students are using social networks.
c. To find effects of social networks on studies of the students.
d. To find Student’s ideas on how social networks can be used positively for education purposes.
e. To find average time spent on social networks by UNIVOTEC students
f. To find average expenditure spend by students on sustenance in social network
THE PROBLEM
The Effects of Unrestricted Usage of Social Media to the Academic Performances
Of Selected G12 SHS-IT Students from PHINMA - Cagayan de Oro College
Background Information of the Study
A literature review of the impact of online social neyworking sites on student engagement and achievement; as partial completion of the Masters of Education program at menorial Univesity of Newfoundland.
This research assesses the effects of modern media technologies on the parent-child relationship whether positive or negative. Technological solutions are intended for improving the quality of life on the planet by easing day to day tasks. Modern media technologies have pervaded almost every aspect of the human experience today including behavior. This has resulted in both desirable and undesirable impacts on the aspects of life that are affected by these technologies. An apt example of an instance where the use of modern media technologies has impacted profoundly is upon the parent-child relationship. The aim is to highlight possible benefits and detriments which usage of these technologies has had within the household as far as parent-child relationships. This study will be qualitative conducted through analysis of relevant and recent literature due to the dynamic nature of this field of research, participant observation and questionnaires will also be used. The study will also use snowballing to increase the scope of literature used.
Running head SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT1SOCIAL MED.docxagnesdcarey33086
Running head: SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT 1
SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT 13
Social Media’s Effect on the Development and Learning Stages of A Child
Nisha Cunningham
Felician University
Social Media’s Effect on the Development and Learning Stages of A Child
Annotated Bibliography
Best, P., Manktelowa, R., & Taylor, B. (2014). Online communication, social media, and adolescent wellbeing: A systematic narrative review. Children and Youth Services Review, 27-36.
The article looks into the growing debate about the effects of online social technologies on children and teenagers. Through an in-depth analysis of empirical research, the authors identify both the benefits and harmful effects of social media on young people. The article gives recommendations on how to minimize adverse impacts and increase the positive effects of social media.
Loureiro, K., Solnet, D., Bolton, R. P., Hoefnagels, A., Migchels, N., & Kabadayi, S. (2013). Understanding Generation Y and their use of social media: a review and research agenda. Journal of Service Management, 245-267.
Social media use has several implications for young people. This article refers to today's younger generation as Generation Y. The authors collect information to show the effects of social media on society, organizations, and individuals. Several research questions are derived to explain social media use in a better way.
Hutter, K., Hautz, J., Dennhardt, S., & Füller, J. (2013). The impact of user interactions in social media on brand awareness and purchase intention: the case of MINI on Facebook. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 342-351.
The article analyzes how social media influences the purchase of products. Through an online survey, the authors indicate how individuals can be talked into buying products over the internet. The authors use a mixed-method research method to show how social media has influenced the marketing of products.
Schwendler, I. L., & Trude, A. (2018). Implementation of Text-Messaging and Social Media Strategies in a Multilevel Childhood Obesity Prevention Intervention: Process Evaluation Results. The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 187-198.
Social media has been highly attributed to the increase in obesity in young children. Children are spending more time on social media platforms. Physical exercise has dramatically reduced as more children embrace social media and their major entertainment. The article reviews the use of social media in both increasing and lowering obesity prevalence.
Lewin, C., & Greenhow, C. (2016). Social media and education: reconceptualizing the boundaries of formal and informal learning. Journal of Learning, Media and Technology, 6-30.
Social media has several effects on society. Some people have argued that social media has the potential of creating a bridge between formal and informal learning. Social media affects learning at both levels. This article analyzes the use of .
Running head SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT1SOCIAL MED.docxtodd521
Running head: SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT 1
SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT 13
Social Media’s Effect on the Development and Learning Stages of A Child
Nisha Cunningham
Felician University
Social Media’s Effect on the Development and Learning Stages of A Child
Annotated Bibliography
Best, P., Manktelowa, R., & Taylor, B. (2014). Online communication, social media, and adolescent wellbeing: A systematic narrative review. Children and Youth Services Review, 27-36.
The article looks into the growing debate about the effects of online social technologies on children and teenagers. Through an in-depth analysis of empirical research, the authors identify both the benefits and harmful effects of social media on young people. The article gives recommendations on how to minimize adverse impacts and increase the positive effects of social media.
Loureiro, K., Solnet, D., Bolton, R. P., Hoefnagels, A., Migchels, N., & Kabadayi, S. (2013). Understanding Generation Y and their use of social media: a review and research agenda. Journal of Service Management, 245-267.
Social media use has several implications for young people. This article refers to today's younger generation as Generation Y. The authors collect information to show the effects of social media on society, organizations, and individuals. Several research questions are derived to explain social media use in a better way.
Hutter, K., Hautz, J., Dennhardt, S., & Füller, J. (2013). The impact of user interactions in social media on brand awareness and purchase intention: the case of MINI on Facebook. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 342-351.
The article analyzes how social media influences the purchase of products. Through an online survey, the authors indicate how individuals can be talked into buying products over the internet. The authors use a mixed-method research method to show how social media has influenced the marketing of products.
Schwendler, I. L., & Trude, A. (2018). Implementation of Text-Messaging and Social Media Strategies in a Multilevel Childhood Obesity Prevention Intervention: Process Evaluation Results. The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 187-198.
Social media has been highly attributed to the increase in obesity in young children. Children are spending more time on social media platforms. Physical exercise has dramatically reduced as more children embrace social media and their major entertainment. The article reviews the use of social media in both increasing and lowering obesity prevalence.
Lewin, C., & Greenhow, C. (2016). Social media and education: reconceptualizing the boundaries of formal and informal learning. Journal of Learning, Media and Technology, 6-30.
Social media has several effects on society. Some people have argued that social media has the potential of creating a bridge between formal and informal learning. Social media affects learning at both levels. This article analyzes the use of .
Running head SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT1SOCIAL MED.docxjeanettehully
Running head: SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT 1
SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT 13
Social Media’s Effect on the Development and Learning Stages of A Child
Nisha Cunningham
Felician University
Social Media’s Effect on the Development and Learning Stages of A Child
Annotated Bibliography
Best, P., Manktelowa, R., & Taylor, B. (2014). Online communication, social media, and adolescent wellbeing: A systematic narrative review. Children and Youth Services Review, 27-36.
The article looks into the growing debate about the effects of online social technologies on children and teenagers. Through an in-depth analysis of empirical research, the authors identify both the benefits and harmful effects of social media on young people. The article gives recommendations on how to minimize adverse impacts and increase the positive effects of social media.
Loureiro, K., Solnet, D., Bolton, R. P., Hoefnagels, A., Migchels, N., & Kabadayi, S. (2013). Understanding Generation Y and their use of social media: a review and research agenda. Journal of Service Management, 245-267.
Social media use has several implications for young people. This article refers to today's younger generation as Generation Y. The authors collect information to show the effects of social media on society, organizations, and individuals. Several research questions are derived to explain social media use in a better way.
Hutter, K., Hautz, J., Dennhardt, S., & Füller, J. (2013). The impact of user interactions in social media on brand awareness and purchase intention: the case of MINI on Facebook. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 342-351.
