Social Media Use, Engagement and Addiction among University students: A Surve...Md. Sajjat Hossain
In today’s technological world social media is the new reality of human life. The easy access of Internet around the world has made it one of the most popular medium of information and communication. It has the ability to completely eliminate geographical distance for communication that exists between people.
the influence of social media have changed all areas of peoples live. The strong and most visible changed were observed in the young generation especially tertiary level students.
Many parents and guardians are worried that students are spending too much time on Facebook and other social media sites and have not enough time to study.
Impact of Social Media of Student’s Academic Performanceinventionjournals
The focus of the study is to determine the effect of growing use of social media sites on the academic performance of the students of universities and colleges. On the basis of random sampling a sample of 300 students was selected. Questionnaire was used as an instrument for data collection.97% questionnaire received back from respondents on which descriptive statistics apply for data analysis. Results indicate that the effect of social media can be positive as in this study closely determined the real effect of social media sites. In recent time itencourage the carrier and future of students’ .The social media sites like Facebook, twitter, Google+ .And Skype capturethe attention of students for study and affecting positively their academic Grade points.
Social Media Use, Engagement and Addiction among University students: A Surve...Md. Sajjat Hossain
In today’s technological world social media is the new reality of human life. The easy access of Internet around the world has made it one of the most popular medium of information and communication. It has the ability to completely eliminate geographical distance for communication that exists between people.
the influence of social media have changed all areas of peoples live. The strong and most visible changed were observed in the young generation especially tertiary level students.
Many parents and guardians are worried that students are spending too much time on Facebook and other social media sites and have not enough time to study.
Impact of Social Media of Student’s Academic Performanceinventionjournals
The focus of the study is to determine the effect of growing use of social media sites on the academic performance of the students of universities and colleges. On the basis of random sampling a sample of 300 students was selected. Questionnaire was used as an instrument for data collection.97% questionnaire received back from respondents on which descriptive statistics apply for data analysis. Results indicate that the effect of social media can be positive as in this study closely determined the real effect of social media sites. In recent time itencourage the carrier and future of students’ .The social media sites like Facebook, twitter, Google+ .And Skype capturethe attention of students for study and affecting positively their academic Grade points.
Impacts of social media on students
Impacts of social media on students
Impacts of social media on students
Impacts of social media on students
Impacts of social media on students
Este es una presentación power point que usé para rendir conversación en mi instituto de inglés, recopilando informaion desde distintas presentaiones de este sitio. Muchas gracias, acá les devuelvo la ayuda.
As use of social media is increasing day by day, the presentation describes the benefits as well as threats of using or being addicted to social media. There are some interesting facts in PPT to understand easily.
Impacts of social media on students
Impacts of social media on students
Impacts of social media on students
Impacts of social media on students
Impacts of social media on students
Este es una presentación power point que usé para rendir conversación en mi instituto de inglés, recopilando informaion desde distintas presentaiones de este sitio. Muchas gracias, acá les devuelvo la ayuda.
As use of social media is increasing day by day, the presentation describes the benefits as well as threats of using or being addicted to social media. There are some interesting facts in PPT to understand easily.
RESEARCH PAPERRESEARCH PAPER1Bruce W. .docxeleanorg1
RESEARCH PAPER
RESEARCH PAPER
1
Bruce W. Norcise
Excelsior College
LA 298 CAPSTONE
How has social Media affected today’s Youth?
Social Media is a prominent part of today's life, especially among young people. Unfortunately, the users of social media do not stop to think about the effects it has on their lives. For instance, people are becoming anti-social while they are at the same time desperate to make more friends on Facebook or get more followers on Twitter. People need to know the impact of social media, both negative and positive, rather than just engage blindly. While there are many positive aspects of social media, the negative aspects are equally many. To help make the right choices, this paper will be an analysis of the effects of social media on youths, and how the negative effects can be handled.
This paper will help youths and parents understand the dangers of social media and know the boundaries they should use as they use it. Failure to do so will cause them to fall to varying traps and dangers that will have negative consequences. Social media is one sector of the internet that is greatly used by criminals. On this site, youths get exposed to cyberbullying, online predators and sexting. These dangers should be discussed to let people know their damaging effects and how they can be avoided. Other than the above-mentioned dangers of using social media, there are effects that are rarely discussed. For instance, teens are not aware of the dangers of exposing their address on public platforms. This paper will expose these dangers and many more as well as provide the most appropriate solutions.
