Ramaswamy Narayanan, Ph.D., professor in the Charles E. Schmidt College of Science at Florida Atlantic University, is working to blend the power of computers with biology to use the human genome to remove much of the guesswork involved in discovering cures for diseases.
This document compares the allele frequencies of 15 Plasmodium falciparum merozoite antigen genes in malaria infections sampled in Kenya in 2007 and 2008. It finds fluctuating allele frequencies in codons 147 and 148 of the reticulocyte-binding homologue 5 (Rh5) gene over this period in uncomplicated malaria infections. However, the dominant YH haplotype was stable over multiple years in asymptomatic and complicated infections. A regression analysis found the chance of the less common HD haplotype decreased over time from 2007 to 2009 in uncomplicated and asymptomatic infections.
The document describes the design of a customized genome-wide genotyping array ("TxArray") for transplantation studies. It includes approximately 782,000 markers focused on loci related to HLA, KIR, pharmacogenomics, and metabolism that are important for transplantation. Testing on 85 HapMap samples showed high concordance (0.996) and low error rates, and genotype imputation was highly accurate (over 0.962). The array was designed to improve coverage of regions like KIR compared to other platforms and enable large-scale genetic studies in transplant cohorts.
This document summarizes a review article on the genetic, autoimmune, and environmental factors involved in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It discusses how RA results from an interplay between these factors. Genetically, the HLA-DRB1 gene is a major determinant of RA risk. Over 30 non-MHC genes have also been associated with RA through genome-wide association studies and studies of specific populations, including STAT4, PADI4, and PTPN22. Environmental risks like smoking may interact with genetic susceptibility to increase RA risk. Understanding the roles of disease-associated genes and gene-environment interactions could lead to improved RA treatments and prevention strategies.
1) The study analyzed HIV-1 sequences from 37 patients with high numbers (34 or more) of degenerate base codes in their protease/reverse transcriptase sequences, which can indicate either extensive viral evolution or dual infection. 2) Phylogenetic analysis of envelope and gag sequences from these patients found that 16 (43%) had dual HIV-1 infections, representing 1% of all sequences analyzed. 3) Patients with the highest numbers of degenerate base codes were more likely to have dual infections with different HIV-1 subtypes. The study demonstrates that routine HIV genotyping can help detect undiagnosed dual infections.
The document discusses four main strategies for monitoring the efficacy of oncolytic viruses via gene expression analysis: 1) analyzing overall gene expression in tumor cells before and after virus treatment, 2) looking at specific genes in tumor cells, 3) focusing on transgenes introduced into viruses, and 4) following viral gene expression. Several studies utilized these approaches in animal models and human cell lines. Gene expression changes provided insights into mechanisms like apoptosis, immune response, and signaling pathways affected. The most informative monitoring may integrate analysis of tumor cell and viral gene expression over time.
Associations of MHC Ancestral Haplotypes with Resistance/Susceptibility to AI...Dr. Juan Rodriguez-Tafur
This document analyzes the association between MHC ancestral haplotypes and rates of progression to AIDS. It finds that the 8.1 and 44.2 ancestral haplotypes are associated with rapid progression to AIDS, while the 35.2 and 57.1 haplotypes are associated with slow progression. Analysis of recombinant fragments of these haplotypes identifies MHC regions within the 35.1, 35.2, and 44.2 haplotypes associated with rapid progression, and within the 44.1 and 57.1 haplotypes associated with slow progression. Previous studies identified single HLA alleles associated with progression; this study confirms the direct role of HLA-B35 in rapid progression through haplotype analysis.
This document compares the allele frequencies of 15 Plasmodium falciparum merozoite antigen genes in malaria infections sampled in Kenya in 2007 and 2008. It finds fluctuating allele frequencies in codons 147 and 148 of the reticulocyte-binding homologue 5 (Rh5) gene over this period in uncomplicated malaria infections. However, the dominant YH haplotype was stable over multiple years in asymptomatic and complicated infections. A regression analysis found the chance of the less common HD haplotype decreased over time from 2007 to 2009 in uncomplicated and asymptomatic infections.
The document describes the design of a customized genome-wide genotyping array ("TxArray") for transplantation studies. It includes approximately 782,000 markers focused on loci related to HLA, KIR, pharmacogenomics, and metabolism that are important for transplantation. Testing on 85 HapMap samples showed high concordance (0.996) and low error rates, and genotype imputation was highly accurate (over 0.962). The array was designed to improve coverage of regions like KIR compared to other platforms and enable large-scale genetic studies in transplant cohorts.
This document summarizes a review article on the genetic, autoimmune, and environmental factors involved in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It discusses how RA results from an interplay between these factors. Genetically, the HLA-DRB1 gene is a major determinant of RA risk. Over 30 non-MHC genes have also been associated with RA through genome-wide association studies and studies of specific populations, including STAT4, PADI4, and PTPN22. Environmental risks like smoking may interact with genetic susceptibility to increase RA risk. Understanding the roles of disease-associated genes and gene-environment interactions could lead to improved RA treatments and prevention strategies.
1) The study analyzed HIV-1 sequences from 37 patients with high numbers (34 or more) of degenerate base codes in their protease/reverse transcriptase sequences, which can indicate either extensive viral evolution or dual infection. 2) Phylogenetic analysis of envelope and gag sequences from these patients found that 16 (43%) had dual HIV-1 infections, representing 1% of all sequences analyzed. 3) Patients with the highest numbers of degenerate base codes were more likely to have dual infections with different HIV-1 subtypes. The study demonstrates that routine HIV genotyping can help detect undiagnosed dual infections.
The document discusses four main strategies for monitoring the efficacy of oncolytic viruses via gene expression analysis: 1) analyzing overall gene expression in tumor cells before and after virus treatment, 2) looking at specific genes in tumor cells, 3) focusing on transgenes introduced into viruses, and 4) following viral gene expression. Several studies utilized these approaches in animal models and human cell lines. Gene expression changes provided insights into mechanisms like apoptosis, immune response, and signaling pathways affected. The most informative monitoring may integrate analysis of tumor cell and viral gene expression over time.
Associations of MHC Ancestral Haplotypes with Resistance/Susceptibility to AI...Dr. Juan Rodriguez-Tafur
This document analyzes the association between MHC ancestral haplotypes and rates of progression to AIDS. It finds that the 8.1 and 44.2 ancestral haplotypes are associated with rapid progression to AIDS, while the 35.2 and 57.1 haplotypes are associated with slow progression. Analysis of recombinant fragments of these haplotypes identifies MHC regions within the 35.1, 35.2, and 44.2 haplotypes associated with rapid progression, and within the 44.1 and 57.1 haplotypes associated with slow progression. Previous studies identified single HLA alleles associated with progression; this study confirms the direct role of HLA-B35 in rapid progression through haplotype analysis.
This study sequenced the genomes of 11 clinical Mycobacterium abscessus isolates from 8 US patients with pulmonary infections. Core genome analysis compared these isolates to 30 globally diverse strains to investigate population structure. Longitudinally sampled isolates showed very few genetic differences, suggesting homogenous infection populations. Genome content variation between isolates was 0.3-8.3% compared to the reference strain, indicating plasticity.
This document provides an introduction to genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and their role in discovering the genetic basis of complex traits and diseases. It explains that GWAS are a hypothesis-free approach to searching the entire human genome for genetic variants associated with a trait using common single nucleotide polymorphisms. Over 2,000 traits and diseases have been studied through GWAS, identifying over 15,000 genetic associations. The document traces the development of GWAS from early human genome sequencing and projects to characterize human genetic variation to the availability of high-throughput genotyping arrays that enabled widespread application of GWAS in disease research.
1) Genome editing-based therapies are a promising alternative to highly-active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for treating HIV infection. These therapies aim to produce immune cells resistant to HIV using tools like zinc finger nucleases, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9.
2) The major strategy involves modifying cells like hematopoietic stem cells and T cells in vitro before reinfusing them into patients. Recent genome editing therapies have targeted HIV genes like CCR5, CRX4, and the HIV provirus.
3) While genome editing therapies for HIV have made progress and entered clinical trials, concerns remain around their safety, choice of targets as HIV can switch receptors
Meta-Analysis Identifies Type I Interferon Response as Top Pathway Associated...CSCJournals
Background: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) corona virus (CoV) infections are a serious public health threat because of their pandemic-causing potential. This work examines pathway signatures derived from mRNA expression data as a measure of differential pathway activity between SARS and mock infection using a meta-analysis approach to predict pathways associated with SARS infection that may have potential as therapeutic targets to preclude or overcome SARS infections. This work applied a GSEA-based, meta-analysis approach for analyzing pathway signatures from gene expression data to determine if such an approach would overcome FET limitations and identify more pathways associated with SARS infections than observed in our previous work using gene signatures...