The article analyzes how social media influences the purchase of products. Through an online survey, the authors indicate how individuals can be talked into buying products over the internet. The authors use a mixed-method research method to show how social media has influenced the marketing of products.
Schwendler, I. L., & Trude, A. (2018). Implementation of Text-Messaging and Social Media Strategies in a Multilevel Childhood Obesity Prevention Intervention: Process Evaluation Results. The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 187-198.
Social media has been highly attributed to the increase in obesity in young children. Children are spending more time on social media platforms. Physical exercise has dramatically reduced as more children embrace social media and their major entertainment. The article reviews the use of social media in both increasing and lowering obesity prevalence.
Lewin, C., & Greenhow, C. (2016). Social media and education: reconceptualizing the boundaries of formal and informal learning. Journal of Learning, Media and Technology, 6-30.
Social media has several effects on society. Some people have argued that social media has the potential of creating a bridge between formal and informal learning. Social media affects learning at both levels. This article analyzes the use of ...
Running head SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT1SOCIAL MED.docxinfantkimber
Running head: SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT 1
SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT 13
Social Media’s Effect on the Development and Learning Stages of A Child
Nisha Cunningham
Felician University
Social Media’s Effect on the Development and Learning Stages of A Child
Annotated Bibliography
Best, P., Manktelowa, R., & Taylor, B. (2014). Online communication, social media, and adolescent wellbeing: A systematic narrative review. Children and Youth Services Review, 27-36.
The article looks into the growing debate about the effects of online social technologies on children and teenagers. Through an in-depth analysis of empirical research, the authors identify both the benefits and harmful effects of social media on young people. The article gives recommendations on how to minimize adverse impacts and increase the positive effects of social media.
Loureiro, K., Solnet, D., Bolton, R. P., Hoefnagels, A., Migchels, N., & Kabadayi, S. (2013). Understanding Generation Y and their use of social media: a review and research agenda. Journal of Service Management, 245-267.
Social media use has several implications for young people. This article refers to today's younger generation as Generation Y. The authors collect information to show the effects of social media on society, organizations, and individuals. Several research questions are derived to explain social media use in a better way.
Hutter, K., Hautz, J., Dennhardt, S., & Füller, J. (2013). The impact of user interactions in social media on brand awareness and purchase intention: the case of MINI on Facebook. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 342-351.
The article analyzes how social media influences the purchase of products. Through an online survey, the authors indicate how individuals can be talked into buying products over the internet. The authors use a mixed-method research method to show how social media has influenced the marketing of products.
Schwendler, I. L., & Trude, A. (2018). Implementation of Text-Messaging and Social Media Strategies in a Multilevel Childhood Obesity Prevention Intervention: Process Evaluation Results. The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 187-198.
Social media has been highly attributed to the increase in obesity in young children. Children are spending more time on social media platforms. Physical exercise has dramatically reduced as more children embrace social media and their major entertainment. The article reviews the use of social media in both increasing and lowering obesity prevalence.
Lewin, C., & Greenhow, C. (2016). Social media and education: reconceptualizing the boundaries of formal and informal learning. Journal of Learning, Media and Technology, 6-30.
Social media has several effects on society. Some people have argued that social media has the potential of creating a bridge between formal and informal learning. Social media affects learning at both levels. This article analyzes the use of ...
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Media Use, Face-to-Face Communication, Media Multitasking, and.docxandreecapon
Media Use, Face-to-Face Communication, Media Multitasking, and Social
Well-Being Among 8- to 12-Year-Old Girls
Roy Pea, Clifford Nass, Lyn Meheula, Marcus Rance, Aman Kumar, Holden Bamford, Matthew Nass,
Aneesh Simha, Benjamin Stillerman, Steven Yang, and Michael Zhou
Stanford University
An online survey of 3,461 North American girls ages 8 –12 conducted in the summer of 2010 through
Discovery Girls magazine examined the relationships between social well-being and young girls’ media
use—including video, video games, music listening, reading/homework, e-mailing/posting on social
media sites, texting/instant messaging, and talking on phones/video chatting—and face-to-face commu-
nication. This study introduced both a more granular measure of media multitasking and a new
comparative measure of media use versus time spent in face-to-face communication. Regression analyses
indicated that negative social well-being was positively associated with levels of uses of media that are
centrally about interpersonal interaction (e.g., phone, online communication) as well as uses of media that
are not (e.g., video, music, and reading). Video use was particularly strongly associated with negative
social well-being indicators. Media multitasking was also associated with negative social indicators.
Conversely, face-to-face communication was strongly associated with positive social well-being. Cell
phone ownership and having a television or computer in one’s room had little direct association with
children’s socioemotional well-being. We hypothesize possible causes for these relationships, call for
research designs to address causality, and outline possible implications of such findings for the social
well-being of younger adolescents.
Keywords: late childhood, social well-being, media, multitasking, computers
Extensive research has addressed social developmental pro-
cesses and outcomes and the many effects of media use (primarily
TV) on cognitive development (e.g., Calvert & Wilson, 2008;
Parke & Clarke-Stewart, 2010; Pecora, Murray, & Wartella, 2007).
Yet the intersections of social well-being and media use patterns in
the current era of multiscreen media multitasking (with TVs,
computers, and mobile devices) have not been examined. Another
key omission has been the failure to assess time spent in face-to-
face communication in studies of the relationships of media use on
social development. This oversight is important given the shift
from face-to-face communication to mediated interpersonal com-
munication, even among children (Rideout, Foehr, & Roberts,
2010).
This study examined this important set of relationships in a
large-scale survey on traditional and new media use and face-to-
face communication and social well-being indices in girls 8 to 12
years old. Specifically, we addressed the relationships between
these girls’ media use, face-to-face communication, and media
multitasking and their overall social success, feelings of accep-
tance and nor ...
How would functionalism perspective view the relationship between me.pdflongojasperze84880
How to compute the cost oand ond pertmance bond2 paument bond 1 supply subdivicion band1
in a certan conshuchion proiedt with exomples
Solution
Bid Bond
Contractors who submit bids usually are asked to
provide a bid bond. The bid bond states that the
contractor will enter into a contract when one is
offered and will provide bonding as required.<>Bid
bonds generally are written with a penalty equal to a
percentage of the contract price; usually 5%, 10%,
or 20%. They may also be written with a specific
dollar penalty. If an owner offers a contract to a
selected contractor and the contractor refuses to
enter into the contract, the owner may make a claim
against the bid bond for the difference between the
price of the contract in question and the price of a
substitute contract or the penalty of the bid bond,
whichever is less.
Maintenance bond
Maintenance bonds are used when an owner wants a
warranty period beyond one year. A warranty period
can be extended for an annual fee, but sureties gener-
ally do not go beyond a total of two or three years.
The annual fee for a maintenance bond is a fraction
of the cost of a performance bond.
Performance bond
Performance bonds guarantee to the owner that the
contractor will perform its contractual obligations in
accordance with the plans and specifications. These
bonds can take a variety of forms, ranging from the
very simple to the long and complicated. The cost of a performance bond usually is less than 1%
of the contract price; however, if the contract is under $1 million, the premium may run between
1% and 2%. Bonds may be more costly, depending upon the credit-worthiness of the contractor.
