The short natural fiber reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) composites were prepared by
injection moulding for different fiber loading. Alkali treated pineapple leaf fiber (PALF)
is used reinforcement in the composite. The biocomposites made out of PLA up to 20%
fiber loading of untreated and treated PAF. The mechanical (tensile, flexural and impact
strength) and water absorption characterizations were performed on the PAF reinforced
polylactic acid composite with different percentage loading of untreated and treated PAF
fibers. Tensile modulus of the composite has improved 42.99% and 52.77% for untreated
and treated fiber reinforced composite respectively. Similar properties were observed for
flexural modulus and impact strength of the prepared composites. The work absorption
of the composite shows hydrophilic nature. The fracture behaviour observed from the
SEM images shows better interfacial interaction for untreated fiber reinforced composites
than treated fiber reinforced composites.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcement of various fibre composition of
short natural fibre into polylactic acid (PLA) by compression moulding. Untreated
pineapple (UPAL) and treated pineapple (TPAL) fibres are used as reinforcement
material to prepare composites of 10%, 15% and 20% fibre loadings. Tensile, impact,
flexural and morphological characteristics conducted on different fibre loaded
UPAL/PLA and TPAL/PLA composites. Tensile strength has increased to 40.78% and
44.33% for 10% fibre loaded UPAL/PLA and TPAL/PLA composites respectively. A
similar increase in tensile modulus of 20.8% and 11.47% for 20% fibre loaded
UPAL/PLA and TPAL/PLA composites respectively. The significant increase is noted
for the flexural strength and the flexural modulus of UPAL/PLA and TPAL/PLA
composites. Impact strength increases with increase in fibre loading. Ductile fracture
is noticed in UPAL/PLA composites, while brittle fracture is inferred in TPAL/PLA
composites from the SEM images.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on polymers used in the medical field. It discusses various bioplastics like PCL and PLA, as well as polymers used in medical devices and implants such as PEEK, which is used in spinal fusion devices. It also covers applications of polymers in general surgery as suture materials and surgical meshes, as well as uses in opthalmology like contact lenses and intraocular lenses. The document provides details on the properties and medical uses of these various polymers.
IRJET- Research and Development of Advanced Polymer Matrix Composite Mate...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes research on advanced polymer matrix composite materials (APMMCs). It discusses how APMMCs are lightweight composite materials composed of polymer matrices reinforced with fibers. The document outlines the two main types of polymer matrices used - thermosetting polymers and thermoplastics. It describes properties and production methods for composites using each type of matrix. Finally, the document discusses applications of APMMCs in industries like aerospace, automotive, and sports equipment due to their strength and lightweight properties.
This document summarizes a research article that analyzed the surface degradation of polypropylene (PP) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites with 5% and 10% banana fiber loads when immersed in distilled water, ethanol, and sodium chloride solutions for up to 200 days. Samples were weighed over time to measure degradation and absorption in different environments. Surface degradation was also evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. The researchers found that longer immersion times led to greater material degradation regardless of environment.
IRJET - Evaluation of Aluminium Removal Efficiency of Jackfruit Seed Powd...IRJET Journal
The document evaluates the efficiency of jackfruit seed powder and guava leaf powder for removing aluminum ions from industrial effluent. Key findings from the study include:
- Jackfruit seed powder achieved a maximum aluminum removal efficiency of 92% at an optimum dosage of 3.5g/L.
- Guava leaf powder achieved a maximum aluminum removal efficiency of 84% at an optimum dosage of 4.5g/L.
- Comparison showed that jackfruit seed powder was more effective at removing aluminum ions from the effluent than guava leaf powder.
1. The document discusses the development of biocomposites made from polypropylene reinforced with short alfa fibers. Various surface treatments were tested to improve adhesion between the hydrophobic polypropylene matrix and hydrophilic alfa plant fibers.
2. Composites were produced by extruding mixtures of treated fibers and polypropylene, then injection molding test specimens. Mechanical and viscoelastic properties of the composites improved with surface treatments and fiber content.
3. Microscopic analysis showed that at fiber lengths over 4.5mm, deformation and aggregation of fibers occurred according to injection parameters. The flow behavior of fibers in the mold was also examined.
This document summarizes a study on the mechanical properties and microstructural analysis of composites made from high density polyethylene (HDPE) reinforced with different agro-wastes (groundnut shell, coconut shell, palm kernel shell). Tensile tests, flexural tests, and environmental scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze the composites. The results showed that coconut shell composites exhibited the best mechanical properties overall. Microstructural analysis indicated even distribution of the agro-waste fillers within the HDPE matrix and good interfacial adhesion between the phases. The study demonstrates the potential of using agricultural waste materials to reinforce plastics and produce cost-effective composite materials.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcement of various fibre composition of
short natural fibre into polylactic acid (PLA) by compression moulding. Untreated
pineapple (UPAL) and treated pineapple (TPAL) fibres are used as reinforcement
material to prepare composites of 10%, 15% and 20% fibre loadings. Tensile, impact,
flexural and morphological characteristics conducted on different fibre loaded
UPAL/PLA and TPAL/PLA composites. Tensile strength has increased to 40.78% and
44.33% for 10% fibre loaded UPAL/PLA and TPAL/PLA composites respectively. A
similar increase in tensile modulus of 20.8% and 11.47% for 20% fibre loaded
UPAL/PLA and TPAL/PLA composites respectively. The significant increase is noted
for the flexural strength and the flexural modulus of UPAL/PLA and TPAL/PLA
composites. Impact strength increases with increase in fibre loading. Ductile fracture
is noticed in UPAL/PLA composites, while brittle fracture is inferred in TPAL/PLA
composites from the SEM images.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on polymers used in the medical field. It discusses various bioplastics like PCL and PLA, as well as polymers used in medical devices and implants such as PEEK, which is used in spinal fusion devices. It also covers applications of polymers in general surgery as suture materials and surgical meshes, as well as uses in opthalmology like contact lenses and intraocular lenses. The document provides details on the properties and medical uses of these various polymers.
IRJET- Research and Development of Advanced Polymer Matrix Composite Mate...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes research on advanced polymer matrix composite materials (APMMCs). It discusses how APMMCs are lightweight composite materials composed of polymer matrices reinforced with fibers. The document outlines the two main types of polymer matrices used - thermosetting polymers and thermoplastics. It describes properties and production methods for composites using each type of matrix. Finally, the document discusses applications of APMMCs in industries like aerospace, automotive, and sports equipment due to their strength and lightweight properties.
This document summarizes a research article that analyzed the surface degradation of polypropylene (PP) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites with 5% and 10% banana fiber loads when immersed in distilled water, ethanol, and sodium chloride solutions for up to 200 days. Samples were weighed over time to measure degradation and absorption in different environments. Surface degradation was also evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. The researchers found that longer immersion times led to greater material degradation regardless of environment.
IRJET - Evaluation of Aluminium Removal Efficiency of Jackfruit Seed Powd...IRJET Journal
The document evaluates the efficiency of jackfruit seed powder and guava leaf powder for removing aluminum ions from industrial effluent. Key findings from the study include:
- Jackfruit seed powder achieved a maximum aluminum removal efficiency of 92% at an optimum dosage of 3.5g/L.
- Guava leaf powder achieved a maximum aluminum removal efficiency of 84% at an optimum dosage of 4.5g/L.
- Comparison showed that jackfruit seed powder was more effective at removing aluminum ions from the effluent than guava leaf powder.