References
Agosto, D., & Abbas, J. (2010). High school seniors' social network and other ict use preferences and concerns. Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 47(1),
Christakis, D. (2006). Media as a public health issue. Editorial. Archives ofPediatric and Adolescent Medicine
Donath, J. (2007). Signals in social supernets. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 13(1), article
21
Journal of College & Character
The Impact of Social Media on College Students
Jeanna Mastrodicasa, University of Florida
Paul Metellus, University of Florida1
Abstract
There are numerous ways, positive and negative, in which social media impact college students.
Understanding sheer volume of time and the type of activities for which college students use social
networking sites is crucial for higher education administrators. Researchers have begun to empiri-
cally examine impacts on students’ well-being and have found some preliminary results that call for
more research. They find that social media are not the problem—the problem is the specific use and
purpose of social media activities that make the difference.
1 Jeanna Mastrodicasa is assistant vice president for student affairs at the University of Florida. E-mail: [email protected] Paul
Metellus is an undergraduate at.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE USE OF BLACKBERRY WITH THE STUDENTS’ DEMAND FULF...cscpconf
The communication technology mainly Blackberry enables a medium to facilitate mediated interpersonal communication because of its interactive ability. This aspect creates some
easiness. In the interpersonal communication keeping apart with a distance, the interactivity of the convergent media has been over the potential ability of a feedback since a person accessing
a convergent medium directly gives a feedback of the message conveyed. Blackberry as a result of an advanced technology development has been growing so fast in this life.
Based on the background and phenomenon mentioned, this research studied about “The Relationship between The Use of Blackberry with The Demand Fulfillment and Personality of
The Junior High Students in Bandung.” The research was aimed at finding out: (1) the correlation between ten intensity of blackberry use with the cognitive and affective fulfillment of
The Junior High School Students, (2) the correlation between the intensity of blackberry use with the Tense Release of The Junior High School Students, (3) the correlation between the
intensity of blackberry use with the Personal Integrative of The Junior High School Students; (4) the correlation between the intensity of blackberry use with the Socially Integrative of The
Junior High School Students; (5) the correlation between the intensity of blackberry use with the Confidence of The Junior High School Students; (6) the correlation between the intensity of blackberry use with the Tolerance of The Junior High School Students; (7) the correlation between the intensity of blackberry use with the Whole Fulfillment of The Junior High School
Students; (8) the correlation between the intensity of blackberry use with the Personality as a whole of The Junior High School Students The research used a quantitative approach with the explanatory survey method. The Theories used were: Cognitive Psychology, Technology Determinism, and Uses and Gratification . The population of the research was The Junior High School students. By using random sampling
technique, it was taken 5 schools and 200 students as the sample. The data were taken through questionnaires. The data obtained were analyzes by using the statistical test of correlation. The results of the research were shown in the forms of Bar Chart.
Sociological Research Methods – Group Research ProjectThe Ev.docxjensgosney
Sociological Research Methods – Group Research Project
The Evolution in Technology and Humans
Professor: Tracy Andrew Supruniuk
Course Code: AS/SOCI 2030M
Student Names: Dominic Fung
Student Numbers: and 212907663
Date: May 5th, 2015
Literature Review
Since the introduction of electronic devices, the world has shifted into a new technological era with great assistance from the development of the internet. The technology then became more portable and commercial, which made the mechanisms more accessible, affordable and evidently more desirable. The popularity of these internet associated devices rose quickly and still continue to rise, as it becomes the norm for individuals to own at least one electronic device. The purpose of these devices it to assist with an individual’s daily task along with many more possibilities, and because of its influential power, questions like how it affected with the development of humans in the modern era begin to surface.
The purpose of this study is to discover how the interactions and communications between humans have evolved since the involvement of internet and electronic technology. This topic has peaked interest of many researchers, and popular themes concerning the topic includes relationships and intimacy between individuals via the internet from computers and phones. Some previous research that has been chosen to be used as references all follow along a similar pattern, regarding the sample size and diversity, methodology, and theoretical influences.
One method that is popular to the researchers in the field of sociology is known as Ethnography, which is “the systematic description of human behaviour and organizational culture based on first-hand observation” (Howard, 2002, p.553). But because of the new technological advancement, using such a traditional procedure may be unable to fully analyze the subject. One research decided to adapt to the technologic subject and develop a different form of Ethnography to accommodate any flaws the tradition method had; the new methodology is called Network Ethnography.