Suppy Bond
Supply bonds guarantee that ordered materials will
be delivered. Such bonds generally are employed if
an item is critical, time-sensitive, hard to find, or
proprietary. Supply bonds may guarantee only a
purchase order, so the terms and conditions of that
order should always be carefully drafted. The cost of
these bonds is usually minimal.
Payment bond
Labor and material payment bonds are companions
to the performance bond. They assure the owner that
the labor, material, and subcontractor costs on the
job will be paid. This assurance is for the use and
benefit of all laborers, material suppliers, and
subcontractors who are eligible by contract or statute
for the protection afforded by the payment bonds.
They can also act as a way to protect the project from
liens.
Subdivision bond
Frequently, general contractors will require from
their subcontractors the same types of bonds required
by the owner. Generals may do this, for example,
when the sub trade is critical to the project, the sub’s
price was much lower than its competitors, the sub is
not well-known to the general, or the general’s surety
requires the bonding of some or all subs as a precondition to bonding the general..
This week our forum looks at the foundations of where we learn t.docxrowthechang
This week our forum looks at the foundations of where we learn to become parents. Please answer both parts within your initial posting. Remember to review grading feedback from previous week to improve your discussion this week. Follow the rubric when you develop your posting.
As for all forum questions, please use the forum question to guide your discussion and write your post in a paragraph(s) format. You do not want to repost the question and then insert your answer. Using references to support your work is important that correct APA format uses in-text citations.
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
1. We learn parenting skills from many places. Perhaps our biggest influence on our attitude towards parenting is from our parents and how we were raised. We also are influenced by media, science, religion, and other sources. In your observation, how have any of these sources influenced parenting, in general, today
2. Pick a theory from this list (Erikson’s Lifespan Theory of Development, Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory of Development, Jean Piaget’s Constructivist Theory, or Socio-Culture Theory of Lev Vygotsky) and apply it to either how you were raised or how you will (would) raise your own children?
Initial posts are due by 11:59 PM on Wednesday
2 Reply posts are due by 11:59 PM on Sunday
https://edge.apus.edu/access/content/group/education-common/Universal/CHFD/331/elf/lesson-2/elf_index.html
As we learnt in Lesson 1, a parent’s own childhood and parenting experiences influence their parenting approach. In fact, when surveyed, over half of all parents admitted that their parenting style is greatly affected by the way they were parented themselves (Lerner & Ciervo, 2010). However, 30 percent of surveyed parents indicated that the way they were parented had a moderate impact on the personal parenting style. Although that amounts to just over 80 percent of surveyed parents, parents also have media, historical patterns, and scientific research to inform their parenting style. This lesson will first examine the influences on parental style and then will explore the many different theories that exist (and have historically evolved) regarding parenting.
Topics to be covered include:
· Influences on parenting style
· Theories on parenting style
· Theories on children’s growth and development
CONTINUE
Influences on Parental Style Besides Upbringing
· MEDIA
·
HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS
Media resources are a significant source of information for parents. Increased access to and the speed of technology has put a wide range of information within close reach of many parents—especially ones who have disposable incomes that permit internet access. Parents can easily look up parenting websites that can advise on topics such as developmental stages, how to soothe sick babies, and when to call the doctor. Websites can also highlight issues in parenting and childcare and encourage debates that make parents think.
Social me ...
Running head FINAL PROSPECTUSFINAL PROSPECTUS6Final.docxwlynn1
Running head: FINAL PROSPECTUS
FINAL PROSPECTUS
6
Final Prospectus
Argosy University
September 26, 2018
ABSTRACT
Social media is a dissenting topic, especially today. Some people have had the view that social media ruins human interaction not to mention real life human relationships. On the other hand, in the era of everything instant, the idea of living has drastically changed. Initially, people held the idea that life is too hard but with the advancement in technology it has now become a saying that life is easy. All this is attributable to modern technology and equally important globalization, in the sense that people are becoming more independent and interconnected. Social media has changed the world as people used to know it in the sense that people can do everything in an interconnected world that enables instant communication. Some of the most popular social networking includes Facebook, and Twitter among others. Similarly, in this era of social networking people’s idea of reality has greatly changed and people handle such things as relationship differently. This being the case, the objective of this paper is to develop a final prospectus regarding the impacts of social media. Mainly, the paper will focus its attention on the impact of social media and some of the ways that can be used to define the controversy between social media and youths below the 23 years of age.
Impact of Social Media
As mentioned in the discussion, there are many social networks to choose from such as Twitter, Snapchat and Instagram among others. In understanding how social media impacts the youth, it is imperative to look at both the pros and cons of social media on the youth. Essentially social media has reduced the world in a global village which means youths can share and interact easily and instant. Conferring with Ahn (2011), addiction to social media has resulted to poor performance in leaning institutions. Many bright students have resorted to bad behaviours because of social media. Ideally, social media has captured the attention of youths to an extent of not focusing on studies. The issue of mobile phones in learning institutions has invited an endless debate currently. Teachers have complained that students are using phones to connect with their friends and families through such networking sites like Facebook. This idea of using phones in classrooms has deteriorated student performance.
Additionally, youth are so addicted to social media that they do not study at home. Normally, students are supposed to maintain impartiality between social media and studies. This obsession with social media is detrimental to the youth lives. It is estimated that 70% of the district school block have access to social network sites. The rationale behind this is that online communities allow youths to build social capital. In other words, youths are able to access information, seek advice and share ideas through a network of relationships. Most of these SNS o.
8Associated PressConnecting With Families and Communiti.docxsleeperharwell
8Associated Press
Connecting With Families and Communities
Chapter Learning Outcomes
After reading this chapter you should be able to
· Explain the bioecological theory of human development and its importance
· Discuss the importance of families as children’s first teachers
· Explain the importance of home–school partnerships
· Identify elements of the larger community that contribute to centers and schools and vice versa, as well as plan for your potential leadership roles as an early education professional
· Discuss ways in which teachers or caregivers can interact most effectively with a school’s or center’s community
Introduction: The Adults in Children’s Lives Introduction: The Adults in Children’s Lives
nteracting with young children in ways that are most beneficial is more than possessing good teaching techniques and affection for youngsters as individuals. It is important for teachers to realize that much of what children are comes from their family and cultural backgrounds, and that this fact determines, to great extent, their responses to what their teachers do and say.
I
In the education field, it is often regarded as a truism that parents are children’s first teachers. The intent of this statement is to convey the point of the parents being first sequentially, but also as first in importance. This reminder is a good one for teachers and caregivers to keep in mind, but it needs to go further, given the many models of family in today’s world. In this chapter we will discuss some of these models and how they impact what children bring to a center or to school.
Also of importance is the cultural community and its influence on young children. As one writer has powerfully stated, educators “must view each child and family within a framework that encompasses the entire political, social, economic, cultural, and spiritual experience that shapes the identity and behavior of the families and children with whom they work. The one-size-fits-all approach is a gross oversight . . .”(Prater, 2002, p. 150). So then, not only must teachers remember to place their children in a large and complex cultural context, but their families as well, and this chapter will discuss these issues.