1. The document discusses the development of biocomposites made from polypropylene reinforced with short alfa fibers. Various surface treatments were tested to improve adhesion between the hydrophobic polypropylene matrix and hydrophilic alfa plant fibers.
2. Composites were produced by extruding mixtures of treated fibers and polypropylene, then injection molding test specimens. Mechanical and viscoelastic properties of the composites improved with surface treatments and fiber content.
3. Microscopic analysis showed that at fiber lengths over 4.5mm, deformation and aggregation of fibers occurred according to injection parameters. The flow behavior of fibers in the mold was also examined.
This document summarizes a study on the mechanical properties and microstructural analysis of composites made from high density polyethylene (HDPE) reinforced with different agro-wastes (groundnut shell, coconut shell, palm kernel shell). Tensile tests, flexural tests, and environmental scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze the composites. The results showed that coconut shell composites exhibited the best mechanical properties overall. Microstructural analysis indicated even distribution of the agro-waste fillers within the HDPE matrix and good interfacial adhesion between the phases. The study demonstrates the potential of using agricultural waste materials to reinforce plastics and produce cost-effective composite materials.
Synthetic polymers have many applications in biomedical fields such as bone fracture repair, hip joint replacements, ligaments, tendons, contact lenses, sutures, and burn treatments. Polymers are used where biostability is needed for long-term implants, as biodegradable temporary implants, or as water soluble components of blood substitutes. Common polymers used include PMMA, PGA, PCL, silicone, PUs, nylon and polyacrylates which are chosen based on their mechanical properties, biocompatibility and degradation time frame needed for the application. The variety of polymers and their applications in biomedicine has grown tremendously and is expected to continue expanding to improve medical treatments.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Characteristics of Natural Re...IRJET Journal
The document experimentally investigates the mechanical properties of natural fiber composites made from groundnut shell, rice husk, and coir fibers reinforced with epoxy resin. Two composite plates were fabricated - one with groundnut shell and rice husk fibers, and one with groundnut and coir fibers. The tensile, flexural, and impact strengths of the plates were then tested according to ASTM standards. The results showed that the plate with groundnut and coir fibers exhibited better mechanical properties than the plate with groundnut shell and rice husk fibers, indicating natural fiber composites have potential as an alternative to synthetic fiber composites.
Waste Minimization and Energy Conservation in Gelatin Production by Raw Mater...ijsrd.com
This document summarizes opportunities for waste minimization and energy conservation in gelatin production through cleaner production methods. It discusses the current gelatin production process and identifies several stages where cleaner production options could provide environmental and economic benefits. These include using smaller raw material sizes to speed up processes, reusing waste water, optimizing filtration equipment, and directly packaging gelatin to reduce storage needs. Adopting these cleaner production methods could conserve significant amounts of water, energy and resources while also reducing costs during gelatin production.
This document discusses an experimental study that assessed pine needles as a reinforcing material in polymer composites. Urea-formaldehyde resin was synthesized and optimized as the polymer matrix. Pine needles were used as particle, short fiber, and long fiber reinforcements in the composites. Mechanical testing showed that the tensile strength, compressive strength, and wear resistance of the resin increased significantly when reinforced with pine needles, with particle reinforcement being most effective. Thermal and morphological characterization of the composites was also conducted. The results suggest pine needles have potential for use in natural fiber reinforced polymer composites.
IRJET - Coagulation Efficiency of Mangifera Indica Leaf Powder and Curcumin o...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using mangifera indica leaf powder and curcumin powder as natural coagulants to treat effluent from small-scale household rubber production. The study tested different dosages of the coagulants and measured parameters like turbidity, pH, BOD, COD, sulfate before and after treatment. It found that both coagulants reduced pollutants effectively with optimal dosages of 2g, with curcumin showing slightly higher removal efficiencies for some parameters like acidity and COD. The study concludes that these natural coagulants can provide cost-effective treatment for small-scale rubber producers compared to conventional methods.
Processing, annealing and sterilisation of poly-l-lactide, Biomaterials, 2003Dr Neill Weir
1) The document examines how processing, annealing, and sterilization affect the properties of poly-l-lactide (PLLA), including its crystallinity, molecular weight, and mechanical properties.
2) It finds that compression molding and extrusion significantly reduced the crystallinity of PLLA pellets, but annealing increased crystallinity. Crystallinity further increased after sterilization with ethylene oxide gas.
3) A slight decrease in molecular weight was observed for extruded PLLA after processing, annealing, and sterilization. Mechanical properties like Young's modulus and tensile strength generally increased with higher crystallinity.
The document discusses polymeric biomaterials, including both natural and synthetic polymers. It describes commonly used natural polymers like collagen, chitosan, and alginate, which are biodegradable and can be processed into various formats. Synthetic polymers discussed include PVC, PMMA, PP, and PS. These have advantages of manufacturability but must be biocompatible. The document also covers polymerization processes and structural modification, as well as using surface modification like atomic oxygen treatment to increase hydrophilicity of polymers like polystyrene.
Utilization of Banana Peel Powder in Concrete A Resultijtsrd
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the properties of concrete when banana peel powder is used as an admixture. The study found that the percentage of heat transmitted through concrete cubes and the time taken for the cubes to cool down were both reduced when banana peel powder was added, indicating that the exothermic chemical reaction in the concrete was decreased. Specifically, the heat transmitted was reduced by 12-16% and the cooling time was reduced by 2.5-4% compared to normal concrete without banana peel powder. The flexural strength of the concrete increased slightly with the addition of banana peel powder but the compressive strength did not change significantly. Therefore, the study concluded that banana peel powder can be used as a concrete admixture
IRJET- Effect of Alkali Treated Banana Fibers on Tensile Properties of Bio-Co...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effect of alkali treatment on banana fibers used to reinforce epoxy resin bio-composite materials. Banana fibers were either untreated or treated with 5% sodium hydroxide solution for 24 hours. Specimens of epoxy resin reinforced with untreated and treated fibers were tested for tensile properties. The average tensile strength of specimens with treated fibers was 28.4 N/mm2, an increase of 28% compared to specimens with untreated fibers which had an average tensile strength of 21.8 N/mm2. Alkali treatment of the banana fibers improved their bonding with the epoxy resin matrix and increased the tensile properties of the bio-composite material.
Miscibility and Thermal Study of PVA/Chitosan/Papaya Latex Blend FilmsIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on the miscibility and thermal properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/chitosan/papaya latex blend films. Different weight percentages of ternary blends were prepared using a solvent casting method. Scanning electron microscopy revealed good miscibility among the blend components. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed the formation of hydrogen bonds between the blend components. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the blend films exhibited initial weight loss below 130°C due to evaporation of solvent molecules, and wider degradation occurred between 130-230°C attributed to the melting point of PVA. The addition of papaya latex was found to affect the thermal stability and mechanical properties of the PVA/ch
Influence of processing and sterilisation on PCL Polymers, Rubber, Composites...Dr Neill Weir
This document discusses how processing and sterilization can affect the properties of poly-e-caprolactone (PCL), a biodegradable polymer. PCL pellets were either injection molded or extruded and then sterilized using ethylene oxide gas. Testing showed that processing and sterilization did not significantly change the polymer's molecular weight. However, crystallinity was affected. Injection molding increased crystallinity by 5%, and sterilization further increased crystallinity in all materials by approximately 10%. While properties like mechanical strength were not influenced by sterilization, the results suggest that sterilization does cause annealing of PCL and increases its crystallinity.