Network ethnography involves with passive or active observation, extended immersion, and in-depth interviews, following the processes of ethnographical research methods. The contribution Network ethnography provides is that it does not limit the researcher into choosing territorial field sites, but also has the opportunity to select multiple social networks as field sites.
Another reason why they believe Network Ethnography is a valid method of examining social behaviour and different technological mediums is that a researcher can manage sample bias whether it be extreme, snowball or any other sampling method. The reason being is that “snowball sampling for example, does not allow the researcher to control the direction of sample growth, but social network analysis will identify some of the most significant informants in the network (Howard, 2002 pg 562).” Researchers can use the in.
Read the article Adult Education and the Social Media Revolution,.docxmakdul
Read the article “Adult Education and the Social Media Revolution,” available in the eReserves section of the classroom. Pay particular attention to the references these authors make to the works of others. Every citation within this article is essentially a head nod to other authors who have written about the same or similar topics. Were they all in the same room, you could imagine the authors of this article pointing to or calling out those other authors while speaking. This is what we mean when we refer to research and writing as one big conversation, with all of the participants listening and responding to one another.
In a discussion post, point to an example from this article and explain how the authors do one of the following:
· refer to another work in order to give legitimacy to their own point;
· refer to another work in order to build upon the ideas of others; or
· refer to another work in order to challenge that work.
If you select "refer to another work in order to give legitimacy to their own point," first describe what the authors' point is, then describe how the cited article supports that point.
If you select "refer to another work in order to build upon the ideas of others," first describe what the ideas are, then describe how the authors build upon those ideas.
If you select "refer to another work in order to challenge that work", first describe what is being challenged, then describe how the authors are challenging the cited work.
By Marvin LeNoue, Tom Hall,
Myron A. Eighmy
Marvin LeNoue is an ABD doctoral
candidate in Occupational and Adult
Education at North Dakota State
University, Fargo, ND. He is currently
serving as an instructor at the University
of Oregon American English Institute,
Eugene, OR. His research interests
include technology-enhanced education
delivery and the use of educational
social software.
(Email: [email protected])
Tom Hall has an Ed. D. in Adult and
Higher Education from the University
of South Dakota. He is currently
serving as an Assistant Professor in the
Educational Leadership Program at
North Dakota State University, Fargo,
ND. His research interests include
adult education in the 21st Century, the
impact of different generational cohorts
in today's workplace, and community
education in rural America.
(Email: thomas.e. [email protected] edu)
Myron A. Eighmy is a professor and
program coordinator for the Education
Doctoral Program at North Dakota State
University. Research interests include
alternative delivery modes, learning
communities, and graduate student
self-efficacy.
(Email: [email protected])
Adult Education and the
Social Media Revolution
The advent of Web 2.0 and the spread of social software tools havecreated new and exciting opportunities for designers of digitally-medi-
ated education programs for adults. Whether working in fully online, blended,
or face-to-face learning contexts, instructors may now access technologies that
allow students and faculty to engage in coope ...
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE USE OF BLACKBERRY WITH THE STUDENTS’ DEMAND FULF...csandit
The communication technology mainly Blackberry enables a medium to facilitate mediated
interpersonal communication because of its interactive ability. This aspect creates some
easiness. In the interpersonal communication keeping apart with a distance, the interactivity of
the convergent media has been over the potential ability of a feedback since a person accessing
a convergent medium directly gives a feedback of the message conveyed. Blackberry as a result
of an advanced technology development has been growing so fast in this life.
Based on the background and phenomenon mentioned, this research studied about “The
Relationship between The Use of Blackberry with The Demand Fulfillment and Personality of
The Junior High Students in Bandung.” The research was aimed at finding out: (1) the
correlation between ten intensity of blackberry use with the cognitive and affective fulfillment of
The Junior High School Students, (2) the correlation between the intensity of blackberry use
with the Tense Release of The Junior High School Students, (3) the correlation between the
intensity of blackberry use with the Personal Integrative of The Junior High School Students;
(4) the correlation between the intensity of blackberry use with the Socially Integrative of The
Junior High School Students; (5) the correlation between the intensity of blackberry use with
the Confidence of The Junior High School Students; (6) the correlation between the intensity of
blackberry use with the Tolerance of The Junior High School Students; (7) the correlation
between the intensity of blackberry use with the Whole Fulfillment of The Junior High School
Students; (8) the correlation between the intensity of blackberry use with the Personality as a
whole of The Junior High School Students
The research used a quantitative approach with the explanatory survey method. The Theories
used were: Cognitive Psychology, Technology Determinism, and Uses and Gratification . The
population of the research was The Junior High School students. By using random sampling
technique, it was taken 5 schools and 200 students as the sample. The data were taken through
questionnaires. The data obtained were analyzes by using the statistical test of correlation. The
results of the research were shown in the forms of Bar Chart.