There is another community that teachers and caregivers must learn to be skillful partners of,
As children’s first teachers, parents are responsible for what their children know upon entering school. How might different backgrounds impact what a young learner brings to a center or to school?
and it is visibly around them every day. It is the community of their own workplace. Collaboration, cooperation, skillful communication, and effective listening with colleagues are all important to professionalism. This chapter will provide specific suggestions for successfully negotiating
Artiga Photo/Corbis the workplace world.
The concept of an interdependency of home, school, center, school, community, and culture is a complex one that has been studied for more th.
This week our forum looks at the foundations of where we learn to .docxherthalearmont
This week our forum looks at the foundations of where we learn to become parents. Please answer both parts within your initial posting. Remember to review grading feedback from previous week to improve your discussion this week. Follow the rubric when you develop your posting.
As for all forum questions, please use the forum question to guide your discussion and write your post in a paragraph(s) format. You do not want to repost the question and then insert your answer. Using references to support your work is important that correct APA format uses in-text citations. https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
1. We learn parenting skills from many places. Perhaps our biggest influence on our attitude towards parenting is from our parents and how we were raised. We also are influenced by media, science, religion, and other sources. In your observation, how have any of these sources influenced parenting, in general, today
2. Pick a theory from this list (Erikson’s Lifespan Theory of Development, Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory of Development, Jean Piaget’s Constructivist Theory, or Socio-Culture Theory of Lev Vygotsky) and apply it to either how you were raised or how you will (would) raise your own children?
Initial posts are due by 11:59 PM on Wednesday
2 Reply posts are due by 11:59 PM on Sunday
https://edge.apus.edu/access/content/group/education-common/Universal/CHFD/331/elf/lesson-2/elf_index.html
As we learnt in Lesson 1, a parent’s own childhood and parenting experiences influence their parenting approach. In fact, when surveyed, over half of all parents admitted that their parenting style is greatly affected by the way they were parented themselves (Lerner & Ciervo, 2010). However, 30 percent of surveyed parents indicated that the way they were parented had a moderate impact on the personal parenting style. Although that amounts to just over 80 percent of surveyed parents, parents also have media, historical patterns, and scientific research to inform their parenting style. This lesson will first examine the influences on parental style and then will explore the many different theories that exist (and have historically evolved) regarding parenting.
Topics to be covered include:
· Influences on parenting style
· Theories on parenting style
· Theories on children’s growth and development
CONTINUE
Influences on Parental Style Besides Upbringing
· MEDIA
· HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS
Media resources are a significant source of information for parents. Increased access to and the speed of technology has put a wide range of information within close reach of many parents—especially ones who have disposable incomes that permit internet access. Parents can easily look up parenting websites that can advise on topics such as developmental stages, how to soothe sick babies, and when to call the doctor. Websites can also highlight issues in parenting and childcare and encourage debates that make parents think.
Social media platforms such a ...
Running Head ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHYAnnotated Biblio.docxSUBHI7
Running Head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Annotated Bibliography
Should social media access be limited or prevented for young children.
O'Keffe, G. e. (2011). The Impact of Social Media on Children, Adolescents, and Families.
Excessive computer use is keep able of affecting children's social growth. At the age of around seven years, the interaction of a child with family, school, friends, community and media all play a central role in the growth of interpersonal skills and social competence of the child. Computers are now part of that stage of development and alarms have been sounded that children who have too much access to computers create electronic friendships and might be mired in building interpersonal skills. To reduce the high risk of obesity, and other harmful effects of prolonged media exposure, the American Academy of Pediatrics has always advised parents to reduce the time spent children spend on video games, computers and other media to not more than one to two hours a day, and to encourage them to explore different activities like sports, cycling or imaginative play.
David D. Luxton, P. a. (2012). Social Media and Suicide: A Public Health Perspective.
Social media may also pose a threat to vulnerable people through the formation and influence of extreme online groups that promote and provide support for beliefs and behaviors normally unacceptable by most society for example anorexia, suicide, and intentional body harm. Users that support eating disorder or sites that support suicide can find support and acceptance that they have not found through other means. These online groups may provide support; they pose a risk to the public by encouraging weak individuals to harm themselves.
There is evidence that social media can influence suicide behavior. The Internet removes geographic barriers to communication between people, the creation of pro-suicide social media sites creates a new risk to vulnerable people who might not have been exposed to these imminent hazards.
The developing data regarding the influence of the Internet and social media on suicide behavior have states that these forms of technology may introduce different threats to the public including new opportunities for assistance and prevention. Since social media are generally created and organized by end users, the available chance for monitoring and prevention can be drawn-out to all users. To facilitate this user-driven approach to shadowing and prevention, all social media sites could embrace the simple using methods which allow users to raise the alarm in case of mischievous Web sites.
Dinleyici, M. e. (n.d.). Media Use by Children, and Parents’ Views on Children's Media Usage. Journal of medical research.
The author states that majority of parents are aware that 13 years is the least age for most social media sites, but they do not understand the reason. However, 13 years is the minimum age set out by legislations in various states and most online si ...
RESEARCH PAPERRESEARCH PAPER1Bruce W. .docxeleanorg1
RESEARCH PAPER
RESEARCH PAPER
1
Bruce W. Norcise
Excelsior College
LA 298 CAPSTONE
How has social Media affected today’s Youth?
Social Media is a prominent part of today's life, especially among young people. Unfortunately, the users of social media do not stop to think about the effects it has on their lives. For instance, people are becoming anti-social while they are at the same time desperate to make more friends on Facebook or get more followers on Twitter. People need to know the impact of social media, both negative and positive, rather than just engage blindly. While there are many positive aspects of social media, the negative aspects are equally many. To help make the right choices, this paper will be an analysis of the effects of social media on youths, and how the negative effects can be handled.
This paper will help youths and parents understand the dangers of social media and know the boundaries they should use as they use it. Failure to do so will cause them to fall to varying traps and dangers that will have negative consequences. Social media is one sector of the internet that is greatly used by criminals. On this site, youths get exposed to cyberbullying, online predators and sexting. These dangers should be discussed to let people know their damaging effects and how they can be avoided. Other than the above-mentioned dangers of using social media, there are effects that are rarely discussed. For instance, teens are not aware of the dangers of exposing their address on public platforms. This paper will expose these dangers and many more as well as provide the most appropriate solutions.
References
Agosto, D., & Abbas, J. (2010). High school seniors' social network and other ict use preferences and concerns. Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 47(1),
Christakis, D. (2006). Media as a public health issue. Editorial. Archives ofPediatric and Adolescent Medicine
Donath, J. (2007). Signals in social supernets. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 13(1), article
21
Journal of College & Character
The Impact of Social Media on College Students
Jeanna Mastrodicasa, University of Florida
Paul Metellus, University of Florida1
Abstract
There are numerous ways, positive and negative, in which social media impact college students.
Understanding sheer volume of time and the type of activities for which college students use social
networking sites is crucial for higher education administrators. Researchers have begun to empiri-
cally examine impacts on students’ well-being and have found some preliminary results that call for
more research. They find that social media are not the problem—the problem is the specific use and
purpose of social media activities that make the difference.
1 Jeanna Mastrodicasa is assistant vice president for student affairs at the University of Florida. E-mail: [email protected] Paul
Metellus is an undergraduate at.