Journal Presentation on Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern in Cancer Patientsnayanadiv
This retrospective study analyzed 1178 blood samples from cancer patients with suspected bloodstream infections at a tertiary cancer hospital in India from 2016. The study found a blood culture positivity rate of 27.35% and Gram-negative bacteria accounted for over half of infections. Escherichia coli was the most common organism isolated. Antibiotic resistance was high, especially for cephalosporins. Sensitivity to amikacin was the highest for most Gram-negative bacteria. The study provides important local data on infectious organisms and antibiotic susceptibility to help guide effective treatment of bloodstream infections in cancer patients.
This document provides an overview of pathogenomics and discusses several key areas:
1. It defines pathogenomics and describes how it utilizes genomics data to study infectious diseases.
2. Functional genomics and comparative genomics are applied to reveal pathogenesis genes and develop drugs, diagnostics and vaccines.
3. Identification of virulence factors in fungi and bacteria is discussed through direct sequence annotation and genome analysis.
4. Challenges include antibiotic resistance and potential misuse of information, while future trends involve in vivo expression analysis and reducing drug resistance.
CDC July 2009 Selected Zoonotic Diseases Conference Callgoa4
This document provides an overview of a conference call on selected zoonotic diseases that took place on July 1, 2009. It lists the speakers on various topics including psittacosis, E. coli sharing between dogs and owners, MRSA and pets, and new ACIP recommendations regarding rabies vaccination. It also summarizes updates to the Compendium of Measures to Control Chlamydophila psittaci Infection Among Humans (Psittacosis) and Pet Birds (Avian Chlamydiosis), including discouraged antibiotic treatment, emphasis on doxycycline treatment, and new testing methodologies.
This document discusses the evolution of HIV and resistance to treatment over time. It explains that HIV has a high mutation rate which allows it to quickly evolve resistance to individual drugs. While highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was able to suppress viral loads, it did not reduce them to zero, allowing HIV to rebound once treatment is stopped. This ongoing ability of HIV to evolve resistance presents ethical challenges and ensures that a cure will not be easily achieved.
This document summarizes results from a study of 148 patients initiating quadruple antiretroviral therapy during primary HIV-1 infection. By week 48 of treatment, 36% of patients had stopped treatment or were lost to follow-up. Among the 115 patients still in follow-up, viral loads decreased by a median of 5.4 log copies/mL and CD4 counts increased by a median of 147 cells/mm3. 84.2% of patients had viral loads ≤50 copies/mL and lower baseline CD8+/CD38++ T cell counts and cell-associated DNA levels predicted achieving viral loads ≤3 copies/mL. 83 patients experienced serious adverse events. The study demonstrates significant antiviral activity and immune reconstit
The document summarizes the findings of an IARC working group that classified 5 organophosphate pesticides and herbicides based on evidence of their carcinogenicity. The group classified tetrachlorvinphos and parathion as "possibly carcinogenic to humans" based on limited evidence in humans and sufficient evidence in animals. Malathion and diazinon were classified as "probably carcinogenic to humans" based on limited evidence in humans and sufficient/limited evidence in animals, as well as strong mechanistic evidence. Glyphosate was also classified as "probably carcinogenic to humans" based on limited evidence in humans, sufficient evidence in animals, and strong mechanistic evidence. The working group's assessments will be
This study assessed changes in the penile microbiome of 12 Ugandan men before and after circumcision using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The researchers found:
1) Over 40 unique bacterial families were identified in the coronal sulcus, with Pseudomonadaceae being the most abundant both before and after circumcision.
2) Circumcision was associated with a significant decrease in putative anaerobic bacterial families like Clostridiales Family XI and Prevotellaceae. There was a corresponding increase in facultative anaerobic families.
3) At the genus level, many of the detected anaerobic bacteria have been associated with bacterial vaginosis, including Anaerococcus,
Crimson Publishers- New Hope for Cancer Immunotherapy: Viral Based Cancer Vac...CrimsonPublishers-SBB
Cancer cases are increasing every year in all communities all over the world. Among many causes, environmental factors are considered highest cause of this increase. Socioeconomic impacts of this event lead scientists to expedite research toward finding new therapeutic modalities for treatment of this deadly disease.
Hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection among alcoholic consumers at a local commun...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among 138 alcoholic consumers in North-East Nigeria. 10 subjects screened positive for HBsAg, indicating a prevalence of 5.3% among alcoholic consumers. The prevalence was higher in males (3.7%) than females (2.1%), and in subjects aged 21-30 years (2.1%). Most positive subjects (4.3%) also had elevated liver enzymes. The study highlights the need for measures to curb HBV transmission and immunization in this community given the virus' effects on the liver.
The association between hla drb alleles with pulmonary tuberculosis in babil ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the association between certain HLA-DRB alleles and susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in Iraq. The study found that the HLA-DRB1*04, DRB1*10 and DRB1*13 alleles were associated with increased susceptibility to PTB in Iraqi patients, while the HLA-DRB1*07 and DRB1*15 alleles were associated with protection against PTB. These results provide insights into the role of host genetics in susceptibility to tuberculosis in the Iraqi population. The findings were mostly consistent with prior studies in other populations, though some allele associations differed, suggesting geographic variation in these relationships.
This document describes the characterization of a new head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell line called USC-HN2. USC-HN2 was established from a patient with recurrent oral cavity cancer. Characterization showed USC-HN2 has properties typical of aggressive oral HNSCC, including expression of markers like EGFR, CD44v6, and FABP5. Testing revealed USC-HN2 strongly induces regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in vitro, suggesting an immunosuppressive phenotype. Comparison to another HNSCC cell line, SCCL-MT1, showed both lines have robust cytokine production and immune cell induction, making them useful models for
This document discusses regeneration abilities in vertebrates and invertebrates and their relationship to pharmacological research and cancer regulation. It notes that regeneration capacity varies between phyla and species, with invertebrates and some vertebrates like newts and zebrafish able to regenerate limbs and organs. In contrast, regeneration abilities are more limited in mammals like humans as they age. The aim is to take an evolutionary approach to understand similarities and differences in regeneration processes and how this relates to developing cancer therapies and regenerative medicine.
A Retrospective Analysis of Exome Sequencing Cases Using the GenePool™ Genomi...Antoaneta Vladimirova
- GenePool, a cloud-based genomics software platform, was used to retrospectively analyze exome sequencing data from over two dozen probands and their families to help diagnose various medical conditions.
- For each proband, GenePool identified one or more likely causative gene variants that matched the family's inheritance pattern and the proband's clinical presentation.
- GenePool's integrated analysis workflows and ability to combine genomic and clinical data helped efficiently analyze each family and prioritize candidate variants and genes.
- This study demonstrates GenePool's utility as a tool for precision diagnosis and its high level of concordance with the Clinic for Special Children's own analysis results.
Medcrave - MERS coronavirus - current statusMedCrave
CDC: Centers for Disease Control; MERS-CoV: Middle
East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus; RT-PCR: Reverse
Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; VLP: Virus Like
Particles.
Recently, a new virus started to infect certain individuals in the Middle-East. It was soon identified as a previously unknown coronavirus that caused severe respiratory disease with a high rate of mortality. This virus, MERS-CoV, is still closely watched by health authorities as it has the potential to evolve and cause a major epidemic.
Same Day Instant Loans - Extra Money To Meet Your Unforeseen Expenditures Con...Instant Cash Loans
Same Day Instant Loans – if you facing money crunches in unseen normalcy of life. Then you are thinking about same extra money to meet your unforeseen expenditures condition. You can rapidly rid of your unseen awful economic situation without any harass. Same Day Instant Loans are wondering fiscal helping for your short term situation without any hassle. To click here… http://www.instant-cash-loans.org.uk/
This study sequenced the genomes of 11 clinical Mycobacterium abscessus isolates from 8 US patients with pulmonary infections. Core genome analysis compared these isolates to 30 globally diverse strains to investigate population structure. Longitudinally sampled isolates showed very few genetic differences, suggesting homogenous infection populations. Genome content variation between isolates was 0.3-8.3% compared to the reference strain, indicating plasticity.
This document provides an introduction to genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and their role in discovering the genetic basis of complex traits and diseases. It explains that GWAS are a hypothesis-free approach to searching the entire human genome for genetic variants associated with a trait using common single nucleotide polymorphisms. Over 2,000 traits and diseases have been studied through GWAS, identifying over 15,000 genetic associations. The document traces the development of GWAS from early human genome sequencing and projects to characterize human genetic variation to the availability of high-throughput genotyping arrays that enabled widespread application of GWAS in disease research.
1) Genome editing-based therapies are a promising alternative to highly-active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for treating HIV infection. These therapies aim to produce immune cells resistant to HIV using tools like zinc finger nucleases, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9.
2) The major strategy involves modifying cells like hematopoietic stem cells and T cells in vitro before reinfusing them into patients. Recent genome editing therapies have targeted HIV genes like CCR5, CRX4, and the HIV provirus.