The egg shell powder used as a reinforcing material in composite materials
because of their good mechanical properties and environmentally friendly.
research, some experiments were carried out to the specimens
properties such as tensile strength, elongation
flexural strength and water absorption. Polymer composite was fabricated by hand lay
up to with (4, 8, 12 and 16) w
was found that the maximum values of mechanical properties happened at (Ep+16%
egg shell powder) and vice
MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BIO-FIBRE AND GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED POLYESTER...ijceronline
This document summarizes research on the mechanical characterization of bio-fibre and glass fibre reinforced polyester composite laminate joints. Specifically, it details the fabrication and testing of composites made from jute fibre, glass fibre, and polyester resin. Various composite samples were made with different fibre weight percentages and tested for properties like tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and water absorption. The results showed that the fibre weight percentage significantly affected the mechanical properties, with the sample containing 50% glass fibre and 50% jute fibre exhibiting the highest tensile and flexural strengths.
Extraction of Pectin from Unripe Banana PeelIRJET Journal
This document describes a study that extracted pectin from unripe banana peels through an acid extraction process. Pectin was extracted from unripe banana peel powder using hydrochloric acid at 90±5°C for varying time periods. Extraction for 4 hours at 90°C and pH 2 yielded the highest amount of pectin at 13%. The extracted pectin was characterized based on parameters like moisture content, ash content, and degree of esterification. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the chemical structure of the extracted pectin. The pectin extracted from banana peels has potential applications as a gelling agent in food products.
Natural polymers by Dr. khlaed shmareekhخالد شماريخ
the presentation is about the natural polymers i.e. classification, applications, properties and examples. it is in 25 pages in shortcuted manner and simple method.
Epoxy/Wood Apple Shell Particulate Composite With Improved Mechanical PropertiesIJERA Editor
Recently there has been a great interest in the industrial applications of composites developed from natural fibers, bio or industrial waste. Present work is an attempt to synthesize composites using a bio waste material i.e. wood apple shell. Composites with 10, 20 and 30 wt % wood apple shell particulate reinforced epoxy composites have been synthesized using Hand layup technique. Mechanical properties have been investigated in detail. Considerable increase in tensile strength and young’s modulus was noticed with increase in filler content. Composites were found to be more resistant to abrasion. Flexural strength was found to be quite high in comparison to epoxy.
Improving Impact Strength Recovery of Fractured and Healed Rice Husks Fibre R...IJERA Editor
Rice husks fibre reinforced polypropylene composite (rhfrpc) is a natural plant fibre reinforced polymer composite having advantages of high strength, light weight and affordability. They are commonly used for light load structural and non structural applications. They are mainly used as particle boards, for fencing post, roofing tiles, for interiors of car and aircrafts among other usages. This material once cracked by impact forces cannot be repaired using traditional repair methods for engineering materials such as metals or other composites that can be repaired by welding or by patch repair methods respectively, thus a method of repair of rice husks fibre reinforced polypropylene composites by refilling the damaged volume by injection of various healing agents has been investigated. The composite coupons were produced by injection moulding, cooled sufficiently and prepared for charpy impact tests. Test results for pristine coupons were a maximum of 48 J/mm2 . The destroyed coupons were then subjected to healing in a fabricated healing fixture. Healing agents such as epoxy resin, ethyl cyanoacrylate, and tannin gum have been investigated for their use as possible healing agents to fill the damaged volume and perform healing action at the fractured surfaces. The impact test results were recorded and compared with those of unhealed pristine coupons. The recovered strengths were a maximum of 60 J/mm2 translating into a 125% impact strength recovery, and this is good enough for the healed composites to be recommended for reuse in their second lives of their respective original functions.
From biodegradable to long-term polyurethanes: In vitro fibroblasts adhesion ...IJERA Editor
Among the synthetic polymers, polyurethanes are one of the most important polymers applied in Tissue
Engineering (TE). Their segmented block structure enables the control of different properties, such as,
biocompatibility, blood compatibility, mechanical properties and also biodegradability. In this work,
polyurethane membranes were obtained using the electrospinning apparatus. Fibroblasts cells were seeded on the
membrane and the morphology, structure and cell adhesion and proliferation were studied using Scanning
Electron Microscopy (SEM). Finally, the degradation behavior of the membranes was investigated by in vitro
degradation studies. SEM results showed that the membrane presents high porosity, high surface area:volume
ratio, it was observed a random fiber network. In vitro evaluation of fibroblasts cells showed that fibroblasts
adhered and spread over the membrane surface and in vitro degradation study showed that the developed
membrane can be considered a non-degradable polyurethane. This study supports further investigations of
electrospun membranes as long-term devices for TE applications.
TENSILE, IMPACT, FLEXURAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PINEAPPLE LEAF...IAEME Publication
1) The document examines the tensile, impact, flexural, and morphological characteristics of untreated and treated pineapple leaf fiber reinforced polylactic acid composites.
2) Composites with 10%, 15%, and 20% fiber loadings of untreated and treated pineapple fibers were produced by compression molding.
3) Testing showed that tensile strength and modulus increased with fiber loading for both untreated and treated fiber composites compared to pure PLA. Impact strength also increased with fiber loading up to 15% before decreasing at 20% loading.
4) Flexural strength and modulus also increased with fiber loading for both composite types compared to pure PLA. Scanning electron microscopy revealed ductile fracture in untreated
HEALTH CENTER NEEDS MANAGER WITH GRADUATE OF PROFESSION OF PUBLIC HEALTH GENE...IAEME Publication
An additional cost of health insurance paid by the government has increased every
year. Theoretically, this is due to curative services have been more and more dominant.
The one problem might be due to different views between 2 organizations concerning
public health.
Study of Properties of Polypropylene-Natural Fiber CompositeIRJET Journal
The document discusses a study on properties of polypropylene composites reinforced with natural fibers like jute and coir. Composites with 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% fiber content were manufactured by hot press technique. Tensile, flexural, impact, and hardness tests were conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties. The results showed that the mechanical properties generally improved with increased fiber loading up to 20%, with the 20% fiber composite exhibiting the best properties. Tensile strength decreased with fiber content while Young's modulus, flexural strength, impact strength, and hardness increased with higher fiber loading.
Synthetic polymers have many applications in biomedical fields such as bone fracture repair, hip joint replacements, ligaments, tendons, contact lenses, sutures, and burn treatments. Polymers are used where biostability is needed for long-term implants, as biodegradable temporary implants, or as water soluble components of blood substitutes. Common polymers used include PMMA, PGA, PCL, silicone, PUs, nylon and polyacrylates which are chosen based on their mechanical properties, biocompatibility and degradation time frame needed for the application. The variety of polymers and their applications in biomedicine has grown tremendously and is expected to continue expanding to improve medical treatments.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Characteristics of Natural Re...IRJET Journal
The document experimentally investigates the mechanical properties of natural fiber composites made from groundnut shell, rice husk, and coir fibers reinforced with epoxy resin. Two composite plates were fabricated - one with groundnut shell and rice husk fibers, and one with groundnut and coir fibers. The tensile, flexural, and impact strengths of the plates were then tested according to ASTM standards. The results showed that the plate with groundnut and coir fibers exhibited better mechanical properties than the plate with groundnut shell and rice husk fibers, indicating natural fiber composites have potential as an alternative to synthetic fiber composites.