Extent of social media usage by students for improved learning in Tertiary In...iosrjce
This study was carried out to ascertain the perception of students on the use of social media for
educational purposes. It was conducted in three tertiary institutions in Rivers State. The sample comprised 200
respondents randomly selected from three tertiary institutions in Rivers State. Five research objectives and four
null hypotheses were used for the study. Mean scores, ANOVA, multiple comparison test using schaffer model,
and Correlational Analysis were the statistical tools used in the study. The study found that social media is used
in the study. The study found that social is used for educational purposes in terms of communication, sharing
and exchanging ideas with improved engagement with technology. The study also revealed that social media is
frequently used for interactions with friends for classroom assignment, communication in and outside
classroom, promoting interactions during lectures, promoting informal learning, enhance course grades,
facilitating language exchange, video conferencing, creating room for educational and video sharing. In terms
of attitude of students, respondents generally have favourable attitude towards use of social media. The study
revealed significant differences exist in social media usage across the three universities involved in the study
and significant differences exist in usage of social media between male and female respondents; and in attitude
of students towards social media. Based on these findings, the study recommend that the use of social media
should be incorporated into the curriculum for enhanced universities education.
How social media marketing helps businesses in 2024.pdfpramodkumar2310
Social media marketing refers to the process of utilizing social media platforms to promote products, services, or brands. It involves creating and sharing valuable content, engaging with followers, analyzing data, and running targeted advertising campaigns.
www.nidmindia.com
“To be integrated is to feel secure, to feel connected.” The views and experi...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Although a significant amount of literature exists on Morocco's migration policies and their
successes and failures since their implementation in 2014, there is limited research on the integration of subSaharan African children into schools. This paperis part of a Ph.D. research project that aims to fill this gap. It
reports the main findings of a study conducted with migrant children enrolled in two public schools in Rabat,
Morocco, exploring how integration is defined by the children themselves and identifying the obstacles that they
have encountered thus far. The following paper uses an inductive approach and primarily focuses on the
relationships of children with their teachers and peers as a key aspect of integration for students with a migration
background. The study has led to several crucial findings. It emphasizes the significance of speaking Colloquial
Moroccan Arabic (Darija) and being part of a community for effective integration. Moreover, it reveals that the
use of Modern Standard Arabic as the language of instruction in schools is a source of frustration for students,
indicating the need for language policy reform. The study underlines the importanceof considering the
children‟s agency when being integrated into mainstream public schools.
.
KEYWORDS: migration, education, integration, sub-Saharan African children, public school
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Social media refers to online platforms and tools that enable users to create, share, and exchange information, ideas, and content in virtual communities and networks. These platforms have revolutionized the way people communicate, interact, and consume information. Here are some key aspects and descriptions of social media:
The Challenges of Good Governance and Project Implementation in Nigeria: A Re...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This study reveals that systemic corruption and other factors including poor leadership,
leadership recruitment processes, ethnic and regional politics, tribalism and mediocrity, poor planning, and
variation of project design have been the causative factors that undermine projects implementation in postindependence African states, particularly in Nigeria. The study, thus, argued that successive governments of
African states, using Nigeria as a case study, have been deeply engrossed in this obnoxious practice that has
undermined infrastructure sector development as well as enthroned impoverishment and mass poverty in these
African countries. This study, therefore, is posed to examine the similarities in causative factors, effects and
consequences of corruption and how it affects governance, projects implementation and national growth. To
achieve this, the study adopted historical research design which is qualitative and explorative in nature. The
study among others suggests that the governments of developing countries should shun corruption and other
forms of obnoxious practices in order to operate effective and efficient systems that promote good governance
and ensure there is adequate projects implementation which are the attributes of a responsible government and
good leadership. Policy makers should also prioritize policy objectives and competence to ensure that policies
are fully implemented within stipulated time frame.