3) While genome editing therapies for HIV have made progress and entered clinical trials, concerns remain around their safety, choice of targets as HIV can switch receptors
Meta-Analysis Identifies Type I Interferon Response as Top Pathway Associated...CSCJournals
Background: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) corona virus (CoV) infections are a serious public health threat because of their pandemic-causing potential. This work examines pathway signatures derived from mRNA expression data as a measure of differential pathway activity between SARS and mock infection using a meta-analysis approach to predict pathways associated with SARS infection that may have potential as therapeutic targets to preclude or overcome SARS infections. This work applied a GSEA-based, meta-analysis approach for analyzing pathway signatures from gene expression data to determine if such an approach would overcome FET limitations and identify more pathways associated with SARS infections than observed in our previous work using gene signatures...
Journal Presentation on Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern in Cancer Patientsnayanadiv
This retrospective study analyzed 1178 blood samples from cancer patients with suspected bloodstream infections at a tertiary cancer hospital in India from 2016. The study found a blood culture positivity rate of 27.35% and Gram-negative bacteria accounted for over half of infections. Escherichia coli was the most common organism isolated. Antibiotic resistance was high, especially for cephalosporins. Sensitivity to amikacin was the highest for most Gram-negative bacteria. The study provides important local data on infectious organisms and antibiotic susceptibility to help guide effective treatment of bloodstream infections in cancer patients.
This document provides an overview of pathogenomics and discusses several key areas:
1. It defines pathogenomics and describes how it utilizes genomics data to study infectious diseases.
2. Functional genomics and comparative genomics are applied to reveal pathogenesis genes and develop drugs, diagnostics and vaccines.
3. Identification of virulence factors in fungi and bacteria is discussed through direct sequence annotation and genome analysis.
4. Challenges include antibiotic resistance and potential misuse of information, while future trends involve in vivo expression analysis and reducing drug resistance.
CDC July 2009 Selected Zoonotic Diseases Conference Callgoa4
This document provides an overview of a conference call on selected zoonotic diseases that took place on July 1, 2009. It lists the speakers on various topics including psittacosis, E. coli sharing between dogs and owners, MRSA and pets, and new ACIP recommendations regarding rabies vaccination. It also summarizes updates to the Compendium of Measures to Control Chlamydophila psittaci Infection Among Humans (Psittacosis) and Pet Birds (Avian Chlamydiosis), including discouraged antibiotic treatment, emphasis on doxycycline treatment, and new testing methodologies.
This document discusses the evolution of HIV and resistance to treatment over time. It explains that HIV has a high mutation rate which allows it to quickly evolve resistance to individual drugs. While highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was able to suppress viral loads, it did not reduce them to zero, allowing HIV to rebound once treatment is stopped. This ongoing ability of HIV to evolve resistance presents ethical challenges and ensures that a cure will not be easily achieved.
This document summarizes results from a study of 148 patients initiating quadruple antiretroviral therapy during primary HIV-1 infection. By week 48 of treatment, 36% of patients had stopped treatment or were lost to follow-up. Among the 115 patients still in follow-up, viral loads decreased by a median of 5.4 log copies/mL and CD4 counts increased by a median of 147 cells/mm3. 84.2% of patients had viral loads ≤50 copies/mL and lower baseline CD8+/CD38++ T cell counts and cell-associated DNA levels predicted achieving viral loads ≤3 copies/mL. 83 patients experienced serious adverse events. The study demonstrates significant antiviral activity and immune reconstit
The document summarizes the findings of an IARC working group that classified 5 organophosphate pesticides and herbicides based on evidence of their carcinogenicity. The group classified tetrachlorvinphos and parathion as "possibly carcinogenic to humans" based on limited evidence in humans and sufficient evidence in animals. Malathion and diazinon were classified as "probably carcinogenic to humans" based on limited evidence in humans and sufficient/limited evidence in animals, as well as strong mechanistic evidence. Glyphosate was also classified as "probably carcinogenic to humans" based on limited evidence in humans, sufficient evidence in animals, and strong mechanistic evidence. The working group's assessments will be
This study assessed changes in the penile microbiome of 12 Ugandan men before and after circumcision using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The researchers found:
1) Over 40 unique bacterial families were identified in the coronal sulcus, with Pseudomonadaceae being the most abundant both before and after circumcision.
2) Circumcision was associated with a significant decrease in putative anaerobic bacterial families like Clostridiales Family XI and Prevotellaceae. There was a corresponding increase in facultative anaerobic families.
3) At the genus level, many of the detected anaerobic bacteria have been associated with bacterial vaginosis, including Anaerococcus,
Crimson Publishers- New Hope for Cancer Immunotherapy: Viral Based Cancer Vac...CrimsonPublishers-SBB
Cancer cases are increasing every year in all communities all over the world. Among many causes, environmental factors are considered highest cause of this increase. Socioeconomic impacts of this event lead scientists to expedite research toward finding new therapeutic modalities for treatment of this deadly disease.
Hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection among alcoholic consumers at a local commun...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among 138 alcoholic consumers in North-East Nigeria. 10 subjects screened positive for HBsAg, indicating a prevalence of 5.3% among alcoholic consumers. The prevalence was higher in males (3.7%) than females (2.1%), and in subjects aged 21-30 years (2.1%). Most positive subjects (4.3%) also had elevated liver enzymes. The study highlights the need for measures to curb HBV transmission and immunization in this community given the virus' effects on the liver.
The association between hla drb alleles with pulmonary tuberculosis in babil ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the association between certain HLA-DRB alleles and susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in Iraq. The study found that the HLA-DRB1*04, DRB1*10 and DRB1*13 alleles were associated with increased susceptibility to PTB in Iraqi patients, while the HLA-DRB1*07 and DRB1*15 alleles were associated with protection against PTB. These results provide insights into the role of host genetics in susceptibility to tuberculosis in the Iraqi population. The findings were mostly consistent with prior studies in other populations, though some allele associations differed, suggesting geographic variation in these relationships.
This document describes the characterization of a new head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell line called USC-HN2. USC-HN2 was established from a patient with recurrent oral cavity cancer. Characterization showed USC-HN2 has properties typical of aggressive oral HNSCC, including expression of markers like EGFR, CD44v6, and FABP5. Testing revealed USC-HN2 strongly induces regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in vitro, suggesting an immunosuppressive phenotype. Comparison to another HNSCC cell line, SCCL-MT1, showed both lines have robust cytokine production and immune cell induction, making them useful models for
This document discusses regeneration abilities in vertebrates and invertebrates and their relationship to pharmacological research and cancer regulation. It notes that regeneration capacity varies between phyla and species, with invertebrates and some vertebrates like newts and zebrafish able to regenerate limbs and organs. In contrast, regeneration abilities are more limited in mammals like humans as they age. The aim is to take an evolutionary approach to understand similarities and differences in regeneration processes and how this relates to developing cancer therapies and regenerative medicine.
A Retrospective Analysis of Exome Sequencing Cases Using the GenePool™ Genomi...Antoaneta Vladimirova
- GenePool, a cloud-based genomics software platform, was used to retrospectively analyze exome sequencing data from over two dozen probands and their families to help diagnose various medical conditions.
- For each proband, GenePool identified one or more likely causative gene variants that matched the family's inheritance pattern and the proband's clinical presentation.
- GenePool's integrated analysis workflows and ability to combine genomic and clinical data helped efficiently analyze each family and prioritize candidate variants and genes.
- This study demonstrates GenePool's utility as a tool for precision diagnosis and its high level of concordance with the Clinic for Special Children's own analysis results.
Medcrave - MERS coronavirus - current statusMedCrave
CDC: Centers for Disease Control; MERS-CoV: Middle
East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus; RT-PCR: Reverse
Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; VLP: Virus Like
Particles.
Recently, a new virus started to infect certain individuals in the Middle-East. It was soon identified as a previously unknown coronavirus that caused severe respiratory disease with a high rate of mortality. This virus, MERS-CoV, is still closely watched by health authorities as it has the potential to evolve and cause a major epidemic.
Same Day Instant Loans - Extra Money To Meet Your Unforeseen Expenditures Con...Instant Cash Loans
Same Day Instant Loans – if you facing money crunches in unseen normalcy of life. Then you are thinking about same extra money to meet your unforeseen expenditures condition. You can rapidly rid of your unseen awful economic situation without any harass. Same Day Instant Loans are wondering fiscal helping for your short term situation without any hassle. To click here… http://www.instant-cash-loans.org.uk/
Since the first heart transplant, refinement of donor and recipient selection methods, better donor heart management, and advances in immunosuppression have
significantly improved survival. In this first of two articles, a perspective of the current realities of cardiac transplantation is shown, as well as the challenges to sustain services worldwide, and some of the new developments, both resently available and just beyond the horizon. Topics that will be covered in this first part include the donor and recipient demographics, as well as recent advances in transplantation immunology, allograft vasculopathy, and immune tolerance.
This case report describes a 10 month old male child who presented with a left inguinal hernia and an empty right hemiscrotum. Diagnostic tests including ultrasound and laparoscopy confirmed that both testes had migrated to the left side, representing a rare condition known as transverse testicular ectopia (TTE). During surgery, one testis was found in the left hemiscrotum and the other in the left inguinal canal. Both testes shared a common proximal structure and were separated by 4 cm. The testes were repaired through an orchiopexy procedure involving placement into their anatomically correct positions.