Waste Minimization and Energy Conservation in Gelatin Production by Raw Mater...ijsrd.com
This document summarizes opportunities for waste minimization and energy conservation in gelatin production through cleaner production methods. It discusses the current gelatin production process and identifies several stages where cleaner production options could provide environmental and economic benefits. These include using smaller raw material sizes to speed up processes, reusing waste water, optimizing filtration equipment, and directly packaging gelatin to reduce storage needs. Adopting these cleaner production methods could conserve significant amounts of water, energy and resources while also reducing costs during gelatin production.
This document discusses an experimental study that assessed pine needles as a reinforcing material in polymer composites. Urea-formaldehyde resin was synthesized and optimized as the polymer matrix. Pine needles were used as particle, short fiber, and long fiber reinforcements in the composites. Mechanical testing showed that the tensile strength, compressive strength, and wear resistance of the resin increased significantly when reinforced with pine needles, with particle reinforcement being most effective. Thermal and morphological characterization of the composites was also conducted. The results suggest pine needles have potential for use in natural fiber reinforced polymer composites.
IRJET - Coagulation Efficiency of Mangifera Indica Leaf Powder and Curcumin o...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using mangifera indica leaf powder and curcumin powder as natural coagulants to treat effluent from small-scale household rubber production. The study tested different dosages of the coagulants and measured parameters like turbidity, pH, BOD, COD, sulfate before and after treatment. It found that both coagulants reduced pollutants effectively with optimal dosages of 2g, with curcumin showing slightly higher removal efficiencies for some parameters like acidity and COD. The study concludes that these natural coagulants can provide cost-effective treatment for small-scale rubber producers compared to conventional methods.
Processing, annealing and sterilisation of poly-l-lactide, Biomaterials, 2003Dr Neill Weir
1) The document examines how processing, annealing, and sterilization affect the properties of poly-l-lactide (PLLA), including its crystallinity, molecular weight, and mechanical properties.
2) It finds that compression molding and extrusion significantly reduced the crystallinity of PLLA pellets, but annealing increased crystallinity. Crystallinity further increased after sterilization with ethylene oxide gas.
3) A slight decrease in molecular weight was observed for extruded PLLA after processing, annealing, and sterilization. Mechanical properties like Young's modulus and tensile strength generally increased with higher crystallinity.
The document discusses polymeric biomaterials, including both natural and synthetic polymers. It describes commonly used natural polymers like collagen, chitosan, and alginate, which are biodegradable and can be processed into various formats. Synthetic polymers discussed include PVC, PMMA, PP, and PS. These have advantages of manufacturability but must be biocompatible. The document also covers polymerization processes and structural modification, as well as using surface modification like atomic oxygen treatment to increase hydrophilicity of polymers like polystyrene.
Utilization of Banana Peel Powder in Concrete A Resultijtsrd
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the properties of concrete when banana peel powder is used as an admixture. The study found that the percentage of heat transmitted through concrete cubes and the time taken for the cubes to cool down were both reduced when banana peel powder was added, indicating that the exothermic chemical reaction in the concrete was decreased. Specifically, the heat transmitted was reduced by 12-16% and the cooling time was reduced by 2.5-4% compared to normal concrete without banana peel powder. The flexural strength of the concrete increased slightly with the addition of banana peel powder but the compressive strength did not change significantly. Therefore, the study concluded that banana peel powder can be used as a concrete admixture
IRJET- Effect of Alkali Treated Banana Fibers on Tensile Properties of Bio-Co...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effect of alkali treatment on banana fibers used to reinforce epoxy resin bio-composite materials. Banana fibers were either untreated or treated with 5% sodium hydroxide solution for 24 hours. Specimens of epoxy resin reinforced with untreated and treated fibers were tested for tensile properties. The average tensile strength of specimens with treated fibers was 28.4 N/mm2, an increase of 28% compared to specimens with untreated fibers which had an average tensile strength of 21.8 N/mm2. Alkali treatment of the banana fibers improved their bonding with the epoxy resin matrix and increased the tensile properties of the bio-composite material.
Miscibility and Thermal Study of PVA/Chitosan/Papaya Latex Blend FilmsIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on the miscibility and thermal properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/chitosan/papaya latex blend films. Different weight percentages of ternary blends were prepared using a solvent casting method. Scanning electron microscopy revealed good miscibility among the blend components. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed the formation of hydrogen bonds between the blend components. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the blend films exhibited initial weight loss below 130°C due to evaporation of solvent molecules, and wider degradation occurred between 130-230°C attributed to the melting point of PVA. The addition of papaya latex was found to affect the thermal stability and mechanical properties of the PVA/ch
Influence of processing and sterilisation on PCL Polymers, Rubber, Composites...Dr Neill Weir
This document discusses how processing and sterilization can affect the properties of poly-e-caprolactone (PCL), a biodegradable polymer. PCL pellets were either injection molded or extruded and then sterilized using ethylene oxide gas. Testing showed that processing and sterilization did not significantly change the polymer's molecular weight. However, crystallinity was affected. Injection molding increased crystallinity by 5%, and sterilization further increased crystallinity in all materials by approximately 10%. While properties like mechanical strength were not influenced by sterilization, the results suggest that sterilization does cause annealing of PCL and increases its crystallinity.
The egg shell powder used as a reinforcing material in composite materials
because of their good mechanical properties and environmentally friendly.
research, some experiments were carried out to the specimens
properties such as tensile strength, elongation
flexural strength and water absorption. Polymer composite was fabricated by hand lay
up to with (4, 8, 12 and 16) w
was found that the maximum values of mechanical properties happened at (Ep+16%
egg shell powder) and vice
MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BIO-FIBRE AND GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED POLYESTER...ijceronline
This document summarizes research on the mechanical characterization of bio-fibre and glass fibre reinforced polyester composite laminate joints. Specifically, it details the fabrication and testing of composites made from jute fibre, glass fibre, and polyester resin. Various composite samples were made with different fibre weight percentages and tested for properties like tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and water absorption. The results showed that the fibre weight percentage significantly affected the mechanical properties, with the sample containing 50% glass fibre and 50% jute fibre exhibiting the highest tensile and flexural strengths.
Extraction of Pectin from Unripe Banana PeelIRJET Journal
This document describes a study that extracted pectin from unripe banana peels through an acid extraction process. Pectin was extracted from unripe banana peel powder using hydrochloric acid at 90±5°C for varying time periods. Extraction for 4 hours at 90°C and pH 2 yielded the highest amount of pectin at 13%. The extracted pectin was characterized based on parameters like moisture content, ash content, and degree of esterification. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the chemical structure of the extracted pectin. The pectin extracted from banana peels has potential applications as a gelling agent in food products.
Natural polymers by Dr. khlaed shmareekhخالد شماريخ
the presentation is about the natural polymers i.e. classification, applications, properties and examples. it is in 25 pages in shortcuted manner and simple method.
Epoxy/Wood Apple Shell Particulate Composite With Improved Mechanical PropertiesIJERA Editor
Recently there has been a great interest in the industrial applications of composites developed from natural fibers, bio or industrial waste. Present work is an attempt to synthesize composites using a bio waste material i.e. wood apple shell. Composites with 10, 20 and 30 wt % wood apple shell particulate reinforced epoxy composites have been synthesized using Hand layup technique. Mechanical properties have been investigated in detail. Considerable increase in tensile strength and young’s modulus was noticed with increase in filler content. Composites were found to be more resistant to abrasion. Flexural strength was found to be quite high in comparison to epoxy.