KEYWORDS: Developing Countries, Nigeria, Government, Project Implementation, Project Failure
Exploring Factors Affecting the Success of TVET-Industry Partnership: A Case ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to explore factors affecting the success of TVET-industry
partnerships. A case study design of the qualitative research method was used to achieve this objective. For the
study, one polytechnic college of Oromia regional state, and two industries were purposively selected. From the
sample polytechnic college and industries, a total of 17 sample respondents were selected. Out of 17
respondents, 10 respondents were selected using the snowball sampling method, and the rest 7 respondents were
selected using the purposive sampling technique. The qualitative data were collected through an in-depth
interview and document analysis. The data were analyzed using thematic approaches. The findings revealed that
TVET-industry partnerships were found weak. Lack of key stakeholder‟s awareness shortage of improved
training equipment and machines in polytechnic colleges, absence of trainee health insurance policy, lack of
incentive mechanisms for private industries, lack of employer industries involvement in designing and
developing occupational standards, and preparation of curriculum were some of the impediments of TVETindustry partnership. Based on the findings it was recommended that the Oromia TVET bureau in collaboration
with other relevant concerned regional authorities and TVET colleges, set new strategies for creating strong
awareness for industries, companies, and other relevant stakeholders on the purpose and advantages of
implementing successful TVET-industry partnership. Finally, the Oromia regional government in collaboration
with the TVET bureau needs to create policy-supported incentive strategies such as giving occasional privileges
of duty-free import, tax reduction, and regional government recognition awards based on the level of partnership
contribution to TVET institutions in promoting TVET-industry partnership.
KEY WORDS: employability skills, industries, and partnership
Enhance your social media strategy with the best digital marketing agency in Kolkata. This PPT covers 7 essential tips for effective social media marketing, offering practical advice and actionable insights to help you boost engagement, reach your target audience, and grow your online presence.
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Non-Financial Information and Firm Risk Non-Financial Information and Firm RiskAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to examine how ESG disclosure and risk disclosure affect the total risk of
companies. Using cross section data from 355 companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange, data regarding
ESG disclosure and risk was collected. In this research, ESG and risk disclosures are measured based on content
analysis using GRI 4 guidelines for ESG disclosures and COSO ERM for risk disclosures. Using multiple
regression, it is concluded that only risk disclosure can reduce the company's total risk, while ESG disclosure
cannot affect the company's total risk. This shows that only risk disclosure is relevant in determining a
company's total risk.
KEYWORDS: ESG disclosure, risk disclosure, firm risk
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1. 1
How Are Communication Technologies Re-Shaping Individual Relationships
Among College Undergraduates?
TJ Dinsmoor
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Research Methods 361, Spring 2009
Lab 801
2. 2
Introduction
The digital age that we are now growing into has the ability to change how people
communicate with others. Today’s college undergraduate students are at the forefront of the
technological advances that are before them. College undergraduates of the millennial generation
are exploring the factors that shape their peer personality and identifying characteristics of that
personality through the online environment (Workman, 2008, p. 6). Social networking sites were
once used by a small elite, but now widely used by many and have become the subject of popular
culture, public interest, and political debate (Kollock & Smith, 1999/2005).
The Internet is being used to connect people to people in many different ways. The
characteristics of interaction, communication, and coordination are different in online than when
people meet face-to-face (Kollock & Smith, 1999/2005). Using network communication such as
online chat, social networking sites such as Myspace and Facebook, email, even text messaging
creates a shift in interactions among people to be practical and more convenient (Kollock &
Smith, 1999/2005). It is the advancement in computer technology and the shift in communication
that brings attention to the changing individual relationships that college undergraduate’s
experience. Much previous research has studied the interactivity, interaction, and collaboration
among college undergraduates (Selwyn, 2007). This research has shown that with the growing
power of the Internet, college students are turned on by the convenience of the Internet’s speed,
display of availability information, and support for multiple conversations (Quan-Haase, 2008, p.
105). It is not surprising that there is an increase in the use of communication technologies
among college students, but it is surprising that there have been few studies that have examined
the link between the increase of communication technologies and the relationships among
college undergraduates. We know that there is a changing culture with the younger generation
3. 3
because of the increase in Internet usage and communication technologies (Coyle & Vaughn,
2008, p. 15), but how does that directly affect individual relationships among college
undergraduates?