Medcrave Group - Open Locked Nailing Using an Expandable NailMedCrave
A retrospective study was performed using the hospital records. The mechanism of injury, the time between injury and surgery, blood transfusion requirements, blood loss, surgical times, time taken to weight bear (for the femoral/
tibial fractures), time for commencement of upper limb use (for humeral fractures), complication rates and the average follow up times were documented. Fifty-seven long bone fractures in 57 patients were included in this study. Complete results including preoperative X-Rays were available for 27 patients. In 30 cases, the actual X-Rays were not located but documentation by the treating surgeons was available.
Changes in psychological adjustment of female - MedCrave Online PublishingMedCrave
Problems of studying failure in the form of breaks and prolonged studying are increasingly taking place in contemporary research. The reason for this lies in the observations that 30% to 50% of enrolled students do not finish studies and at the same time three quarters of them break studying during the first two years of study.
http://medcraveonline.com/JPCPY/JPCPY-02-00051.pdf
Ambe Steels P. Ltd. was established in September 2009 in Lumbini zone at Gonaha VDC, nearby Bhairahawa city. It has been set up to manufacture TMT steel bars as well as other steel products using HSE Gmbh Thermex technology of Germany.
We have always tried to provide the best products and service to our valued clients and users and we are constantly upgrading our equipments and technology to be a pioneer manufacturer by adopting latest changes in technology. Due to our sophisticated mill with high tech thermex the latest version of Nepal, all the bars have been manufactured in uniform and proper shape with accurate dimensions. We have already achieved NS (191) certification mark for our product that also conforms to other international standards. Our AMBE brand TMT bars has gained popularity within a short period and is recognized for its best quality among others available in market.
Our Ambe TMT bars has gained popularity within a short period and is well recognized for its superior quality in comparison to others available in the market.
Ambe Group was incorporated in 1975 AD with the sole aim of providing quality products in the market. The group of initiated and envisioned by a strong team of entrepreneurs has progressed continually since its initiation. Due to the overwhelming response for our OPC/PPC Grade Ambe Cements from our valued customer we have been prompted to establish TMT Bar mill in Nepal. We have been constantly diversifying our activities by implementing state-of-the-art technology with the best effort from our experienced staffs.
The document provides an overview of the epidemiology and etiology of schizophrenia. Some key points:
- The lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia is approximately 1% worldwide. Onset typically occurs between ages 10-35, with men experiencing earlier onset on average than women.
- Genetic factors play a significant role, with relatives of those with schizophrenia having a 10x higher risk. Concordance is 50% for identical twins.
- The dopamine hypothesis proposes that schizophrenia results from excessive dopaminergic activity in the mesocortical and mesolimbic pathways of the brain. Serotonin and glutamate systems may also be involved.
- Neuropathological findings include enlarged ventricles, reduced brain volume
The document discusses the importance of customer awareness of corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives. It notes that consumers are increasingly factoring environmental and social issues into purchasing decisions and companies must properly inform customers of CSR efforts to benefit. There is a positive relationship between CSR awareness, corporate evaluation, purchase intention, and product association. Companies need to measure consumer awareness of CSR and consider both external and internal outcomes.
Impact of corporate social responsibility on employees' motivation of siddhar...Rajkumar Adhikari
Due to the recent unethical scandals caused by the world’s leading companies, there are now growing attentions to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) issues. CSR and its motivations have been investigated both academically and practically for a long time, however it seems these studies are not sufficient for consistent and convincing results. Also little is known about Scandinavian based companies. In order to fill in the gap and make an academic contribution to this field of study, which aims to investigate impact of CSR on employees’ motivation, through a case study of Siddhartha Group, which is a Nepali business organization and one of the Nepal major players in the manufacturing industry. The authors chose the company in consideration of their high commitment in CSR activities and access to firsthand data. Also, this study delimited its research area for deep understandings, and conducted from the company perspective. Today each and every organization of the worlds wants to be market competitive, successful and wish to get regular progress. The present era is totally aggressive and organizations despite of size, technology and market focus are facing employee maintenance challenges. To overcome these fetters a strong and positive relationship and bonding should be created and maintained between employees and their organizations. Human resource or employees of any organization are the most vital part so they need to be inclined and influenced towards tasks fulfillment. Organizations must plan different strategies to compete with the competitors and for increasing the performance of the organizations in order to achieve success.
The impact of corporate social responsibility on employee motivationRajkumar Adhikari
The document examines the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and employee motivation. It defines CSR as a company's commitment to behave ethically and improve quality of life for employees, local communities, and society. The study aims to analyze how intrinsic rewards, extrinsic rewards, internal CSR programs, and external CSR efforts correlate with organizational commitment and motivation. The conclusion is that motivating employees through CSR initiatives can help organizations acquire and retain top talent in today's competitive business environment.
Advanced biotechnological tools for human health care dr shiv om pratapDr Shiv Om Pratap
The document provides an overview of advanced biotechnological tools for human health care. It discusses principles of gene expression and manufacturing of desired products. Some key applications of biotechnology for human health care discussed include molecular marker-based disease diagnosis, gene therapy, disease diagnosis using nucleic acid hybridization, medical forensics using DNA fingerprinting, and various pharmaceutical products produced through biotechnology like recombinant proteins, growth hormone, vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, and assisted reproductive technologies. Transgenic animals and molecular farming approaches are also mentioned as recent advances for human health care.
Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteri...RodolfoGamarra
Expertos de la ECDC y CDC tuvieron reunión europea para determinar la posible unificación del uso de los términos relacionados con la resistencia bacteriana: multidrogorresistente (MDR), extensamente drogo resistente (XDR) y pandrogorresistente (PDR); pero sugieren mayor investigación para su correcta aplicación.
Mechanistic Studies and Modeling Reveal the Origin of Differential Inhibition...Ira Dicker
This study investigated why the second-generation HIV maturation inhibitor BMS-955176 has improved activity against polymorphic viruses compared to the first-generation inhibitor bevirimat. The researchers found that:
1) Bevirimat exhibited incomplete (less than 100%) inhibition of certain polymorphic viruses, even at high concentrations, allowing breakthrough of infectious virus.
2) Viruses with faster cleavage kinetics at the inhibitor's target site were less sensitive to bevirimat.
3) BMS-955176 exhibited greater maximal inhibition against polymorphic viruses, bound tighter to viral particles, and more effectively inhibited cleavage kinetics.
4) Integrating virological and biochemical data into a kinetic model explained observed differences between
Harder-to-treat and more lethal tubercle bacilli continue to emerge across the globe, especially in the African region. Together with HIV, these infectious killers continue to have profound effects on the productive workforce in different countries. The deck is a brief overview of developments in disease management and research, with an emphasis on medications and vaccines.
Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the United States, 2002–2006gu88w9
This document summarizes a study of 7 cases of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) infection in the United States from 2002-2006. All patients had prior histories of methicillin-resistant S. aureus and enterococcal infections. The VRSA isolates were vanA-positive and highly resistant to vancomycin. Epidemiologic investigations found no transmission of VRSA between patients. Prompt detection and adherence to infection control guidelines likely prevented further spread.
This study examined the association between blood group antigens, CD4 cell count, and hemoglobin patterns in HIV-infected patients. 240 newly diagnosed HIV-positive patients and 120 healthy controls were analyzed. There was no significant association found between ABO/Rh blood groups or hemoglobin genotypes between the two groups. However, a significant association was observed between CD4 cell count and ABO blood group, with blood groups A and AB having higher average CD4 counts. The study suggests blood group A may confer some immunity against HIV infection.
Cancer remains one of the most formidable challenges in modern medicine, posing significant health burdens globally. In recent years, extensive research efforts have aimed at understanding the intricate mechanisms underlying cancer development, progression, and treatment. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in cancer research across various domains. The elucidation of genetic and molecular alterations driving oncogenesis has revolutionized our understanding of cancer biology. Key discoveries in genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics have unveiled the heterogeneous nature of tumors, paving the way for personalized treatment approaches. Moreover, advancements in high-throughput sequencing technologies have facilitated the identification of novel cancer biomarkers with diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications. The tumor microenvironment (TME) has emerged as a critical determinant of cancer progression and therapy response. Research focusing on the dynamic interactions between cancer cells, immune cells, and stromal components within the TME has led to the development of immunotherapeutic strategies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell therapies, which have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in various cancer types. In addition to targeted therapies and immunotherapies, the advent of precision medicine has transformed cancer treatment paradigms. Molecular profiling of tumors enables clinicians to match patients with specific targeted therapies, optimizing therapeutic outcomes while minimizing adverse effects. Furthermore, the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms in cancer research has facilitated the prediction of treatment responses and identification of novel therapeutic targets.