The transversal competence for problem solving in cognitive learningLazar Stosic
The opportunities education provides to develop the student’s ability to use cognitive skills to understand and solve problems whose solution is not obvious and the student’s willingness to engage in problem solving as a constructive and thinking citizen are essential for the realization of the approach from transversal competences to transversal personality. The study puts an emphasis on exploring the conditions for the development of transversal competence for solving educational-and-cognitive problems that is portable through different learning contents, different activities and ages. The highlights of pupils’ cognitive development have been used as a basis for turning them into subjects of problem-based training aiming at the development of transversal competence to solve problems. The here developed task system for solving integrated problems in science education allows diagnosing the level of competence of cognitive-learning problem solving as transversal. Achieving this result in school education is directly linked to the teacher’s competence to design a proactive educational environment i.e. to the requirements for the training of pedagogical specialists in existing conditions.
Music students intercultural sensitivity to different religious convictionsLazar Stosic
The authors’ aim is to analyze the degree of openness to different religious convictions among students of Department of Music, Faculty of Arts in Niš, and also to test whether these students have an active attitude on overcoming religious prejudice. The research was initiated due to the fact that during their education, through various teaching activities (playing, singing, conducting, composition, listening to music and its analysis) students become familiar with religious, spiritual, and church music, as a constituent part of different religions. The assumption is that precisely through music as one of the most universal media of artistic communication students can establish and develop a positive attitude to religious differences. Research results show that students are aware of various religious convictions and affiliations, but they do not show enough sensitivity to respecting differences, and they do not take part in the struggle against prejudices that accompany those differences.
Making scientific concepts explicit through explanations simulations of a hig...Lazar Stosic
There is a current research interest into high-leverage teaching practices which are geared towards making concepts explicit to learners. Explanations are a common practice in science education for sharing and constructing meaning with students. However, current studies insufficiently articulate a framework for understanding pre-service teachers’ explanations; neither do they assess the practical criteria for development. This article documents various criteria for pre-service science teachers’ explanations as related to the cognitive science literature and their assessment in the context of an instrument designed for teacher education. A rubric was constructed which organized structural and supportive elements into three levels. A validation process is described, and its application in teacher education programs to detect possible patterns and changes in pre-service science teachers’ explanations. The results show the explanation strengths of pre-service teachers working with examples, graphs and images. However, difficulties were found in using and improving analogies, metaphors, and models, and also approaching mis-conceptions as a learning opportunity. Theoretical and practical issues are discussed from a cognitive perspective. We conclude that the signaling implications of using rubrics sensitive to progress-monitoring during teacher education for high-leverage teaching practices give opportunities to simulate and rehearse practices that are highly conducive to learning.
Investigating teachers perceptions of their own practices to improve students...Lazar Stosic
This study aims to investigate teachers’ perceptions of strategies they adopt to help their learners develop their critical thinking skills and how coherent their classroom practices are with their perceptions. The study was conducted with teachers in secondary schools in Saudi Arabia. Primary data in the form of questionnaire results, classroom observation notes and interviews was gathered to attain this goal. A total of three all-male schools participated in the study with 82 teachers completing the questionnaire, and 12 teachers (four from each school) being interviewed and observed during their classroom work. The findings suggest that positing open-ended questions to the class, focusing on performance tasks, and comparing and contrasting different perspectives were the most beneficial teaching strategies to foster students’ critical thinking skills. The findings also highlight that these capabilities are affected not only by the teaching practices, but also by other factors related to the broader academic environment, such as school resources. The results of the present study may help secondary teachers to select and implement teaching strategies and consider factors that may lead to an improvement in students’ critical thinking skills. While this study focuses exclusively on teachers working in the secondary schools in Saudi Arabia, some of the findings can be potentially transferable to other similar educational contexts.
Breaking down barriers to effective efl communication a look at sense making ...Lazar Stosic
The present “new wave” investigation tackles cutting-edge perspectives of one of the most pressing problems – breaking down the barriers to effective fluent English communication. The publication reflects a broad array of stud-ies in the area of methodology of teaching English. The investigation distills the research about sense-making techniques in the language awareness. The paper reveals obstacles and reasons for language barriers to fluent English communication. The author demonstrates an alternative way of approaching the problem of English as a foreign language acquisition. We undertake the empirical investigation of how foreign languages are learnt and taught using sense-making techniques. A foreign language should become a personal need for students allowing them to set goals, choose language improvement strategies, and exercise self-esteem and self-control. Against the backdrops of research, the experiment was carried out. Those tested were 85 students of Southern Federal University, Russia. They were split into two groups: a control group of tertiary participants who were given an instruction using traditional methods of teaching English; and a second group –experimental one implementing sense-making techniques in learning a target language.
Research of cognitive exchange specifics in teachers academic trainingLazar Stosic
The paper discusses the transformation of the educational environment issues of university pedagogical subjects. The ideas of constructivism and connectivity, of moral philosophy and social psychology, are fundamental. By defining the content parameters of the educational environment in their dichotomous condition: reproducibility – proactivity; customization – dialogue; individualization – differentiation, this research highlights the specific characteristics of the learning process, which determine the qualitative cognitive exchange in the academic training of pedagogical subjects. A compound research is conducted of the learning by registering the self-assessment and the parallel-reflecting assessment of the students in the pedagogical specialties. The analysis of the results emphasizes the urgent need to change the traditionally established patterns in the organization of the teaching process in the higher pedagogical education, the application of student-oriented practices to stimulate self-organization in learning, the development of proactive technology incorporating the characteristics of formal and nonformal education in a networked and technological environment.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
2. Bojan Macuh et al. (2018) - Media exposure and education of first to six grade children from Slovenia -
parent opinions
International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE), 6(3), 49-57
www.ijcrsee.com
50
lives. (Valkenburg in Taylor Piotrowski 2017,
250).
1.1. The family environment
Studies of the influence of children’s
exposure to media, particularly screen media,
on their physical and psychical development
and socialization need to take into account
the mediating role of parents and the family
context in which the children spend most of
the time. In a review of mass communica-
tion studies A. Alexander (2008) groups the
theoretical and empirical research into several
schools of thought with different backgrounds
and attitudes towards the into the relationship
between media and the family.
Historically most influential were stud-
ies in the framework of the social learning
theory, a theory of learning and social be-
haviour, which proposes that new behaviour,
can be acquired by observing and imitating
others (Bandura 1977, 1994). According to
the theory, children and adolescents learn or
acquire behaviour and worldviews by imitat-
ing role models, which include those seen on
TV, especially if the models are appealing or
similar to children. The theory was supported
by empirical research on the negative influ-
ence of television on violence in children (e.g.
Bandura, Ross, in Ross 1961). A. Alexander
(2008) contextualizes the noted social learn-
ing theory within the contemporary social
cognitive theory, which aside from the already
mentioned role-model imitation also points to
the fact that the media can influence children’s
relationship with the family members as well
as apprehension of family roles and family re-
lationships.