Literature Review
First, I would like to define the area of communication technologies that will be mostly
focused on in this review: social networks. A social network is a configuration of people
connected to one another through interpersonal means, such as friendship, common interests, or
ideas (Coyle & Vaughn, 2008, p. 13). Social networks exist because humans are societal and
require relationships with other humans in order to survive (Coyle & Vaughn, 2008, p. 13).
Social networks are also critical to the psychological well-being of humans; this has been well
documented throughout the years and is still interesting to researchers today (Rheingold,
1993/2000, p. 321). Survey Research shows that an overwhelming majority of respondents report
forming personal relationships online (Coyle & Vaughn, 2008, p. 13).
“Internet time” – the furious pace of change in digital culture—compresses the timelines
of events (Rheingold, 1993/2000, p. 335). Research shows that college student’s primary reasons
for using communication technologies is convenience, ease of use, privacy if there were other
people in the room, and the ability to multitask by engaging in multiple things, such as watching
television (Quan-Haase, 2008, p. 108). In another study done in Hong Kong, the primary
motivations of university students for using communication technologies were to express
affection, being sociable by thanking people, helping friends, and expressing encouragement
(Quan-Haase, 2008, p. 109).
While using communication technologies and the Internet, college students report that
they communicate primarily with friends from home and on campus (Quan-Haase, 2008, p 106).
4. 4
One of the more popular methods of communication among college students is a website titled
Facebook, where college students use the website to stay linked with people with whom they
used to be more closely involved with, e.g., former classmates and newer classmates (Coyle &
Vaughn, 2008, p. 16). Research shows that college students who use communication
technologies communicated considerably far more with peers than with relatives, suggesting a
generation gap in the adoption of the digital age (Quan-Haase, 2008, p. 107).
With college students leaving their homes and sometimes traveling far distances to
schools, geographical distance reduces both communication frequency and psychological
closeness with high school friends and family (Quan-Haase, 2008, p. 108). With an increase in
distance, opportunities for meaningful interaction through conversation, persuasion, and sharing
of experiences decrease as well does closeness to old friends and family members (Quan-Haase,
2008, p. 108).
Studies report social ties that are maintained through e-mail, instant messaging, or social
networking sites, such as Facebook and Myspace, show greater closeness than ties maintained
via the telephone and in person (Quan-Haase, 2008, p. 109). College students are aware of the
importance of in-person meetings for the maintenance of social ties, but communication
technologies gives college students a sense of connectedness and allows students to share
experiences with one another as if they were meeting face-to-face (Selwyn, 2007, p. 87).
As Kollock and Smith (1999/2005) have pointed out, “Community is now conceptualized
not in terms of physical proximity but in terms of social networks. Telephones, automobiles, and
airplanes have long meant that it was possible to establish and sustain important social
relationships outside of one’s immediate physical neighborhood” (para. 3). Now, in online
interaction, the experience is something like attending a cocktail party and only being able to see
5. 5
people who are actively speaking, while the room and all the listeners are invisible (Kollock &
Smith, 1999/2005).
Critics with dystopian views state that with a loss of strong bonds among members in
society, the Internet will limit connections between central and peripheral actors in society and
those on the peripheral structure will be less connected than ever before (Fisher, 2001, p. 24).
Fisher (2001) also notes that critics with utopian views state, “Cyberspace will make it easier for
people to communicate both politically and otherwise” (p. 24).
Workman (2008) states that most “student affairs professionals and sociologists have
worried that the trend would lead to a population of students who were isolated and unable to
develop healthy “offline” relationships” (p. 7). Research further suggests that online interactions
do not necessarily remove people from their offline world but may indeed be used to support
relationships and keep people in contact, even when life changes move people away from each
other (Workman, 2008, p. 7). Rheingold (1993/2000) argues that, “virtual communities may
actually be part of the remedy for the loss of live community” (p. 275).
Conclusion
As this review shows, research focusing on communication technology use among
college undergraduates is necessary because applying knowledge to the subject will show the
changing characteristics of individual relationships. The Internet is now taking over as a
communication tool that is more convenient than meeting in a face-to face environment for
college students. Students can use communication technologies to still achieve a sense of
connectedness with former high school friends and family back home. Research in this area also
suggests that virtual interaction may be a remedy for the loss of live community. One era is
coming to a close and the rising of a new era is coming. Further study will show as technologies
6. 6
continue to advance, the students’ relationships will change alongside it.