The document discusses Mahtab Nourbakhsh's research project called "Antagonists of Protein-Protein Interactions" (APPI). The multidisciplinary project brings together translational genomics, molecular biology, and chemical biology. It aims to identify gene polymorphisms associated with diseases like end-stage renal disease and gastric cancer, characterize the functional impact of these polymorphisms, and develop cell-based assays and screens to identify compounds that target disease-causing protein-protein interactions. The project is conducted in collaboration with the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Translational Genomics Research Institute.
Genetic variation and evolution and their importance to medicineDavid Enoma
Genetic variation is the driving force of evolution and is important in medicine. Single nucleotide polymorphisms are the most common genetic variation and can influence disease risk and drug responses between individuals and populations. Understanding genetic variation through studies of populations and single genes can provide insights into human evolutionary history, disease susceptibility, and treatment effectiveness.
Genetics play an important role in infectious diseases. Host genetic factors determine susceptibility and disease progression for many infections like tuberculosis, malaria, and HIV/AIDS. Specific genes influence disease outcomes, like sickle-cell trait providing protection against malaria. Understanding host genetics provides insights into disease pathways and targets for prevention and treatment. Future applications include personalized medicine, genetic counseling, and gene therapy.
This study evaluated the ability of 7 international sites to characterize a panel of 50 diverse HIV-1 isolates representing different subtypes, circulating recombinant forms, and unique recombinant forms. Sites used various PCR and sequencing methods to determine subtypes and detect drug resistance mutations in partial or full pol gene sequences. When compared to reference sequences, most sites correctly determined subtypes for 83-97.9% of group M viruses using partial pol sequences. All major drug resistance mutations were also detected. However, next generation sequencing at one site missed some viruses and contained host DNA fragments. Standardizing PCR protocols could improve characterization of diverse HIV strains globally.
This document summarizes several key molecular targets in cancer therapy and discusses how traditional Ayurvedic medicine may provide leads in developing treatments by modulating these targets. It describes major targets like the NF-κB, AP-1, and JAK-STAT pathways that are involved in processes like inflammation, proliferation, apoptosis, and drug resistance. The document then discusses how phytochemicals from plants used in Ayurveda have been shown to suppress many of these same targets and molecular pathways. It suggests Ayurvedic medicine could provide insights on new therapeutic agents if rediscovered in light of modern knowledge of cancer biology.
Professor Michael Levin's presentation at Meningitis Research Foundation's 2013 conference Meningitis & Septicaemia in Children & Adults www.meningitis.org/conference2013
This document provides a detailed review of the outbreak of the coronavirus. It discusses the virus's genome structure, life cycle, clinical features, diagnosis, complications/fatality rates, and preventive measures. The key points are:
- Coronavirus is a large family of RNA viruses that originated in China and has become a global pandemic.
- It has a wide range of clinical presentations, from asymptomatic to multi-organ failure. Common symptoms include fever, cough, and fatigue.
- Diagnosis is made through PCR testing of respiratory samples. Complications can include pneumonia, ARDS, sepsis, and multi-organ dysfunction.
- Preventive measures focus on infection control, isolation, hand washing, and
This study compared characteristics, outcomes, and cytokine responses in solid organ transplant recipients and non-transplant patients with bacteremia. Transplant patients with gram-negative bacteremia had a lower rate of septic shock but similar 30-day mortality compared to non-transplant patients. Five cytokines were significantly lower in transplant patients, while one cytokine was higher in transplant patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. The study aims to better understand how immunosuppression impacts the immune response and outcomes of bacteremia in transplant recipients.
Gene therapy involves the insertion of a functioning gene into cells to correct a cellular dysfunction
KEY WORDS : GENETICS, MUTATION , GENETIC ENGINEERING.
ABSTRACT- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a major contributor to the global burden of the disease, opportunistic infections, and tumors follow. HIV also directly attacks the immune system and affects certain body’s system (like Central Nervous System, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems, Digestive System etc). HIV transmission is complex and depends on the number of behavioral and biological co-factors. The hallmark of HIV infection is the progressive depletion of CD4 helper T cells because of reduced production and increased destruction. Although the typical HIV infected patient shows a sustained CD4 cell increase, a remarkable number of subjects never achieve normal ranges of CD4. HIV infection is also characterized by a marked increase in immune activation, which includes both the adaptive and innate immune systems and abnormalities in coagulation. Extraordinary efforts in the fields of clinical, pharmacology, and biology care have contributed to progressively turn HIV infection from an unavoidably fatal condition into a chronic manageable disease, at least in the countries where HIV infected people have full access to the potent anti-retroviral (ARV) drug combinations that permit a marked and sustained control of viral replication. Although their pathogenesis is still under discussed, they are likely to originate from immune dysfunction associated with HIV infection and chronic inflammation. The last consideration regards the dis-homogenous pattern of HIV disease worldwide. Key-words- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV), Antiretroviral (ARV) therapy, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Cell mediated immunity (CMI), Anti-retroviral agents
Intracranial venous sinus thrombosis: Medical and surgical management conside...bijnnjournal
Cerebral venous thrombosis is a serious neurological condition characterized by thrombus formation in the venous
sinuses or cerebral veins. Although rare, it is a potentially fatal condition that requires prompt diagnosis and
treatment. This review aims to present the most current trends in our understanding of CVT risk factors, diagnosis,
medical management, role of endovascular management, risk of intracranial hemorrhage, and emerging therapies.
Most cases of CVT are diagnosed by clinical features and neuroimaging suggestive of sinus occlusion. While
anticoagulation with heparin is the mainstay of medical management, direct-oral anticoagulants are emerging as
a potential alternative, and severe cases have been managed successfully with thrombectomy and/or intrasinus urokinase thrombolysis. Despite recent advances in anticoagulation therapy and diagnostics, larger randomized studies are required to adequately assess these emerging therapies and better inform the management of patients suffering from CVT.
Similar to Ebola Associated Genes in the Human Genome Implications for Novel Targets (20)
Developing comprehensive health promotion - MedCrave Online PublishingMedCrave
As the global prevalence of obesity and chronic diseases continues to rise, the need for effective health promotion programs is imperative. Whilst research into effectiveness of health promotion programs is needed to improve population health outcomes, translation of these research findings into policy and practice is crucial. Translation requires not only efficacy data around what to implement, but also information on how to implement it.
http://medcraveonline.com/MOJPH/MOJPH-02-00007.pdf
Medcrave - Vertical distribution of different forms of potassiumMedCrave
Potassium is a major constituent of the earth crust contained more in igneous rocks than the sedimentary rocks. Potassium comprise on an average of 2.6 % of the earth crust, making it the seventh most abundant element and fourth most abundant mineral nutrient in the lithosphere .
Medcrave Group - Microfluidic technologiesMedCrave
Exosomes are cell-released small membrane vesicles derived from the endolysosomal pathway with a size range of 30-150 nm. Since the first discovery in 1981, exosomes have been found to be released from various cell types and present in many biological fluids, including blood, urine, erebrospinal fluid and ascites. Significant attention has been focused on exosome molecular components (e.g. roteins, mRNA and miRNA) which have been implicated in a variety of physiological functions and pathological disease states.
Medcrave - Long term follow up of regnauld’s procedureMedCrave
We performed a retrospective study to assess the long-term outcome of regnauld’s procedure, as originally described by Regnauld [1], for the treatment of hallux valgus. This procedure includes the treatment of hallux limitus, hallux rigidus and hallux valgus with associated degenerative joint disease.
Medcrave Group - Association analysis of the polymorphismMedCrave
This study analyzed the association between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles (HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-E) and Behcet's disease in a Japanese cohort. Sequencing-based typing was performed on 382 Behcet's disease patients and 382 healthy controls. The results showed that HLA-B*51 is strongly associated with Behcet's disease in the Japanese cohort. HLA-A*26 was also significantly associated, while HLA-E*01:01 was not observed to have any significant association. Analysis of linkage disequilibrium structures between the Japanese and Han Chinese cohorts found differences in the HLA-A and HLA-E regions that could explain differences in susceptibility between
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
Ebola Associated Genes in the Human Genome Implications for Novel Targets
1. MOJ Proteomics Bioinform 2014, 1(5): 00032
MOJ Proteomics & Bioinformatics
Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com
Abbreviations
AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome; ClinVar:
Clinical Variations; EVD: Ebola Virus disease; eQTL: Expression
QuantitativeTraitLoci;KIR:KillerCellImmunoglobulinReceptor;
NCBI: National Center for Biotechnology Information; PheGenI:
Phenome Genome Integrator
Introduction
Both Ebola and Marburg viruses belong to the Filoviridae
family of viruses and cause highly lethal hemorrhagic fevers.
Ebola virus contains a single-stranded, non-infectious RNA
genome [1]. The Ebola virus genome comprises seven genes
including 3’-UTR-NP-VP35-VP40-GP-VP30-VP24-L-5’-UTR [2,3].
There are at least five different species of Ebola virus and the
infection has a mortality rate of over 90%, whereas the Marburg
virus infection is associated with 20-90% mortality rate [1,2,4,5].
