The document discusses musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) that dentists and dental hygienists experience due to prolonged static postures, lack of support for the upper extremities, and inadequate breaks. Common MSD symptoms include pain in the neck, back, shoulders, and arms. Risk factors also include muscle imbalances from repetitive movements that cause some muscles to shorten and weaken over time.

1. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم Mechanisms leading to musculoskeletal disorders in dentistry

2. What Factors Contribute to WMSDs?

3. WMSD Symptoms Among Dentists Source: Finsen et al., 1998

4. WMSD Symptoms Among Dental Hygienists Source: Liss et al., 1995 * indicates difference is significant

17. lengthening or shortening muscle imbalance ketidakseimbangan otot

18. Pectoralis minor Shortening