The author reviews other theories relat-
ed to the research into media and family envi-
ronment such as cultivation theory (Gerbner
et al. 1994), which studies long-term effects
of individual’s exposure to consistent media
messages, which over the time leads to the
overlapping of individual’s world views with
those presented in the media. The theory sug-
gests that individuals who are exposed to vio-
lence as portrayed in the media may begin to
believe that crimes are more common and ever
increasing than in reality. It has been shown,
however that the real world effect of this hy-
pothesis is minimal (Ferguson 2014, 14).
Children are however not isolated in-
dividuals; they are entangled in relationships
with other children and adults within families,
peer groups and society as a whole. While
both of the above mentioned theories focus on
effects of media on individuals, the theory of
family systems (Baran and Davis 2006) high-
lights the family as the basic unit of observa-
tion and research. The family is here under-
stood as a system of interconnected parts so
that changes in one part of the system can lead
to changes in other parts. This approach allows
the understanding of complex interactions be-
tween family members and the family process
as a whole while also providing a more nu-
anced view of both negative and positive ef-
fects of media. Family members’ interactions
form behavioural patterns, including those re-
lated to media use, which become habitual in
their everyday lives.
Related is another theoretical approach
reviewed by A. Alexander (2008), namely the
sociocultural approach (Craig 1999; Paus-
Hasebrink et al. 2013), which draws attention
to the broader cultural patterns of family hab-
its and practices in relation to media use. This
approach contextualizes mass media within a
symbolical process in which societal reality
(re)produces, maintains, rectifies and changes.
Indeed, both theoretical (e.g. Alexander 2008;
Valkenburg in Taylor Piotrowski 2017) and
empirical research points to the fact that fam-
ily and its socioeconomic and sociocultural
context in particular is the most important me-
diating system of adolescent media use (e.g.
Scherr et al. 2018; Roberts, Foehr, in Rideout
2005). A holistic approach to mass media re-
search, particularly the research of the influ-
ence of media exposure on the development
and socialization of children thus needs to take
into account the socioeconomic and cultural
contexts of children’s family lives.
1.2. Media exposure effects
The media have both positive and nega-
tive effects on the families and on the relation-
ships between children and parents. Media
influences are actually much more complex
than entailed in the simple dichotomy between
negative and positive effects (Livingstone
2007). Furthermore in the complex tripartite
relationship between children, parents and the
media, each of these parts may be seen to play
the role of a mediator of behaviour. The inter-
actions of family members shape behavioural
patterns, which become habits in their every-
day lives. In this family process, the contem-
porary media play a crucial intermediary role
as mediators of family interactions as well as
purveyors of behavioural patterns seen on the
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51
media. Parents mediate between the media
and the children by setting rules and also by
the fact that their own media habits uncon-
sciously affect that of their children. The in-
fluence of family environment on the quantity
and quality of exposure of children to media
has been empirically shown also by extensive
research in the United States (Roberts, Foehr,
in Rideout 2005). Even children may be con-
sidered as mediators of their parents’ media
use and media-related behaviour. In relation
to media education children may change their
roles with the parents for example in observed
cases when they remind parents of inappropri-
ate media-related behaviour, inappropriate use
of media, such as smart phones, in the public
or of the parents’ refusal to deal with children
when the parents are busy or constantly check
or reply to electronic messages on their de-
vices (Kalin 2004). Studies show that screen
media does also have a significant influence
on the children’s perception and understand-
ing of family relationships, as they perceive
the depictions of families in the media s re-
alistic. Exceptional storytelling power of
some contemporary media can, given inten-
sive exposure of individuals, create a sense
of social reality, which differs significantly
from the reality of the outside world. Screen
media, particularly television, often represent
central nodes of family environments and the
context of family interactions. In the negative
sense this may results less personal intimate
contacts between parents and children. In the
positive sense this may result, on the contrary,
to more interaction and more time that par-
ents and children spend together. “ /…/ tele-
vision may serve an almost limitless range of
diverse uses and functions. Family members
can watch television to be together or to get
away from each other; as a basis for talk or
to avoid interaction; as a source of conflict,
or an escape from it.” (Alexander 2008, 133)
Noted positive influences are for ex-
ample the role that some media may play in
encouraging routine family interaction and
communication. Co-watching of evening tele-
vision shows with appropriate entertaining or,
even better, educational content should not
be considered problematic but in some cases
perhaps even encouraged. This is of course
not possible when television is present in
children’s rooms or when children decide to
watch television alone. We should also note
the educative potential of media for the chil-
dren with quality educational content related
to vocabulary improvement, learning of native
and foreign languages, learning about natural
and cultural phenomena etc. Furthermore, the
media as providers of information may allow
families to gain crucial information, parents
to be up to date with current events, actively
participate in communities and help them with
the socialization and education of their chil-
dren. The media can be considered contempo-
rary social equalizers, assuming that the media
providers are readily accessible and affordable
to the majority of families (Alexander 2008).
The negative influences of media are
much better researched due to the interests
and concerns of the general public. To men-
tion only selected, more problematic issues,
one of the better-documented is the correla-
tion between exposure of children to media,
particularly screen media, and lower physi-
cal fitness, higher body weight and obesity
among children (Notten, Kraaykamp, in Tols-
ma 2013; Arango et al. 2014; Rutherford et al.
2015; Robinson et al. 2017). The correlation
between media exposure and obesity is not
related only to the significant screen time or
long-term exposure and consequently a more
sedentary lifestyle and physical inactivity of
children, but also to exposure to marketing
content in media. Television commercials,
such as those paid by the fast food industry,
often promote an unhealthy lifestyle (Robin-
son et al. 2017). Particularly worrying is the
effect of media exposure on socialization of
children as research shows a clear correlation
between greater screen time and lesser time of
interaction between children (Sigman 2012).
Overall, children’s involvement in mediated
reality does bring challenges regarding their
health, eating and sleeping habits, aggressive
behaviour, language development, consum-
erism, building of identity and relationships
with others.
Any research of media influence on chil-
dren and adolescents is challenged by the fact
that it is difficult to establish clear cause-and-
effect relationships or rather to prove undeni-
ably that media exposure directly influences
behavior. Correlation does not necessarily
means causation and this is not consistent-
ly clear from the published research. When
greater and longer exposure to violent content
in media coincides with higher crime or de-
linquency rate among adolescents, the media
is not the only and indeed not the most im-
portant factor or mediator, rather one cannot
solely blame media without considering other
factors. As argued in the previous paragraph,
it is the family and its socioeconomic and so-
ciocultural position within the broader soci-
ety that needs to be considered. The influence
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52
of media on adolescents as family members
is to a large extent dependent upon cultural,
social and economic dispositions of individu-
als, families and communities. In other words,
family media environment, media availability
and use is affected by parent’s ethnicity, ed-
ucation, income, etc. as well as adolescent’s
sex and age (Ferguson 2014; Roberts, Foehr,
in Rideout 2005).
1.3. Parent Mediation
Parents face their fears concerning the
negative effects of contemporary media on
their children in several ways. They may lim-
it their children’s access to violent or sexual
content or limit the time of exposure. This
may sometimes lead to conflicts in the fam-
ily, particularly between parents and their chil-
dren. Control of time and content that the chil-
dren are exposed to may be both implicit and
explicit which means that it either works ac-
cording to unwritten rules, such as children’s
self-control or the rules are set clearly by the
parents (Alexander 2008, 133). Setting rules
and all other types of control and interventions
in relation to children’s media exposure is usu-
ally called parent mediation (Alexander 2008;
Valkenburg in Taylor Piotrowski 2017, 250).