Methodology
This study will focus on the growing use of communication technologies and look at the
question of “How are communication technologies re-shaping individual relationships among
college undergraduates?” To answer this question, it will require broad, open-ended feedback
from samples collected because individual viewpoints about their own relationships are likely to
be too complex for researchers. These responses have to come from college undergraduates, and
it is not necessary to single any particular group out, so the undergraduates can be either male or
female and the ethnicity of the undergraduate can be from all backgrounds. For these reasons, it
is appropriate to use a qualitative research approach.
Sample
For this study, the availability/convenience and intensive interviewing sampling methods
will be the most appropriate because it will be used to focus on the Internet use and relationships
of the specific sample such as college undergraduates either male or female and ethnicity from
all backgrounds. There will be no need to generalize the results to the whole population since the
study is focused on just college undergraduates. Moreover, non-probability sampling methods
are considered easier and less costly to use (Schutt, 2004). To get an adequate number of
participants, the researchers will be able to wait for undergraduates around campus in places
such as school unions, outside of buildings and outside of college dormitories. The
availability/convenience method is used to select participants because they are available and easy
to find (Schutt, 2004). In a few ways it can be difficult to get a solid sampling frame, such as
mailing list or email lists, focused on college undergraduates because of universities privacy
laws. However, by walking around a college campus, researchers will encounter enough
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participants to gather a sufficient amount. Thus, this technique will be the best way to collect
proper participants who are generous enough to contribute to the research.
There are some weaknesses of using this type of method for gathering samples however.
An example being, with this type of method, it is only focusing on college undergraduates and
not all college students such as students going back to college for their masters or doctorate
degree. Respondents with higher education are likely to have different viewpoints from those of
undergraduates, so this sampling method may not ensure the quality of samples and diversity of
samples from all people who attend college.
Method Design
To study the habits and actions of college undergraduates, it is best to use qualitative
research methods because they primarily focus on human subjectivity. By human subjectivity, I
mean the meanings that people attach to their individual actions or events (Schutt 2004). It is
also because responses from the research participants may not be anticipatable or quite complex
regarding their individual relationships or their communication habits. With all the possible
choices among qualitative research methods, the availability/convenience method will be most
suitable. Availability/convenience method, intertwined with intensive interviewing, is designed
to lead the respondents to talk in-depth, and provide information in their own words. Intensive
interviewing is also helpful to make clear that respondents understand the questions being asked
or when researchers do not understand the response from a participant.
This method will allow researchers to gain accurate open-ended feedback about the
participant’s use of communication technologies and social networking sites and how it might
affect their individual relationships. The researchers will not only ask participants their prepared
questions, but they will also reach for further meaning beyond the answers to their prepared
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questions. For example, a prepared question like “How do you use social networking sites to
communicate between family and friends?” After a participant answers the question, they may be
presented with further details, and then the researcher may ask follow-up questions. In the
appendix you will see some example questions that will cover the main topics of the study. The
list of questions is a guide, rather than a strict protocol, that will be closely followed regardless
of the interviewee’s answers.
Intensive interviewing will take place in the student unions of college campuses or
outside of buildings as undergraduates walk by. While undergraduates wait between classes in
the union or outside on a bench, researchers will approach them and describe to them the purpose
of the study. This will allow the interviewing to be conducted on the spot.
One of the strengths of the intensive interviewing method is that the researchers can
easily recognize and find the proper samples and conduct interviews immediately. Thus, this will
be very efficient for the researcher’s time and cost. This method will also allow the researchers
to ask broad questions like “How have your individual relationships changed, if at all, since
you’ve gone to college?” The researcher then may ask follow-up questions to gain more
information. Also possible, the researcher is able to make sure that the participant understands
the questions, and this will help ensure the quality of the information.
There are a few weaknesses in this method. An example being, college undergraduates
may not feel comfortable being put on the spot and being interviewed. With a lack of
communication between the researcher and the participant, it may bring about the use of note
taking or a simple recording devise. Possible samples could complicate the research by not
honestly answering questions or being confused, and the researchers need to determine if
samples can contribute to the study. Another possible weakness could be if an intensive
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interview is conducted on only college undergraduates, then respondents may not be as diverse
as they should be such as other people who attend college for graduate or doctoral purposes, and
potentially could have very similar types of responses.