Natural outbreaks of the Ebola virus have been reported in
various parts of Africa [1,5-7]. The current outbreak in West
Africa, whose first cases were noted in March 2014, is the largest
and most complex Ebola outbreak since the discovery of the virus
in 1976 (World Health Organization, Fact sheet No. 103).
Ebola-Associated Genes in the Human Genome:
Implications for Novel Targets
According to a U.S. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention Report (Nov. 2014), in this outbreak of Ebola Virus
Disease (EVD), patients showed abrupt onset of fever and
symptoms, typically 8-12 days after exposure. Because of various
non-specific symptoms, the early onset of EVD is often mistaken
for other infectious diseases including malaria, typhoid fever,
meningococcal infections and other bacterial infections [1].
The pathogenesis of EVD primarily involves deregulation
of the host’s immune response [2]. Entry of the virus is via the
mucous membranes, breaks in the skin or by ingestion. Numerous
cell types are targets for infection including monocytes,
macrophages, endothelial cells, dendritic cells, hepatocytes,
epithelial cells and fibroblasts [8,9]. EVD is associated with a
massive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, vascular leakage
and impairment of clotting, resulting in multi-organ failure, shock
and death [2,10,11].
Currently, no FDA-approved vaccines or therapies are
available and clinical management of the disease largely relies
on supportive care of the associated complications such as fluid
replacement, nutritional support, pain control, blood pressure
Research Article
Volume 1 Issue 5 - 2014
Ramaswamy Narayanan*
Department of Biological Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt
College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, USA
*Corresponding author: Ramaswamy Narayanan,
Department of Biological Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt
College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades
Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA, Tel: +1-561-297-2247;
Fax: +1-561-297-3859; Email:
Received: December 05, 2014 | Published: December
10, 2014
Abstract
Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is a major healthcare challenge facing the globe today and
if left unchecked could become a pandemic. A limited knowledgebase exists about
the Ebola virus with no U.S. Federal Drug Agency (FDA) approved drugs. Ebola-
specific proteins, antibodies and vaccines are being explored currently for therapy.
In an attempt to first develop an understanding of the human proteins involved in the
EVD and potentially create a pipeline of targets for evaluation, the human genome
was mined for EVD association using 1) genetic association, 2) disease-oriented
knowledge database text mining, 3) transcriptome-based Meta Analysis and 4)
pathway enrichment analysis. Forty-five human proteins (29 known proteins and 16
novel previously uncharacterized proteins) were identified which were associated
with EVD. Mining the proteomic expression databases revealed the detection of these
45 proteins in diverse body fluids. Detailed bioinformatics and proteomic analyses of
these EVD associated proteins shed light on pathways, nature and class of the proteins
and their association with diverse diseases including other infectious diseases. Mining
the drug banks for association with the 45 genes reveals putative drugs including
antineoplastics, anti-inflammatory drugs, leukotrienes, interferons, anticoagulants,
nucleoside analogues, retinoic acid and statins to add to the currently meager options
for therapy and supportive care. Putative targets of interest include a chemokine (C-C
motif) ligand 8 (CCL8), enzymes (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1|IDO1, cytochrome c
oxidase| COA6) and Short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase, SDR) and members of the
receptor family, killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, cytoplasmic tail (KIR). Using
knockout technology, the 45 proteins identified in this study can be rapidly verified for
therapeutic potential. The association of these proteins with other diseases potentially
expands the scope to diverse use. The results presented in this study provide a further
example of harnessing the human genome to identify disease relevant proteins for
subsequent research and development.
Keywords
Genome to phenome; Genetic association; Hemorrhagic fever; Virus; Human genome;
Pathogen; Host targets; Proteome analysis; Motif and domains; Pharmcogenomics
2. Ebola-Associated Genes in the Human Genome: Implications for Novel Targets
Citation: Narayanan R (2014) Ebola-Associated Genes in the Human Genome: Implications for Novel Targets. MOJ Proteomics Bioinform 1(5):
00032. DOI: 10.15406/mojpb.2014.01.00032
Copyright:
2014 Narayanan
2/7
maintenanceandtreatmentofsecondarybacterialinfections(U.S.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Report (Nov. 2014).
Several investigational drugs including vaccines, antibodies,
convalescent serum and siRNAs targeting Ebola virus proteins
are currently being explored in clinical trials [12-14]. However,
new molecular targets and a rationale for the immediate use
of drugs already approved for other indications are needed to
overcome the current epidemic.
The completion of the human and pathogen genomes in the
recent years has opened new avenues for diagnosis and therapy
of infectious diseases [15,16]. Whereas the pathogen genome and
the proteins encoded by the etiological agents offer diagnostic
markers and antibodies, vaccines and inhibitors (nucleic acids
and small molecular compounds), increasingly the host genome
is providing valuable hints to therapy [15-17]. The Genome
Wide Association Studies (GWAS) across the 1,000 and 10,000
genome projects is increasingly providing genome datasets for
candidate genes identification, response to therapy prediction
(pharmacogenomics), susceptibility or resistance to infection,
and adsorption and entry of the pathogen into the host cell
[15,17,18].
The HIV field of research has provided a strong proof of
concept for the importance of host cell genes in developing novel
therapeutics. Resistance to HIV infections in homozygotes for C-C
chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) has led to the development of
drugs that would block this virus co-receptor [19-23]. Similarly,
based on other host cell protein polymorphism data, novel
pharmacological inhibitors have emerged for diverse infectious
diseases (e.g., cholera, malaria, tuberculosis, leprosy, hepatitis B),
cancer and neurodegenerative diseases [17].
In this report, by means of the disease and genetic association
-oriented databases, the GAD, the MalaCards from the GeneCards
and the Next Bio Transcriptome Meta analysis tool, 45 EVD-
associatedhumangenes(29knowngenesand16uncharacterized
ORFs) were identified. Bioinformatics and proteomics mining
of these proteins led to data on functional class prediction,
body fluids expression status, pathway mapping, association
and clinical relevance with diverse diseases and drugs-related
(including currently FDA approved for other indications)
information. The results provide a starting point for host genome
related target verification research.
Materials and Methods
The bioinformatics and proteomics tools used in the study
have been described elsewhere [24-27]. The following genome-
wide association tools were used: the Genetic Association
Database, GAD [28], the National Center for Biotechnology
Information (NCBI) Phenotype-Genotype Integrator, PheGenI
[29], the Expression Quantitative Trait (eQTL) GtEx browser [30],
the Database of Genomic Variants, DGV [31], Clinical Variations
and the ClinVar [32].
Meta Analysis of the EVD-associated genes was performed
using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated
Discovery, DAVID v6.7 from the NCBI [33]. The GeneALaCart
(LifeMap discovery) from the GeneCards [34] was used to batch
analyze the query genes for gene names, protein IDs, motif
and domain analysis, pathways and drug target discovery. The
NextBio Transcriptome Meta analysis tool was used to identify
mostcorrelatedtissues,druginteractionsandgeneperturbations.
TheentiredatabaseofGADandHumanProteinMap,HPM[35]
was downloaded and the Excel filtering tool was used to scan for
EVD-associated genes. Protein expression was established from
the Batch analysis of the EVD-associated genes with the Multi
Omics Protein Expression Database, MOPED [36], the DAVID
annotation tool [33], the Human Proteome Map [37], Proteomics
DB [38] and the Human Proteins Reference Database, HPRD [39].
The EVD association was verified using genetic association
evidence from 1) the GAD and PheGenI, 2) disease-oriented
knowledge bases (the MalaCards, Online Mendelian Inheritance
in Man-OMIM), 3) transcriptome analysis from the microarray
datasets (the NextBio Meta Analysis) and 4) pathway mapping
(the GeneALaCart, DAVID).
All of the bioinformatics mining was verified by two
independent experiments. Big data was downloaded two
independent times and the output verified for consistency. Only
statistically significant results per each tool’s requirement are
reported. Prior to using a given bioinformatics tool, a series of
control query sequences was tested to evaluate the predicted
outcome of the results.
Results
Identification of Ebola-Associated Proteins in the
Human Genome
Reasoning that EVD-associated genes in the host genome
might offer an understanding of mechanism and pathways
involved for intervention, diverse disease oriented databases
(the GAD, the PheGenI, MalaCards and the NextBio Meta Analysis
transcriptome database) were scanned for association with
EVD. Forty-four genes encompassing known genes (n=29) and
uncharacterized ORFs (n=16) were identified which showed
association with EVD (Table 1 Included as supplementary).
The known genes included a chemokine C-C motif ligand 8
(CCL8), a complement component 1(C1QB), a transcription
factor, ETS homologous factor (EHF), coagulation factor V (F5)
an ion transporter, FXYD domain containing ion transport
regulator 3 (FYDX3), a pancreatic glycoprotein, glycoprotein
2|zymogen granule membrane (GP2), an enzyme, indoleamine
2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), a cytokine regulatory factor,
interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) and diverse members of the
immunoglobulin super family, the killer cell immunoglobulin-
like receptors (KIR genes). In addition to their association with
EVD, these proteins were also found to be associated with other
bacterial and viral diseases such as CMV, encephalitis, hepatitis
B, herpes simplex, HIV, influenza, leprosy, measles, swamp fever
and West Nile virus. Moreover, associations with noninfectious
diseases such as neurological, cardiac, cancer and metabolic
disease were also seen with these known genes. The 16 ORFs
identified in this study also were associated with EVD as well as
other diseases and disorders.
