The document discusses various approaches to measuring team cohesion, including direct and indirect methods. The direct method involves asking players how much they like playing for the team and how well they feel the team functions as a unit. The indirect method involves asking each team member how they feel about other members. Research on the indirect method has failed to find a relationship between cohesion and performance. Popular direct measurement tools discussed include the Group Environment Questionnaire and Sport Cohesiveness Questionnaire.

2. PRESENTED BY:
IQRA MUSTAFA
ROLL NO. 04
SADAF SAHAR
ROLL NO. 10
SAMRA REHMAN
ROLL NO. 38

4. “Talent wins games,
but teamwork
and intelligence
wins champions”

6. The direct measurement approach to assess
ing team cohesion is direct in the sense that
players are asked to indicate how much
they like playing for the team(individual attractio
n) and how well they feel the team functions as
a unit (group integration).
Direct Measurement

7. The indirect measurement approach to assessing team cohesi
on tries to get at team cohesion.
By asking each team member how they feel about every
other member, on some basic question e.g., How much do you like
the different members of your team?
Research using the indirect approach has generally failed to
find a meaningful relationship between team cohesion and team or
individual behavior.
The indirect approach to measuring team cohesion is
very rare in sport psychology research today.
In Direct Measurement

8. Model Of Cohesion
Cohesion
Attraction
Task Social
Integration
Task Social
Athletes are attracted to the sport for
social purposes and to make progress
(task)
Only in the team they must interact with
others (social) and try to achieve their
goals.
 Attraction –
what gets you to
the group
 Integration –
How the group “get”
 Task Cohesion –
Achievement
 Social Cohesion –
How group
members get on

10. Low
Interaction
Less Good Performance
Good Performance
High
Interaction
Good Performance
Less Good Performance

12. Socializing together to get to know & respect one another.
Having a common goal to achieve together that people buy into & invest in
emotionally.
Creating dependencies on each other so that no player feels or acts in
isolation.
Generating pride & belief in a project shared with all team members.
Constantly striving to analyze & improve on performance, pushing the
boundaries of what can be achieved together.

13. Team Cohesion
Team cohesion is used to promote the “team” concept are
paramount in being successful as individuals and as a team. Athlete can
maximize team and individual athletic performance, and by doing so can
promote team cohesion, overall team climate and even goal setting.

14. Measurement Of Team Cohesion
A number of inventories have been developed for measuring
team cohesion in sport.
• Sports cohesiveness questionnaire (SCQ; martens & peterson, 1971)
Team cohesion questionnaire (TCQ; gruber & grey, 1981)
• Sport cohesion instrument (SCI; yukelson, wienberg and jackson, 1984)
• Group environment questionnaire (GEQ; widmeyer, brawley & carron, 1985)
• Team psychology questionnaire (TPQ; partington and shangi, 1992)

15. GEQ has been sport psychologists‘ primary inventory of choice over the
last fifteen years.
The GEQ has continued to be used extensively by researchers
and practitioners the GEQ is composed of eighteen items that measure the four
team cohesion dimensions.
Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ)

16. The four team cohesion dimensions measured by GEQ are:
1. Personal Factors
2. Team Factors
3. Leadership Factors
4. Environmental Factors

17. Sport Cohesiveness Questionnaire
A popular sport-related test of team cohesion composed of
seven questions. Two questions ask team members to assess other members of
the team relative to feelings of friendship and team influence; three questions
ask the athlete to assess his or her relationship to the team in terms of a sense
of belonging, value of membership and enjoyment and the remaining two
questions ask the athlete to evaluate the team as a whole in terms of teamwork
and closeness.
The findings of some studies indicate a strong association between
cohesion and sport performance, and between cohesion and satisfaction.

18. Sport cohesion instrument multidimensional questionnaire,
which measures four dimensions of team cohesion:
Attraction to the group
Sense of purpose
Quality of teamwork
Valued roles
It was originally designed for basketball, but its versatility has
allowed it to be used for other team sports. See also sport cohesiveness
questionnaire.

19. Group Environment Questionnaire
A multidimensional questionnaire
which directly measures team cohesion in terms of
individual attraction and group integration.

20. Sport Psychology/Imagery Questionnaire
A questionnaire that measures athletes’ abilities to experience
different senses, emotions, and perspectives during imagery. The SIQ
refers to four experiences common in sport:
Practicing alone
Practicing with others
Watching a team mate
Playing in a contest
After spending a minute imaging scenes, including each of these
experiences separately

21. Ratings are made on a five-point likert scale from ‘no image
present’ to ‘extremely clear and vivid image’ for three sense modalities
(hearing, vision, and kinaesthesis). Some variations of the SIQ include
ratings on a five-point likert scale for controllability of the image (e.G.
From ‘no control at all of image’, to ‘complete control of image'). SIQ is
used widely in applied sport psychology, but its validity and reliability
have not been established

22. References
Cox,h. Richard. (2002). Sport psychology: concepts and applications. (Fifth ed
ition). New york:
Mcgraw-hill companies lavallec. D., Kremer, J., Moran, A., & Williams. M.
(2004) sports psychology: contemporary themes. New
york: palgrave macmillan publishers
Http://oxfordindex.Oup.Com/view/10.1093/oi/authorit
Http://www.Thesportinmind.Com/articles/team
Http://www.Sportpsychologytoday.Com/sport

23. Thank You For Listening
Patiently