Improving Impact Strength Recovery of Fractured and Healed Rice Husks Fibre R...IJERA Editor
Rice husks fibre reinforced polypropylene composite (rhfrpc) is a natural plant fibre reinforced polymer composite having advantages of high strength, light weight and affordability. They are commonly used for light load structural and non structural applications. They are mainly used as particle boards, for fencing post, roofing tiles, for interiors of car and aircrafts among other usages. This material once cracked by impact forces cannot be repaired using traditional repair methods for engineering materials such as metals or other composites that can be repaired by welding or by patch repair methods respectively, thus a method of repair of rice husks fibre reinforced polypropylene composites by refilling the damaged volume by injection of various healing agents has been investigated. The composite coupons were produced by injection moulding, cooled sufficiently and prepared for charpy impact tests. Test results for pristine coupons were a maximum of 48 J/mm2 . The destroyed coupons were then subjected to healing in a fabricated healing fixture. Healing agents such as epoxy resin, ethyl cyanoacrylate, and tannin gum have been investigated for their use as possible healing agents to fill the damaged volume and perform healing action at the fractured surfaces. The impact test results were recorded and compared with those of unhealed pristine coupons. The recovered strengths were a maximum of 60 J/mm2 translating into a 125% impact strength recovery, and this is good enough for the healed composites to be recommended for reuse in their second lives of their respective original functions.
From biodegradable to long-term polyurethanes: In vitro fibroblasts adhesion ...IJERA Editor
Among the synthetic polymers, polyurethanes are one of the most important polymers applied in Tissue
Engineering (TE). Their segmented block structure enables the control of different properties, such as,
biocompatibility, blood compatibility, mechanical properties and also biodegradability. In this work,
polyurethane membranes were obtained using the electrospinning apparatus. Fibroblasts cells were seeded on the
membrane and the morphology, structure and cell adhesion and proliferation were studied using Scanning
Electron Microscopy (SEM). Finally, the degradation behavior of the membranes was investigated by in vitro
degradation studies. SEM results showed that the membrane presents high porosity, high surface area:volume
ratio, it was observed a random fiber network. In vitro evaluation of fibroblasts cells showed that fibroblasts
adhered and spread over the membrane surface and in vitro degradation study showed that the developed
membrane can be considered a non-degradable polyurethane. This study supports further investigations of
electrospun membranes as long-term devices for TE applications.
TENSILE, IMPACT, FLEXURAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PINEAPPLE LEAF...IAEME Publication
1) The document examines the tensile, impact, flexural, and morphological characteristics of untreated and treated pineapple leaf fiber reinforced polylactic acid composites.
2) Composites with 10%, 15%, and 20% fiber loadings of untreated and treated pineapple fibers were produced by compression molding.
3) Testing showed that tensile strength and modulus increased with fiber loading for both untreated and treated fiber composites compared to pure PLA. Impact strength also increased with fiber loading up to 15% before decreasing at 20% loading.
4) Flexural strength and modulus also increased with fiber loading for both composite types compared to pure PLA. Scanning electron microscopy revealed ductile fracture in untreated
HEALTH CENTER NEEDS MANAGER WITH GRADUATE OF PROFESSION OF PUBLIC HEALTH GENE...IAEME Publication
An additional cost of health insurance paid by the government has increased every
year. Theoretically, this is due to curative services have been more and more dominant.
The one problem might be due to different views between 2 organizations concerning
public health.
Study of Properties of Polypropylene-Natural Fiber CompositeIRJET Journal
The document discusses a study on properties of polypropylene composites reinforced with natural fibers like jute and coir. Composites with 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% fiber content were manufactured by hot press technique. Tensile, flexural, impact, and hardness tests were conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties. The results showed that the mechanical properties generally improved with increased fiber loading up to 20%, with the 20% fiber composite exhibiting the best properties. Tensile strength decreased with fiber content while Young's modulus, flexural strength, impact strength, and hardness increased with higher fiber loading.
This document discusses PLA/sisal fiber bio-composites developed through direct injection molding and extrusion injection molding. Mechanical testing showed that bio-composites produced via direct injection molding with short sisal fibers had 34.7% higher tensile strength and 15.9% higher flexural strength than those with long fibers. However, long fiber bio-composites had better impact strength. Both processes produced homogeneous, high strength materials but direct injection molding is better for short fibers while extrusion injection molding works for both short and long fibers. PLA/sisal fiber bio-composites have advantages of being renewable, biodegradable, and recyclable with applications
The document summarizes research on banana fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites. Banana fibers were extracted and treated with sodium hydroxide and acetic acid. The fibers were then blended with polypropylene and maleated polypropylene as a coupling agent using a twin extruder machine. Samples were injection molded and tested for mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact strength both before and after water absorption. The results showed the composite materials had high strength before water absorption compared to after. The research demonstrated banana fiber reinforced composites can be a viable material.
Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) blended with acrylonitrile-butadiene styrene (ABS) and
natural biodegradable tapioca cassava starch powder (NBTCSP) the weight ratios on the
properties of blends, the blends films were prepared by using a twin-screw extruder and
semi-automatic compression molding machine. The mechanical and morphological
properties of samples were investigated by tensile test, flexural, compressive , impact test
and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively.it was found that the tensile
strength of PLA/ABS (45/45/ wt %) blend composite was about 31.50 MPa the in the
absence of natural biodegradable tapioca cassava starch (NBTCSP), and it increased to
28.66 –32.90 MPa in presence of natural biodegradable tapioca cassava starch powder
(NBTCSP) at 10 wt% .The flexural value of PLA/ABS (45/45/ wt %) blend composite was
about 31.50 MPa the in the absence of natural biodegradable tapioca cassava starch
Powder (NBTCSP), and it increased to 28.66 –32.90 MPa in presence of natural
biodegradable tapioca cassava starch powder (NBTCSP) at 10 wt% . The SEM images
showed good interface and distribution for PLA containing 47.5 wt% ABS, 5 wt%
(NBTCSP) and 45 wt% ABS 10 wt% (NBTCSP)
IRJET- Experimental Analysis of Mechanical and Thermal Properties of the Natu...IRJET Journal
1) The document experimentally analyzes the mechanical and thermal properties of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites with varying concentrations of banana fiber (10%, 15%, 20% by weight).
2) Samples were fabricated using hand lay-up molding with alkali-treated banana fibers and polyester resin. Mechanical tests for hardness, tensile strength, and impact strength were conducted at different temperatures.
3) Hardness and tensile strength increased with higher banana fiber loading up to 15% but increased at a lower rate from 15-20%. Impact strength generally increased with fiber loading and temperature but showed a higher rate of increase from 10-15% loading compared to 15-20%.
EVALUATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTY ON PALM/COIR BASED POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITESmsejjournal
Now day’s natural fibres as reinforcement have received more attention from the research community all
over the world in preparing polymer composites. These natural fibres have lot of advantages over synthetic
fibres. In this paper two natural fibers palm and coir reinforced composites were fabricated using compression moulding method which was a new effort and was not done elsewhere. Specimens were cut from
the fabricated composite plates according to the ASTM standards. Universal Testing Machine was used for
testing tensile and flexural strength of the composites. The impact strength of the composites was analyzed
using Impact tester. Further wear and moisture absorption tests were also conducted on the prepared
specimen. The results obtained through experimentation of both composites were compared and presented.
It can be concluded that the developed palm based composite possess superior property and can be recommended for fabrication of light weight high strength automobile parts.