3. Ebola-Associated Genes in the Human Genome: Implications for Novel Targets
Citation: Narayanan R (2014) Ebola-Associated Genes in the Human Genome: Implications for Novel Targets. MOJ Proteomics Bioinform 1(5):
00032. DOI: 10.15406/mojpb.2014.01.00032
Copyright:
2014 Narayanan
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The association of cytokines, immunoglobulin natural killer
cells, EVD-associated infections and other unrelated diseases
suggested involvement of overlapping mechanistic pathways
(Supplemental Table S1). Hence, a detailed bioinformatics
characterization of these 45 genes was undertaken.
Expression of EVD-Associated Human Proteins in
Diverse Body Fluids
The protein expression datasets (MOPED, HPRD, Proteomics
DB and the Human Proteome Map) from diverse human fetal
and adult tissues as well as from body fluids for over 85%
of the human proteins are available [36-38]. These powerful
databases have been used in numerous recent studies to
establish expression of novel ORF proteins relevant to cancer,
diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases [24,26,27]. The
eventual development of a diagnostic potential for the EVD-
associated human proteins would necessitate ease of detection
in the body fluids such as saliva, serum, urine etc. Hence the
45 EVD-associated proteins were batch analyzed against these
expression databases. Figure 2 shows the expression data
in diverse body fluids (Supplemental Data S2 for additional
expression information). Expression of both the known proteins
and the uncharacterized ORFs was seen in diverse body
fluids including hematopoietic (blood, bone marrow, plasma,
peripheral blood lymphocytes and serum), fluids (ascites, bile,
pancreatic juice, proximal and synovial), saliva, semen and urine.
Expression of these proteins was also seen in tissues relevant
to EVD (MalaCards definition) including kidney, liver, skin and
retina (Supplemental Data S2). In addition, expression was seen
in B-cells, cytotoxic T-cells, monocytes, NK cells, spleen, platelets,
and T-lymphocytes. The Human Proteome Map analysis of the
EVD-associated proteins showed a highly selective expression
profile for the individual members of the KIR gene family and
the ORF proteins. Isoform-specific expression was seen with one
member of the KIR gene family as monitored by the Proteomics
DB. The killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, two domains,
long cytoplasmic tail, 4, isoform 6 (KIR2DL4) showed the
highest level of expression in the urine. These expression results
underscore a high level of specificity of expression in distinct
tissues and body fluids for the EVD-associated human proteins
(Supplemental Table S2).
Analysis of the Dark Matter of the Human Proteome
Associated with EVD
Sixteen uncharacterized ORFs were identified together with
the known genes, which showed association with EVD as well
as other diseases. In a series of recent reports our laboratory
has demonstrated the diagnostic and therapy potential of
these ORFs, termed the “Dark Matter” of the human proteome,
in diverse therapeutic areas including cancer, diabetes and
neurodegenerative diseases [25,26,40]. Hypothesizing that
these novel proteins may offer new molecular entities to further
Ebola virus research, a comprehensive analysis of the ORFs
was undertaken (Table 2 Included as supplementary). The ORF
expressionwasdetectedinbodyfluidssuchasascites,blood,bone
marrow, peripheral blood lymphocytes and saliva. Protein motif
and domain analysis of the ORFs revealed amino acid signatures
for transcription factors, signal transduction proteins, enzymes
and a secreted transmembrane signal peptide harboring protein
(C10orf128). Two novel enzymes (C1orf31|cytochrome c oxidase
assembly factor 6 homolog (S. cerevisiae) and an uncharacterized
protein CXorf21|Short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase SDR)
were among the EVD-associated ORFs. Expression of these two
latter proteins was seen in bone marrow and blood plasma.
Further, two novel regulatory proteins (C13orf34| aurora
kinase A activator, BORA and C20orf117| suppressor of glucose,
4
8
2
2
2
1
1
4
6
3
3
3
1
2
2
2
2
Ascites
Blood plasma
B-lymphocytes
Bile
Bone marrow
Broncheoalveolar lavage
Cervical mucosa
Pancreatic juice
Peripheral blood lymphocytes
Proximal fluid
Saliva
Secretion by cell
Semen
Serum
Synovial fluid
Urine
Whole blood
Figure 1: Expression of Ebola-associated human proteins in body
fluids.
Protein expression results for the EVD-associated genes using
the Multi Omics Protein Expression Database (MOPED) and the
Proteomics DB are shown. The numbers indicate the number of
proteins detected in the indicated body fluid.
2
8
11
17 17
2
24
4
13
2
3
5
2
12
1
2 2 2
3
5
17
2
Figure 2: Gene Ontology and pathways implicated with the EVD-
associated human proteins.
The EVD-associated genes were analyzed for Gene Ontology
(GO) and functional pathways using the GeneALaCart and DAVID
functional annotation tool. The number of proteins associated with
the indicated GO and pathways are shown.
Akt: Protein kinase B; ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinases;
GO: Gene Ontology; Ig: Immunoglobulins
4. Ebola-Associated Genes in the Human Genome: Implications for Novel Targets
Citation: Narayanan R (2014) Ebola-Associated Genes in the Human Genome: Implications for Novel Targets. MOJ Proteomics Bioinform 1(5):
00032. DOI: 10.15406/mojpb.2014.01.00032
Copyright:
2014 Narayanan
4/7
autophagy associated 1, SOGA1) were identified in the study
(Supplemental Table S3 & S4). Two protein coding long intergenic
RNAs (lincRNAs, C1orf42 and C1orf72) were among the 16 EVD-
associated ORFs.
Gene Ontology and Pathways Involved with the EVD-
Associated Human Proteins
In order to glean insight into the possible mechanistic
functional and pathway information for the EVD-associated
proteins, Gene Ontology and pathways-related information
was inferred from the GeneALaCart (GeneCards) Meta Analysis
tool and the DAVID functional annotation tool (Figure 2). The
EVD-associated proteins encompass extracellular, membrane,
mitochondrial and nuclear proteins. Functionally these proteins
included antigens, cytokines, enzymes, Ig receptors, interferons,
transcriptionfactorsandtransporters.Diversepathwaysrelevant
to infections including antigen processing and presentation,
complement activation, inflammation, immune response, natural
killer cell response, virus response and Akt/STAT/NF-kB/ERK
signaling were implicated among the mechanisms for the EVD-
associated proteins (Supplemental Table 5).
Drug hits in the databases for the EVD-associated
human proteins
No effective treatment is currently available for EVD; fluid
replacement therapy or simple antibiotic/anti-inflammatory
drug therapy are being used with uncertain outcome [41,42].
The mortality rate remains very high (85%). Reasoning that
some of the EVD-associated human proteins might have hits in
the drug banks, which might include currently FDA-approved
drugs, the drug banks (HMDB, the Human Metabolome Database,
Novoseek_Compounds, DrugBank_Compounds and PharmGKB,
The Pharmacogenomics Knowledgebase) were screened for
potential drug hits against the 46 EVD-associated proteins. The
composite data shown in Table 3 (Included as supplementary)
were obtained from the GeneALaCart Meta Analysis tool.
FDA-approved drugs as well as compounds involving the EVD-
associated protein’s function including Cetuximab | Etanercept |
Adalimumab|Abciximab|Gemtuzumab|ozogamicin|Trastuzumab
| Rituximab | Tositumomab | Alefacept | Efalizumab | Natalizumab |
Daclizumab | evacizumabSynagis | Avastin | leukotrieneb4 | heparin
| Xigris | FIBRINOGEN | prostacyclin | sulfonamide | Tamoxifen |
Simvastatin | Epinephrine | ceftriaxone | linezolid | tunicamycin |
eltrombopag | hormonalcontraceptivesforsystemicuse | tamoxifen |
Dexamethasone | infliximab | Chloramphenicol | interferonalfa-2a,
| peginterferonalfa-2b | 5-Aza-2’deoxycytidine | retinoicacid) were
associated with the EVD-associated known genes (Table 3 Included
as supplementary).
The 3-D protein structure information is available in the
Protein Database (PDB) for nine of these known proteins; the
PDB ID #s are shown in Table 3 (Included as supplementary).
This should facilitate structure-based drug design approaches.
For additional details on the implicated drugs see Supplemental
Table S6. These results open up new opportunities for therapy
of EVD as a basis of supportive care until effective vaccines are
developed.