The use of intensive interviewing may be used to battle communication barriers since
interviewing allows samples to talk openly. With a possible lack of diversity in samples, it can be
overcome by interviewing in other college campuses around the Milwaukee area. The
researchers will also ask each participant the college they attend in order to make sure there is
diversity among the samples.
Analysis
Inductive research techniques can be used to develop an explanation to account for how
the advancement of communication technologies affects college undergraduate’s relationships.
Since the area of research on communication technologies is relatively new, research will have to
start with specific data before coming up with a theory. With research ongoing, researchers will
create a grounded theory, or building up inductively a systematic theory that is based on the
observations (Schutt 2004). As interviewing and reflection continue, researchers will cultivate
their definitions of problems and concepts and select indicators. As communication technologies
continue to advance and people having different terms when referring to a specific type of
technology, research will be progressively refined as experience is gained in the setting. An
example of a code would be when a research participant refers to a message sent on Facebook as
a “wall post,” “commented,” or “face-booked.” All mean the same thing but could post a
problem for researchers looking at data early in the research process. Once problems and
concepts are identified, researchers can check the frequency and distribution of the phenomena
and generate a theory.
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Significance
The study proposed, to seek how technological advances in communication particularly
social networking sites, affect college undergrads individual relationships is still a relatively new
area of research, considering new social networking sites and communication technologies
continue to advance and pop up on the Internet. The studies that have been done previously only
focused on the early social networking sites such as Facebook and Myspace, and researchers
were primarily concerned with how much time was spent on the sites and their reason for using
social networking sites (Coyle & Vaughn, 2008).
Even though communication technologies and social networking sites continue to grow
and change, the findings of this research will be significant because they will help understand
how college undergraduates communicate between family and friends in a new era of
technology. With more and more young adults going off to college they are seeking new ways to
keep connected with friends and family. The research will show whether or not communication
done online directly affects individual relationships. Also, this type of knowledge about
communication methods among college undergraduates will be helpful to the social networking
sites and other communication companies on what types of communication methods are growing
among popularity and what types of communication methods are fading as technology advances.
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References
Coyle, C.L., & Vaughn, H. (2008). Social networking: communication revolution or
evolution? Bell Labs Technical Journal, 13(2), 13-18.
Fisher, D.R., & Wright, L.M. (2001). On utopias and dystopias: toward an understanding
of the discourse surrounding the internet. Journal of Computer-Mediated
Communication, 6(2), 23-26.
Kollock, P., & Smith, M. (2005). Communities in cyberspace. New York: Routledge.
(Original work published 1999).
Quan-Haase, A. (2008). Instant messaging on campus: use and integration in university
students’ everyday communication. The Information Society, 24(2), 105-115.
Rheingold, H. (2000). The Virtual Community. Massachusetts: The MIT Press. (Original
work published 1993).
Schutt, Russell K. 2004. Investigating the Social World. London: Sage Publications, Inc.
Selwyn, N. (2007). The use of computer technology in university teaching and learning: a
critical perspective. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 23, 83-94.
Workman, T. (2008). The real impact of virtual worlds. Chronicle of Higher Education,
55(4), B12-B13.
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Appendix
Intensive Interviewing Sample Questions
1. How many hours a day do you spend online?
2. What is your preferred source of communication (Cell phone, email, internet, face to
face, telegram, etc)?
3. What types of social networking sites do you use or communication technologies?
4. How many hours a day do you typically spend on a social networking site?
5. When you use communication technologies what do you primarily use them for
(Uploading photos, blogging, communication between friends/family, etc)?
6. If you communicate between people, whom do you mostly communicate with?
7. Have you ever meet someone online that goes to the same college and eventually met up
with them?
8. How would you describe a relationship with someone you met online as opposed to
meeting someone face to face (Is it stronger, weaker, the same, never met anyone online,
etc)?
9. How is it easier to talk to people online than in face to face?
10. How do you see communication technologies advancing over the next few years?
11. By using communication technologies, has it affected your relationships positively or
negatively, and how?
12. Which feature do you use the most on social networking sites (chat, email messaging,
wall-posting, video chat, etc)?
13. In response to question #12, why do you use that feature over other features?