Evaluation of mechanical and water absorption behaviour of coir and rice husk...eSAT Journals
The document evaluates the mechanical and water absorption behavior of composites reinforced with coconut coir fiber and rice husk powder. Composites were prepared with untreated and NaOH-treated coir fiber at different weight fractions (5%, 10%, 15%) combined with epoxy resin and rice husk powder. Mechanical tests for impact strength and hardness were conducted according to ASTM standards. Results showed untreated composites had higher impact strength and hardness than treated composites due to better fiber-matrix bonding. However, treated composites absorbed less water than untreated composites due to the hydrophobic nature of chemically-modified fiber. In conclusion, untreated composites performed better mechanically while treated composites were more resistant to water absorption.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NANOIRON PARTICLES REINFORCED EPOXY/POLYESTER NANOCO...IAEME Publication
We report on synthesis of two highly dissolve nanoparticles viz. Fe2 O3 & f-Fe2 O3using chemical reduction method. Reaction effect was initiated to mix up solution 1 (i.e.Fecl3 6H2 o) into solution 2 (i.e. Fecl2 4H2 o) as one under the occurrence of ammonium to build up nanoiron (NI) particles. Mechanical properties as above mentioned nanoiron particles filled with polyester and epoxy nanocomposites were fabricated to assess the possibility of using this filler as a latest material. Functionalization agent as Methacryloxypropyl was used to prepare f-Fe2 O3 nanoparticles. f-Fe2 O3 nanocomposites of mechanical properties were improved with the help of functionalization when compared with nanocomposites of Fe2 O3 Nanoiron particles functionalization favours the composite fabrication with a curing temperature at low as compared to the as-synthesised nanoparticles filled polyester nanocomposites. Mechanical properties carried out are Hardness, Impact strength, Tensile strength, Flexural strength and Compression strength. Mechanical property values increased due to the homogeneous nanoparticle dispersion and chemical bonding between polyester matrix and nanoparticles. After incorporation nanoiron particles into the polyester resin matrix it becomes magnetically harder. Machines generated mechanical property values were compared and analysed with system generated software analysis of variance (ANOVA) values
IRJET- Effect of Mercerization of Mechanical Behavior of Banana Fiber Reinfor...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the effect of mercerization (treatment with sodium hydroxide solution) on the mechanical properties of banana fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Two sets of composites were fabricated - one with untreated banana fiber and one with banana fiber treated with NaOH solution. Composites containing 3-15% fiber by weight were tested for tensile strength, flexural strength, hardness, and impact energy. The research aims to study how fiber treatment and fiber content affect mechanical properties.
The document discusses coir fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites. It details the process of preparing composites with a 9:1 ratio of polypropylene to coir fiber. Adding NaOH and chopped coir fiber increases bonding between the fibers and PP. Maleated polypropylene further improves mechanical properties by up to 80%. Samples were tested for tensile, flexural, impact and hardness properties before and after immersion in water. Results showed the composite has higher strength before water absorption compared to after. Hardness and impact strength remained the same.
Comparative Study on Mechanical Properties of Tamarind Shell and Groundnut Sh...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that compared the mechanical properties of tamarind shell and groundnut shell particulate composites. Tamarind and groundnut shell particles were mixed with epoxy resin to create composites with 60% fiber and 40% resin by weight. Specimens of each composite were tested for tensile strength, bending strength, and hardness. The results showed that the tamarind shell composite exhibited higher tensile strength (12.36 MPa vs 10.86 MPa), bending load capacity (176.5 N vs 98.1 N), and hardness (78 HRM vs 74 HRM) than the groundnut shell composite. The study suggests tamarind shell particulates provide better reinforcement of
Testing of Coconut Shell Reinforced Brake PADSIJSRED
1) The document describes research into developing coconut shell reinforced brake pads as a safer alternative to asbestos brake pads. Various samples of brake pads were created with different compositions of coconut shell powder, graphite, alumina, and epoxy resin.
2) The samples were tested on a wear testing machine at various speeds to measure the wear rate and coefficient of friction. Sample four performed the best with the lowest wear rate.
3) The research demonstrated that brake pads created with coconut shell reinforcement can be a viable non-toxic alternative to asbestos brake pads and perform well under testing.
IRJET- Investigation on Mechanical Behaviour of Sugarcane Bagasse Fiber R...IRJET Journal
This document investigates the mechanical behavior of sugarcane bagasse fiber reinforcement in polymer matrix composites. It begins by providing background on composite materials and the advantages of natural fibers like sugarcane bagasse. The document then reviews previous literature on composites using bagasse reinforcement. The methodology section outlines the fabrication process, including preparing the bagasse fibers and using an epoxy resin matrix. Mechanical tests will be performed to study the composites' tensile, flexural, and impact properties.
This document reviews glass fiber-reinforced polymer composites. It discusses the different types of glass fibers and their properties. Various manufacturing techniques for producing glass fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites are described, including hand lay-up, compression molding, and hot pressing. The mechanical, thermal, environmental, vibration, and tribological properties of glass fiber composites are also reviewed. The document provides an overview of the preparation and characterization of glass fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites and their applications.
IRJET - A Review on Multi-Layered Armour using Sugarcane Bagasse WasteIRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of sugarcane bagasse waste as a material for multi-layered ballistic armor. It first discusses sugarcane bagasse composites, including their mechanical properties and prior research examining their reinforcement in polymer matrices. It then discusses multi-layered armor systems, noting that they provide weight advantages over monolithic plates but can have reduced ballistic resistance. The document surveys previous research comparing the performance of mono-layered and multi-layered armor configurations. Finally, it discusses the potential use of sugarcane bagasse composites as the secondary layer in a multi-layered armor system.
Investigation of Wear Behavior of Rice Husk Filled Cotton Fiber Reinforced Po...ijtsrd
Usage of natural fiber reinforced polymeric composites has drastically increased in recent years for industrial applications. In this investigation, Composite specimens were prepared with polyester resin, cotton polyester resin, and cotton polyester resin with rice husk filler. The hand layup method was used to prepare composite sheets with specially prepared steel die. The specimens were prepared as per ASTMG99 standards and Friction coefficient and wear rate were measured for the proposed materials under dry sliding contact with steel counter face. Pin on disc wear testing machine used to perform the proposed tribological measurement and 20,40, and 60N applied normal loads. Suganth. V | Gabriel. A | Dr. S. Velumani "Investigation of Wear Behavior of Rice Husk Filled Cotton Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33635.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/33635/investigation-of-wear-behavior-of-rice-husk-filled-cotton-fiber-reinforced-polyester-composites/suganth-v
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Hygrothermal Aging on Mechanical Propert...IRJET Journal
The document experimentally investigates the effect of hygrothermal aging on mechanical properties of hemp and sisal fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Hybrid composites with 0%, 15%, 30%, and 45% fiber content were fabricated and subjected to normal weather conditions and saline water aging for 48 hours. The composites exposed to saline water showed increased moisture uptake with higher fiber content. Tensile and flexural tests were conducted to determine the variations in mechanical properties before and after aging. The aging led to changes in maximum tensile and flexural strength of the composites.
IRJET - Assessment of Mechanical Properties of Banana and Basalt Fiber Re...IRJET Journal
1) The document assesses the mechanical properties of composites made from banana fibers, basalt fibers, and epoxy resin.
2) Four composite laminate samples were fabricated with different fiber orientations and tested for tensile and flexural strength.
3) The results showed that the sample with 30° fiber orientation had the highest tensile strength and modulus, while the sample with 60° orientation had the highest flexural strength.