Landscape of EVD-Associated Human Proteins Across
Diverse Diseases
Patients with EVD often show other opportunistic infections
as well as other disorders. Hence, the disease-oriented databases
were mined for association with other Ebola-associated
diseases and disorders (Figure 3). The EVD-associated human
proteins showed association evidence with immune disorders
(autoimmune, AIDS), infections (viral, bacterial, parasitic) and
hematopoietic disorders as well as neurological, inflammatory
and eye diseases and cancer. The KIR family of genes showed
association evidence across multiple diseases (Supplemental
Table S7). The chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 8, CCL8 showed
association with autoimmune diseases, viral infections, cancer
and inflammation. Two genes (DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box
polypeptide 58, DDX58 and interferon-induced protein with
tetratricopeptide repeats 2, IFIT2) were found to be uniquely
associated with West Nile virus infections. A novel ORF, C2orf42
(a putative transcription factor|LincRNA) showed association
evidence with malaria. These results underscore the complex
involvement of EVD-associated proteins across a spectrum of
diseases and disorders.
The KIR family of proteins in EVD
The KIR genes on chromosome 19 (19q34.1) encode the killer
cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) and are expressed in
naturalkillercellsandasubsetofT-cells[43,44].Todate17family
members of the KIR gene including two pseudogenes have been
identified with activation and inhibitory roles in NK cell function
[45]. The KIR genes are members of Ig-superfamily of type I
membrane proteins and are highly polymorphic, binding to HLA
class I alleles which drive NK cell function [46,47]. Two members
of the KIR activating family (KIR2DS1 and KIR2DS3) are shown
to be associated with a fatal outcome in EVD [48]. The genetic
association evidence for the involvement of KIR family members
in EVD and other diverse diseases and disorders is shown in
Supplemental Table S8. Strong polymorphic association was seen
for the distinct members of the KIR family in diverse bacterial
and virus-related diseases. Clinically relevant pathogenic
SNPs are present for distinct KIR family members in the NCBI
Clinical Variations (ClinVar) database. These variations include
malignant melanoma, posteriorly rotated ears, AIDS, delayed/
rapid progression to (germ line), developmental delay and/or
other significant developmental or morphological phenotypes,
cleft upper lip, seizures, failure to thrive and abnormal facial
shape (Supplemental Table S9). Genetic association with eQTL
traits (insulin/insulin resistance, calcium, left ventricular
hypertrophy, body fat distribution, body mass index and body
weight, heart rate and heart failure, monocytes, glucose, diabetes
Type 1 and schizophrenia) was seen for C1orf198, C2orf27,
C16orf72, C21orf88 and GP2 (Supplemental Table S10).
Discussion
Treatment of Ebola infections requires urgent attention if the
currentepidemicistobecontained.Whilevaccinesandantibodies
are being developed [18,49-51], alternative approaches based on
novel molecular targets are urgently needed. Like any pathogen,
5. Ebola-Associated Genes in the Human Genome: Implications for Novel Targets
Citation: Narayanan R (2014) Ebola-Associated Genes in the Human Genome: Implications for Novel Targets. MOJ Proteomics Bioinform 1(5):
00032. DOI: 10.15406/mojpb.2014.01.00032
Copyright:
2014 Narayanan
5/7
the Ebola virus requires adsorption, entry and replication within
the host cell. Thus, identifying the host proteins involved in
EVD and understanding the pathways involved with these EVD-
associated proteins is a first step toward rational host cell-based
molecular targets discovery for therapy. The GWAS datasets
provide a framework for identifying host genes relevant to
pathogens, and numerous examples exist in the area of infectious
diseases such as HIV, malaria and tuberculosis [15,17,18,52].
The association evidence for the human proteins with the
EVD and other diseases and disorders were obtained from four
different bioinformatics tools at the level of : 1) transcriptome
analysis using the NextBio Meta Analysis of the microarray
datasets from the Array Express; 2) disease relationship using
the MalaCards and the On Line Mendelian Inheritance in Man
(OMIM) database, 3) pathways analysis using the pathways
enrichment tools for the GeneALaCart and the DAVID functional
Annotation tools and 4) nucleotide polymorphism, snp-genetic
association using the Genetic Association Disease and the NCBI
PheGeni association databases.
Mining the disease-oriented databases generated
identification of 45 human proteins associated with EVD. These
proteins included the KIR family of natural killer cell receptors,
chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 8, complement component 1,
q subcomponent, B chain (C1QB), coagulation factor V (F5,)
interferon regulatory proteins (IFIT2, IRF9), an FXYD domain
containing ion transport regulator 3 (FXYD3) and several
enzymes. In addition, 16 previously uncharacterized ORFs were
also identified in this study.
Members of the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor
family (KIR) offer an attractive target for EVD. The two activating
KIR members, KIR2DS1 and KIR2DS3, are strongly associated
with fatal outcome in the Zaire variant of EVD [48]. It is suggested
that the activation of these two KIR members may cause over-
activation of the immune response, leading to rapid depletion of
NK cells and lymphocytes. If so, it is tempting to speculate that
inhibitors of these KIR family members might have direct or
indirect therapeutic value.
In a recent study using whole genome transcriptome analysis
involving Ebola virus-infected nonhuman primates, Yen et
al. [18] identified a subset of differentially expressed genes
including chemokine ligand 8 (CCL8), Complement Component
1, Q Subcomponent, B Chain, (C1QB), FXYD domain containing
ion transport regulator 3 ((FXYD3), DEXH (Asp-Glu-X-His)
box polypeptide 58 (DHX58), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
1(IDO1) and platelet factor 4 variant 1 (PF4V1). These proteins,
particularly the CCL8 chemokine, showed a strong correlation
with survival [18]. All of these proteins were identified in the
current study using disease association approaches.
The 16 novel ORFs characterized in this study encompass
enzymes, receptors, a transcription factor, a glucose suppressor
and a secreted transmembrane factor. Using the mouse and
hampster models [53,54] the relevance of these 45 proteins to
Ebola virus infection can be readily established using knockout
technology such as antisense or siRNA. Since several of these
proteins are readily detected in the body fluids, the efficacy of
knockouts can be monitored with ease. These experiments would
likely lead to verification of druggableness of some of the targets
identified in the current study.
Mining of the drug databases identified numerous
compounds including various FDA-approved drugs implicated
in the pathways involved with the EVD-associated proteins.
These drugs included amino acids, antineoplastics, nucleotide
analogues, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory compounds, hormones,
cytokines, metabolites and statins. Recently, FDA-approved
selective estrogen receptor modulators were shown to inhibit
Ebola virus infections [55]. With the recent development of
mouse and hamster models to study Ebola infection [53,54], the
compounds implicated in this study can be rapidly validated for
potential therapy use. These efforts can help to fill the gap in
current treatment options and potentially expand the supportive
care for EVD patients. An advantage of testing these compounds
is that the majority of them have already been approved by the
U.S. FDA. Hence, toxicology information already exists for these
drugs.
The involvement of the EVD-associated human proteins with
a complex landscape of Ebola-related and nonrelated diseases
opens up novel opportunities for benefitting these diseases.
Thus, if at least some of the 45 targets are verified for Ebola
relevance, therapeutic approaches aimed towards the verified
target could in theory expand the scope of potential usefulness
across a spectrum of diseases.
Conclusion
This study identified 45 proteins including 16 previously
uncharacterized ORF proteins present in the human proteome
showing association with the Ebola virus disease and associated
6
22
15
3
5
18
25
19
12
18
5
7
6
13
20
2
AIDS
Autoimmune diseases
Cancer
Cystic fibrosis
Eye diseases
Hematopoietic disorders
Hepatitis B
Inflammation
Influenza
Leptospirosis
Leprosy
Malaria
Neurological diseases
Other infections
Virus infections
West Nile virus
Figure 3: Involvement of EVD-associated proteins in other diseases
and disorders.
The EVD-associated proteins were clustered based on the indicated
diseases and disorders. The numbers indicate the number of
proteins showing association. Composite data obtained from the
Genetic Association Database (GAD), the MalaCards and the NextBio
Transcriptome Meta Analysis tool.
6. Ebola-Associated Genes in the Human Genome: Implications for Novel Targets
Citation: Narayanan R (2014) Ebola-Associated Genes in the Human Genome: Implications for Novel Targets. MOJ Proteomics Bioinform 1(5):
00032. DOI: 10.15406/mojpb.2014.01.00032
Copyright:
2014 Narayanan
6/7
infectious and other diseases. Detection of these proteins in
diverse body fluids and the identification of protein classes
encompassing cytokines, enzymes, transporters and receptors
provide a framework to explore both the diagnostic and drug
therapy potential of these proteins.
The drugs (including those already FDA approved) implicated
with the genes identified in this study provide a basis for their
expanded use in supportive care for Ebola infections. This could
fill in the interim needs until effective vaccines and other means
of therapy are developed.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported in part by the Genomics of Cancer
Fund, Florida Atlantic University Foundation. I thank Dr. Stein
of the GeneCards team for generous permission to use the
powerful GeneALaCart tool; Dr. Montague, Kolker Laboratory of
the MOPED Team for batch analysis of the ORFs and the Human
Proteome Map and Proteomics DB for the datasets. I thank
Jeanine Narayanan for editorial assistance.
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