There are no simple and universal so-
lutions and answers to the questions of how
the parents should protect their children from
potentially harmful effects of exposure to me-
dia as the families greatly differ according to
a range of cultural, socio-economic, psycho-
logical and other factors. Researchers never-
theless suggest two possible mechanisms of
protection from harmful effects. (Chakroff in
Nathanson 2008). The first is based on the
parents’ mediation of children’s media use by
open conversation about the content of me-
dia messages as well as about the appropriate
time of exposure, the setting of rules to limit
the quantity and quality of exposure and with
the co-use or rather usually co-watching of
the media. The second is based on mediation
by the school by which the school introduces
media literacy courses in school curricula in
order to educate the children about the appro-
priate use of the media and to prepare them to
be critical consumers of media messages.
Researchers who deal with mediation of
media exposure empirically (see for example
Böcking in Böcking 2009; Schaan in Melzer
2015) separate between active and restrictive
mediation.Active mediation encompases open
conversation about the media and encourage-
ment of critical relation towards media mes-
sages. Restrictive mediation is based on the
setting of rules about the quantity and quality
of exposure as well as the so called co-watch-
ing. Some researchers argue that the results
of restrictive mediation may often be contra-
productive (Chakroff and Nathanson, 2008,
555). Some critical theoretical approaches
however reject such understanding of media-
tion and argue that mediation is merely a rem-
edying measure for the lack of quality fam-
ily relationships, particularly those between
parents and children (ibid. 557). More critical
researchers also warn of a theoretical possibil-
ity of a counter-effect of teaching media lit-
eracy as children which are encouraged to a
more detailed and critical treatment of media
messages, to which they are exposed to, might
better remember, internalize and later live out
the violent and other negative messages: “/…/
In fact, intervention research is prone to boo-
merang effects, in which the exact opposite ef-
fect of what was intended occurs.” (ibid. 558;
Valkenburg in Taylor Piotrowski 2017, 250).
Such theoretical concerns don’t mean howev-
er, that media literacy education is not desired
or even necessary, but they draw attention to
the complexity of this research field and call
for further empirical research with which to
test different theoretical assumptions concern-
ing exposure of children to media.
1.4. Comparable research
Comparable extensive, though some-
what outdated and geographically distant is
the study of exposure to media published by
(Roberts, Foehr, in Rideout 2005). The study
encompasses a broader population of children
and teenagers aged 8-18 years of which the
younger group aged 8-10 is comparable to our
research. The average exposure to television
and other screen media, except computer, in
this group was as much as 4:41 hours (ibid.
tab. 4-A) in which the exposure was largely
dependent upon the family ethnicity so that
African-American children were exposed the
most and Caucasian children the least (tab.
4-B). Exposure to computer in the same age
group was 0:37 hours (ibid. tab. 4-J), while
exposure to video game consoles was 1:05
hours. Books, magazines, newspapers and
other printed media is used by the children in
this age group for 0:44 hours on average (tab.
4-E), more in families of parents with higher
education (tab. 4-F), while radio and other au-
dio media are used for 0:59 hours on average
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53
(tab. 4-G), more by girls than boys (tab. 4-H).
The exposure to all media in this age group
amounts to as much as 5:52 hours (tab. 5-A)
on average, thus about 6 hours which sur-
prisingly represents a quarter of the day and
roughly more than a third of the day spent
not sleeping. If we compare this research to
our own we find out that more than a decade
ago American children were exposed to dif-
ferent media about two times as much as pri-
mary school children in Slovenia. It should be
pointed out however that a large percentage of
children multitask, meaning they use multiple
media or rather media devices simultaneously.
The total exposure time is thus possibly sig-
nificantly lower (Roberts, Foehr, in Rideout
2005, 36). Percentages of use of individual
media by children in the noted research are
55% for television and related media, 14% for
radio and other audio media, 7% for desktop
and tablet computers, 12% for printed media
and 12% for gameplay on the video game con-
soles (tab. 5-C). The study also underlines the
facts that children with personal devices or de-
vices which are present in their own rooms are
exposed much longer on average (tab. 6-A),
that lower exposure time correlates with rule-
setting by their parents (tab. 6-B) and that the
overall media environment influences the chil-
dren’s exposure to media (tab. 6-C): “Clearly,
in homes where the TV plays a central role in
defining the environment, all media exposure
increases.” (Roberts, Foehr, in Rideout 2005,
46). The authors argue that “the amount of
time young people have available to devote
to media seems to have reached some kind of
ceiling, but the amount of media messages to
which they are exposed apparently has not.
Kids seem to be engaging one, two, three, or
more media simultaneously — or at least in
a manner that looks simultaneous. Whether
the consequences of such media behavior are
good, bad, or neutral remains an open ques-
tion.” (Roberts, Foehr, in Rideout 2005, 55)
An updated study by the same authors
(Rideout, Foehr, in Roberts 2010) produces
roughly similar results while the screen-time
or rather the time of exposure to screen me-
dia for children greatly increased. In their first
study from 1999. the total daily media expo-
sure time was 6:19 hours, in 2004 it was 6:21
while in 2009. it was already 7:38, amounting
to almost half of the day not spent sleeping.
These numbers account for multitasking. De-
spite the fact that the authors in their previ-
ous study supposed that the total daily expo-
sure time already reached maximum levels, as
cited in the previous paragraph, the exposure
time continues to rise and it seems that it can
potentially cover the whole children’s leisure
time at least for those most exposed. This does
or will in the near future undoubtedly have
repercussions for the quality and quantity of
interactions between children and parents as
well as children and their peers and on chil-
dren’s socialization.
From Europe the best and most up-to-
date comparison to our research is the an-
nual report of media exposure by the British
government agency Ofcom („Ofcom“ 2014).
Last year’s report for age group 8-11 years
shows that 39% of children own personal
mobile phones, 52% own tablet computers,
95% watches TV programs for two hours per
day on average. Fifty two percent of children
watches TV programs on the tablet computer.
Eighty-five percent of children play computer
games for an hour and a half per day on av-
erage. Ninety-five percent of children surf on
the internet and are exposed to internet content
for about two hours a day, among these 46%
use the internet via the computer while 22%
use it on their mobile phones. YouTube is the
most popular internet site and is used every
day by as much as 81% of children. Twenty-
three percent of children aged 8-11 also has an
active profile on social media (Ofcom 2016).
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
In 2016. we conducted a national sur-
vey, collecting opinions of parents regarding
first to sixth grade school children’s media ex-
posure and habits. A total of 62 school partici-
pated in the survey. Data was collected using
online questionnaires, where links were sent
to parents from randomly selected classes. In
total 2,825 parents of first to sixth grade chil-
dren (ages 6-12) were included in the survey.
Subjects participated voluntarily and were not
financially compensated, as their participation
was anonymous, not involving a name or any
identifiable information about subjects. We
monitored the process using IP tracking and
Google forms. Schools were located in all
geographical regions with equal divide among
rural and urban population.