Similar to MECHANICAL AND WATER ABSORPTION OF INJECTION MOULDED PINEAPPLE LEAF FIBER REINFORCED POLYLACTIC ACID COMPOSITES (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
2. Darsan R S, B. Stanly Jones Retnam and M Sivapragash
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 780 editor@iaeme.com
1. INTRODUCTION
The polymer composites are widely used in countless applications in our daily life such as
food processing, packaging, health and hygiene, transportation, medical product etc. Among all
the applications the thermoplastic based polymers composites contribute to 80% of the
application due to ease of recycling [1]. Over the years these composites made from
nondegradable, nonrenewable petroleum-based polymers which are depleting in nature as time
pass by. The degradation of such polymers-based products after use causes large scale
environmental issues. The degradation process faces two major concerns for the currently used
polymers. First one is the long degradation time for the polymers to naturally decay into the soil,
causing huge pile up of waste in landfill sites [2]. Second is the emission of toxic gases during
recycling process, which lead to higher risk to health[3]. Forcing the researches come up with
polymers which are degradable with lower levels of rate of emissions and can be produced from
renewable sources.
The natural biodegradable polymers are produced either from agricultural crops or by
synthesis of bio monomers from the agricultural resources[4]. Some of the degradable
biopolymers like polylactic acid (PLA), poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), and poly(e-caprolactone)
(PCL) are produced by syntheses of bio monomers and they belong to polyester family [5].
Polylactic acid being the finest degradable polymer among the polyesters, is a linear aliphatic
thermoplastic produced from renewable agro sources6
. The large molecular weight polymers are
made by condensation reaction or ring polymerization of lactide monomer, which is prepared
from the fermentation of corn or sugar [5,6]. Polylactic acid composites have attained higher
degree of biodegradability and mechanical properties after synthesis [1]. They have lower
processability and brittleness which make it difficult for usage in commercial applications [7].
Green composites made from renewable sources which are biodegradable, biopolymers with
natural fibers as the reinforcement, can be the best replacement candidate for the petroleum-based
composites [8,9]. The byproduct of the agricultural waste can be used for extraction of various
natural fibers. The different natural fibers such as bamboo [10], flax [11], jute [12], kenaf [13],
ramie [14], banana [1] and sisal [15] were explored in numerous researches. Predominant
mechanical properties are exhibited by some of the leaf-based fibers like pineapple leaf due to
the higher cellulose content along with lower microfibril angle [16,17]. The composites with short
pineapple fiber reinforced polyethylene have shown remarkable mechanical characteristics with
polyethylene [17,18]. The surface modification of the pineapple fiber has enhanced the properties
of the composites [16]. Recent studies analyses the mechanical properties of pineapple fiber
reinforced biopolymers, especially to check the compatibility of green composite were carried
out by researches [19]. Found satisfactory when compared with the polypropylene [20].
The present study aims in fabrication, mechanical and water absorption property evaluation
of pineapple leaf fiber reinforced composites by injection moulding. The effects of fiber loading
on the properties of untreated and treated short pineapple leaf fiber loading. Assess the optimum
tensile, flexural and impact strength from different untreated and treated fiber loading of the
composites. Evaluate the water absorption characteristic of the prepared composite. And finally,
to interpret the fracture behavior of the composites using SEM.
2. MATERIALS & EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
2.1. Materials
Polylactic acid (PLA 3052D) was procured from Nature Works LLC, USA. Pineapple leaf
fiber(PLF) were supplied by Vrushacomposites and services,(Chennai, India). Sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) pellets purchased from SRL Pvt., India and Glacial Acetic acid from HIMEDIA, India.
The mechanical and thermal properties of PLF and PLA are shown in table 1.
3. Mechanical and Water Absorption of Injection Moulded Pineapple Leaf Fiber Reinforced Polylactic
Acid Composites
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 781 editor@iaeme.com
Table 1 The Mechanical and thermal properties of PLF [16,18] and PLA 3052D
Properties PLF PLA 3052D
Density, g/m3
1.53 1.24
Tensile strength (MPA) 287 -800 62
Tensile Modulus (GPa) 7.0 -8.0
Elongation (%) 14.5 3.5
Glass transition temperature (o
C) 55 -60
Melting Temperature(o
C) 145 -160
Transition Temperature (o
C) 60
2.2. Surface treatment of Pineapple leaf fiber
Pineapple leaf fibers were soaked in mild distilled water of 1% detergent solution for 2 hours at
room temperature. Followed by washing in distilled water to remove any traces of detergent left.
The washed fibers where dipped in 2% NaOH solution for 2hour [18,19] under room condition.
After the alkali treatment the fibers were washed with deionized water followed by immersion in
1% glacial acetic acid to remove any traces of alkali on the fiber. The pH value of the fiber is
brought down to neutral condition and is tested using a pH paper. The fibers are air dried for 24
hours followed by drying under room condition for 3 days, till the entire water vapour content is
removed. After drying the long fibers are chopped into short fiber of 3 -6mm length
2.3. Composite preparation
Prior to processing of composites, the PLA pellets and PALF fibers were dried in hot air oven at
80O
C for 3 hours to remove any amount of moisture content left after primary drying. Using twin
screw extruder (M/s. Specific Engineering, ZV 20, Baroda India) the fiber and polymer were melt
blended. Initially. The mix blending is carried out at 175 O
C and screw speed of 72 rpm for 15
minutes for different fiber loading 0%, 10%, 15%, 20% of untreated and treated fiber. The
blended materials are water cooled and shredded to smaller size using a shredding machine. The
shredded small size blended materials are dried in hot air oven at 80O
C to remove the water
content during cooling in twin screw extruder. The dried blended material is then moulded to
standard specimen sizes using an automatic injection moulding machine (M/S. Feromatic
Milacron, Omega 80Wide, India).
3. CHARACTERIZATION METHODS
3.1. Mechanical Testing
3.2. Tensile testing
The tensile test specimens are prepared based on ASTM D638 standard to find out the tensile
strength, tensile modulus and percentage elongation of various composites which were prepared.
The testing is carried out at cross head speed of 5mm/min, on a gauge length of 50mm using
Universal testing machine (M/s. Tinius Olsen, H 50KL).
3.3. Flexural testing
The flexural test is performed on the same universal testing according to the ASTM D790
standard, to find the flexural strength and flexural modulus.
4. Darsan R S, B. Stanly Jones Retnam and M Sivapragash
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 782 editor@iaeme.com
3.4. Impact testing
The impact strength is found out according to the ASTM D256 standard. Using M/s. Tinius
Olsen, Impact 104, machine impact strength of the samples was found out.
3.5. Water Absorption
The percentage of water absorption for the set of samples were prepared and conducted according
to ASTM D570 standard. The specimens are initially dried using hot air oven and cool to room
temperature. The initial weights of the samples are recorded to nearest 0.001 g.
3.6. Morphological characteristics
The morphological characteristics are observed by a Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), M/s.
Jeol, 6390 LV with a resolution of 4nm.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1. Mechanical properties
4.1.1. Tensile properties on the UPLF/PLA & TPLF/PLA composites
The tensile strength, tensile modulus and percentage elongation of the UPLF/PLA & TPLF/PLA
composites with various fiber loadings are shown in figure 1, 2 & 3 respectively. The tensile
strength shows an increase in 1.51% and 9.58% for 10% and 15 % UPLF/PLA composites
respectively with respect to virgin PLA. But shows a decrease in 23.52% and 14.79% for 10%
and 15 % TPLF/PLA composites respectively with respect to virgin PLA. The tensile modulus
of the UPLF/PLA composites increases on addition of fiber and reaches a maximum value of
42.99% at 20% fiber loading. In the case of TPLF/PLA composites 52.77% increases in modulus
for 15% fiber loading and decreases on more fiber loading. The percentage elongation according
to graph shows a decrease in both UPLF/PLA & TPLF/PLA composites. The fiber agglomeration
at high volume fraction leads to decrease in tensile strength and poor interfacial bonding in treated
PLF gives a decrease in tensile property at higher fiber loading [21]. The increase in tensile
modulus due to the introduction of high stiffness fiber into the matrix and decrease in percentage
elongation shows poor interfacial bonding between fiber and matrix.
Figure 1 Tensile strength of UPLF/PLA and TPLF/PLA composites
5. Mechanical and Water Absorption of Injection Moulded Pineapple Leaf Fiber Reinforced Polylactic
Acid Composites
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 783 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 2 Tensile modulus of UPLF/PLA and TPLF/PLA composites
Figure 3 Percentage elongation of UPLF/PLA and TPLF/PLA composites
4.1.2. Impact strength on the UPLF/PLA & TPLF/PLA composites
The impact strength of UPLF/PLA and TPLF/PLA composites is shown in figure 4. Initially on
increases in fiber loading of untreated fiber up to 15%, the impact strength increases from 13.62%
to 45.91% and followed by decrease in 3.11% on 20% fiber loading. The similar characteristics
is observed for treated fiber as the fiber loading increases from 10% to 15% the impact strength
increases initially to 22.96% to 49.03% and a decline to 3.5% for 20 % fiber loading when
compare with virgin PLA. The increase in impact strength is due to the introduction of higher
stiffness fiber into the matrix. Similar property was observed in tensile modulus results. The
agglomeration at higher volume fraction may be reason for failure at higher volume fractions.
6. Darsan R S, B. Stanly Jones Retnam and M Sivapragash
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 784 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 4 Impact strength of UPLF/PLA and TPLF/PLA composites
4.1.3. Flexural properties on the UPLF/PLA & TPLF/PLA composites
Figure 5 Flexural strength of UPLF/PLA and TPLF/PLA composites
The flexural strength and modules of UPLF/PLA and TPLF/PLA composites is shown in
figure 5 & 6. The flexural strength of the composites reduces to 28.7%, 23.03%, 35.31% for 10%,
15%, and 15% in fiber loading respectively untreated PLF into the PLA matrix. Similarly, a
reduction of 65.6%, 20.53%, 24.7% for 10%, 15%, and 15% respectively of treated fiber into the
PLA matrix. The flexural strength of the composites increases on higher fiber loading of UPLF
and TPLF fiber into the PLA matrix to form the composite. The best flexural modulus is observed
for 20% fiber loaded UPLF/PLA composite, has 65.22% increases in property when compared
with virgin PLA. An increase of 47.16% for 20% fiber loaded TPLF/PLA composite was
observed from the test results. The decrease in flexural stress may be due to weak interfacial
bonding between fiber and matrix or poor distribution of load between fiber and matrix [17,20].
7. Mechanical and Water Absorption of Injection Moulded Pineapple Leaf Fiber Reinforced Polylactic
Acid Composites
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 785 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 6 Flexural modulus of UPLF/PLA and TPLF/PLA composites
4.2. WATER ABSORPTION PROPERTIES
Figure 7 Water absorption of UPLF/PLA and TPLF/PLA composites
The water absorption from figure 7 shows an increase in percentage water absorption for
higher fiber loading for both untreated and treated PLF /PLA composites. A maximum value of
57.24% and 750.70% increase absorption was observed in 20% for both untreated and treated
PLF /PLA composites. The result depicts the hydrophilic nature of the PLF fiber [21,22].
4.3. Morphological properties
8. Darsan R S, B. Stanly Jones Retnam and M Sivapragash
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 786 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 7 Different magnification of SEM images for 10% UPLF/PLA composites
Figure 8 Different magnification of SEM images for 10% TPLF/PLA composites
Figures 7 & 8 shows 500x and 750x magnified SEM images of 10% UPLF/PLA and 10%
TPLF/PLA composites. Ductile fracture is observed for 10% UPLF/PLA composite with large
amount of fiber pullout of the fiber from the matrix. Matrix shows fiber agglomeration, with good
interfacial bonding. But in few areas where the fiber agglomeration doesn’t happen shows poor
interfacial bonding. The SEM images of 10% TPLF/PLA composite shows short length fracture,
this can be attributed to brittle fracture behavior of the composites, with the agglomerated PLF
fiber pullout from the matrix. Considerable number of voids appear over the matrix, along with
matrix breakages. The poor interfacial bonding is evident from the images. These fracture
behaviors might indicate poor mechanical characteristics of the TPLF/PLA composites.
5. CONCLUSION
In this study, the composites are prepared by reinforcing untreated and treated pineapple leaf fiber
into the polylactic acid matrix. The prepared UPLF/PLA and TPLF/PLA composites are
evaluated for mechanical, water absorption and morphological properties.
The following conclusion are made from the study.
• Both UPLF and TPLF are reinforced into the PLA matrix using a twin-screw extruder
followed by injection moulded into standard specimen sizes.
• Tensile strength results from the UPLF/PLA composites gives an initial increase and
a decrease in values were noted in the case of TPLF/PLA composites shows. The
tensile modulus of TPLF/PLA composites is higher than the UPLF/PLA composites.
The percentage of elongation decreases on addition of fiber loading for both the types
of composites. The percentage of elongation results for UPLF/PLA composites
9. Mechanical and Water Absorption of Injection Moulded Pineapple Leaf Fiber Reinforced Polylactic
Acid Composites
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 787 editor@iaeme.com
demonstrates higher values than TPLF/PLA composites. This implies that, the
increase in fiber loading on the composites are becoming more and more brittle due
to the introduction of stiff fiber into PLA matrix.
• Flexural strength of both the composites are lower than the virgin PLA. Poor
interfacial interaction and low load sharing between the fiber and matrix causes
decrement in flexural property. But the flexural modulus increases on addition of fiber
into the matrix. The incorporation of stiffer fiber helps increase in modulus of the
composite.
• Impact strength of the UPLF/PLA and TPLF/PLA composites increases on increase
in fiber loading up to 15% and decreases there on. The reduction in impact strength
arisen due to the agglomeration of the fiber at higher volume faction.
• Percentage of water absorption increases on addition of fiber, is evident that
hydrophilic nature of the fiber absorbs more water than virgin PLA.
• The ductile fracture behavior depicted from the SEM images of UPLF/PLA
composites with fiber being pulled from the matrix, with fiber agglomeration and
large amount of fiber pull out from the PLA matrix. Brittle fracture with short fiber
projecting out from the TPLF/PLA composite on loading. The presence of numerous
voids, matrix breakage and poor interfacial bonding of the fiber with the matrix was
seen from the SEM images. This may be attributed to decrement in mechanical
strengths compared with the untreated fiber composites.
• Over all, the study of reinforcement of untreated and treated fiber on PLA matrix
shows that untreated fiber composites have much better properties than treated fiber
composites.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are thankful to CIPET: Institute of Plastics Technology (IPT), Kochi, Sophisticated
Analytical Instrument Facility (SAIF) at STIC, Kochi and J J Murphy Research Centre, Rubber
Park, Kochi in conducting different characterizations.
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