Research sample of parents resembles
according to the age (average 40 SD=5 years).
54% of children lived in 4 member households,
54 % lived in rural areas. Parents opinions
were in 51% for male gender (boys). Thirteen
percent of children were in shared custody.
Age and geographical location of families and
as so children were controlled so that the sam-
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54
ple was not additionally adjusted (weighted).
Parents who responded to the survey ques-
tions were about evenly distributed in two age
groups of 1-to-3-grade children (6-9 years)
and 4-to-6-grade children (10-12 years). The
questionnaire consisted of 54 variables plus
14 demographic. Questions regarding opin-
ions were gathered using 5-item Likert scale
(1-never to 5-always). Media exposure was
measured as total daily exposure time on each
device/media. These data were than grouped
in later analysis.. Internal consistency of the
questionnaire was high: Cronbach alpha was
082 for media exposure subscale an 0,71 for
opinions subscale. We analysed the data using
SPSS PSAW Statistic 18.
Among the goals of this research, was to
collect data on media exposure of the two age
groups of children, presence and usage of dif-
ferent devices and information sharing. In ad-
dition a special focus was on parents as media
limitators and educators. As such the follow-
ing hypotheses were structured:
Hypothesis 1 (H1): Child’s exposure to
media increases with age (1-3 grade in com-
parison to 4-6 grade)
Hypothesis 2 (H2): Parents who are
heavy media users cause that their children are
more likely to be heavy users as well
Hypothesis 3 (H3): 4-6 grade children
who are heavy media users have lower grades
in school (1-3 grade children are not graded
and were therefore not analysed)
3. RESULTS
Electronic devices in children’s rooms
(controlled by children) of 1-6 grade children
in Slovenia are not low. Only 16,5% of chil-
dren aged 6-to-12-years old have a TV set in
their room. Every third child has a radio and
38% has their own PC or tablet. 43% of chil-
dren have personal owned device that con-
nects to the internet and every other child has
their own mobile phone. One in six has it own
game console. Although there are not large
differences in owning the devices between the
age groups there are substantial differences in
the exposure times. These differences can be
clearly seen on Table 1.
Table 1. Average media exposure times
of the two age groups (in minutes daily) on
different media.
The most commonly used media device
for both age groups is still TV (due to large
screen) as on average 6 to 12 year olds (both
age groups) spent more than an hour daily.
Total media exposure times are about 3 hours
daily. We used the independent t-test to anal-
yse H1 (differences between the mean expo-
sure of two independent age groups). It was
assumed the sampling distribution of differ-
ences between means is normally distributed
in the population. For the following t-tests the
assumption of homogeneity of variance has
been violated, and the Equal variances not
assumed t-test statistic was used for evaluat-
ing the null hypothesis of equality of means.
There are significant differences in media ex-
posure between the two age groups (1-3 grade
and 3-6 grade).
• Total media exposure: t (df = 2811) =
-9,385 p< .001. The mean values indicate that
younger children are less exposed all media
(M=156) than older (M=219).
• TV device: t (df = 2782) = -5,718, p<
.001. The mean values indicate that younger
children are less exposed to TV (M=66) than
older (M=78).
• Radio: t (df = 2569) = -2.573, p< .01.
The mean values indicate that younger chil-
dren (M=21) listen to the radio less than older
(M=26).
• Computer or tablet: t (df = 2710) =
-8,661, p< .001. The mean values indicate
younger children (M=29) are less exposed to
computer or tablet then older (M=43).
• Mobile phone - t (df = 2678) = -15,008,
p< .001. The mean values indicate younger
children use substantially less mobile phones
(M=13) then older (M=38).
• Printed media: t (df = 2627) = -1,507,
p> .05. No significant differences between the
two groups.
• Game console with own screen: t (df =
2576) = -4,382, p< .001. The mean values in-
dicate younger children (M=4) use less video
games console with screen then older (M=9).
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55
To test H2 parents and children were
divided into three groups similar in numbers
(border framework 33 and 66 percentiles) into
small medium and heavy media users. The re-
sults of the 3x3 analysis design can be seen on
Table 2.
Table 2. Media exposure times of small,
medium and heavy media users parents in
comparison to small medium and heavy me-
dia children in minutes of daily use and the
percentage of all*
To test the hypothesis H2 we used chi-
square and found significant differences be-
tween groups; chi square (4)= 120,611 at
p<.000. The difference can be seen that there
are only 6% of children that are heavy me-
dia users where at the same time parents are
light media users. In contrast there are 14 % of
heavy users children in a heavy users parents
group. This confirms that when parents are
heavy media users this has an effect that their
children are far more likely to be in the same
group.
Finally for H3 we used the analysis of
variance to test if 4-6 grade children’s media
exposure has an effect on school grades (ANO-
VA). Grades in Slovenia are 1 to 5 where 5
is excellent. We found that significant differ-
ences between the grades of small, medium
and heavy media users F (2, 1161) = 16,760,
p<0,001. Post hoc Scheffe showed significant
differences between children who are heavily
exposed and other two groups. Average mark
of light users was 4,67, medium was 4,66 and
heavy was 4,46. The difference is small, how-
ever we have to consider very high average
marks in grades 4 to 6 and that the difference
of 0,21 represents a 4,7% difference. It seem
that being a heavy user child already in these
first years of education has an effect on school
average academic performance.
4. DISCUSSION AND
CONCLUSIONS
The family environment plays an impor-
tant role in influencing the way that children
use the media and the degree of their exposure
to media, however the mediating role of par-
ents in this process is not sufficiently under-
stood. The present paper presents the results
of a 2016 Slovenian national survey in which
opinions of 2,825 parents concerning their
children’s exposure to media were collected
and analysed using the SPSS PSAW Statistic
18 software package. Our results show that
exposure to media by children from the first
to the sixth grade increases with age, that chil-
dren of parents who are themselves heavy me-
dia users are more likely to be heavy users and
that children who are heavy media users also
receive lower test scores.
The following hypotheses have been
structured, from which we determine:
H1: There are significant differences in
media exposure between the two age groups
(1-3 grade and 3-6 grade).
H2: Confirms that when parents are
heavy media users this has an effect that their
children are far more likely to be in the same
group.
H3: It seem that being a heavy user child
already in these first years of education has
an effect on school average academic perfor-
mance.
From the collected results we can con-
clude that family has a very important impact
on whether or how children use the media as
part of their free time and also for the needs of
the school work.
In this regard, we would like to point out
that in this context the role of parents or fam-
ily is not clearly defined. Children often use
the media and are at the same time exposed to
potential exploitation of the media for market-
ing purposes. Of course, parents are not aware
of this directly, since they are also the users
of the media themselves, but the media affects
them less, since they can reasonably decide
what is good for them and what is not.
We can conclude that the media are an
integral part of the educational process of chil-
dren in elementary school and also in further
education, and despite some negative conse-
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56
quences that the media can have on children,
the media is an important element in achieving
better academic achievements.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Data collection process was supported
by Slovenian Research Agency, in the frame-
work of Infrastructure program of the Fac-
ulty of Media - Collecting, Managing and
Archiving Data on Media Literacy (contract
number: 1000-16-2916).
Conflict of interests
The authors declare no conflict of inter-
est.
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