In this project, remote measurement of temperature is introduced by using the virtual instrument and a Data Acquisition/Switch Unit. The program system and programming environment of virtual instrument is Lab VIEW. The design thoughts and the whole structure on which the virtual instrument was built are described in detail, and a temperature measurement system will be used. And finally, temperature measurement of hot and cold water is performed by taking RTD (PT-100) and Thermocouple (type-k) as temperature sensors. Calibration of LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformers) sensor and need to calculate linearity and sensitivity of sensor.

1. Project-1 UNIVERSITY OF CASSINO AND SOUTHERN LAZIO
1
TO MEASURE THE TEMPERATURE HOT & COLD WATER
USING RTD &THERMO COUPLE
Date: 14-02-2019
Place: Measurement Laboratory
Submitted to Prof. Gianfranco Miele
Submitted By:
Rahul Kumar Ledalla
Abdul Mohamad
Ajay Kumar Thota
Ojes Sai Pogiri
Sudheer Kumar Mummina

2. Project-1 UNIVERSITY OF CASSINO AND SOUTHERN LAZIO
2
Aim: -
To measure the temperature of hot & cold water using RTD & thermo couple.
Introduction: -
In this project, remote measurement of temperature is introduced by using the virtual
instrument and a Data Acquisition/Switch Unit. The program system and programming environment
of virtual instrument is Lab VIEW. The design thoughts and the whole structure on which the virtual
instrument was built are described in detail, and a temperature measurement system will be used.
And finally, temperature measurement of hot and cold water is performed by taking RTD (PT-100)
and Thermocouple (type-k) as temperature sensors.
Apparatus: -
Data Acquisition/Switch Unit: -
It is manufactured by Agilent and model number is 34970A.The Agilent 34970A combines
precision measurement capability with flexible signal connections for your production and
development test systems. Three module slots are built into the rear of the instrument to accept any
combination of data acquisition or switching modules. The combination of data logging and data
acquisition features makes this instrument a versatile solution for your testing requirements now and
in the future. It performs Direct measurement of thermocouples, RTDs, thermistors, dc voltage, ac
voltage, resistance, dc current, ac current, frequency, and period.
Agilent 34970A Front Panel
Agilent 34970A

3. Project-1 UNIVERSITY OF CASSINO AND SOUTHERN LAZIO
3
Features and Specifications
• 61⁄2-digit multimeter accuracy, stability, and noise rejection
• Up to 60 channels per instrument (120 single-ended channels)
• Reading rates up to 500 readings per second on a single channel and
scan rates up to 250 channels per second
• Choice of multiplexing, matrix, general-purpose Form C switching,
RF switching, digital I/O, totalize, and 16-bit analog output functions
• GPIB (IEEE-488) interface and RS-232 interface are standard on the 34970A.Local Area
Network (LAN) and Universal Serial Bus (USB) are standard on the 34972A.
• SCPI (Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments) compatibility
GPIB-USB-HS
GPIB-USB-HS is an IEEE 488 controller for computers with a USB slot. GPIB-USB-HS
allows for maximum IEEE 488.2 performance. As a GPIB cable is not required to connect to
instruments, you can use the Hi-Speed USB port to control up to 14 programmable GPIB
instruments. device is fully compatible IEEE 488.2.
IEEE 488 GPIB instrument control device, USB
34902A 16-Channel Reed Multiplexer: -
• 16 channels of 300 V switching
• Built in the thermocouple reference junction
• Switching speed of up to 250 channels per second
• Connects to the internal multimeter
It is a module for high- speed scanning and high throughput automated test applications. Each of the
16 channel switches both HI and LO inputs, thus providing fully isolates inputs to the internal
multimeter. The module is divided into two banks of eight two-wire channels each. When making
four-wire resistance measurements, channels from bank A are automatically paired with channels
from Bank B.

4. Project-1 UNIVERSITY OF CASSINO AND SOUTHERN LAZIO
4
RTD Sensor
Resistance Temperature Detector operation depends on the inherent characteristic of metals
(platinum usually) electrical resistance to current flow changes when metal undergoes a change in
temperature. We can measure the resistance in the metal, we can know the temperature.
Thermocouple
It is a two-terminal element consisting of two dissimilar metal wires joined at the end. A
conductor generates a voltage when it is subjected to a temperature gradient this voltage is measured
by using a second conductor material. The voltage difference of the two dissimilar metals can be
measured and related to the corresponding temperature gradient.
Thermocouple
User Guide: -
❖ Connections
❖ Front Panel
Connections: -
Step 1: Connect the RTD and thermocouple in the Multiplexer and note down the positions
of the sensors
Step 2: Insert the multiplexer in the slot identifier which is at rear of the Data Acquisition.
Step 3: Connect the power cable, GPIB cable to Data Acquisition and switch on the power.

5. Project-1 UNIVERSITY OF CASSINO AND SOUTHERN LAZIO
5
Step 4: Login into Lab view software in our laptop/ PC connect the USB terminal of
GPIB to the system. Then open the temperature measurement VI which is pre-
determined.
Step 5: Give the input data such as address, type of sensor int the front panel.
Front Panel
The "user interface" of VI looks like that of an instrument (check the illustration below). This
"user interface" is known as the front panel.
When you open a new or existing VI, the front panel window of the VI appears and functions
as the graphical user interface or GUI of a VI. You can find the source code that runs the front panel
on the block diagram. The front panel window contains a toolbar across the top and
a Controls palette that you can access by right-clicking anywhere on the front pane
Sensor type Ring:
Here we select the type of sensor which is used to measuring temperature, in this program user has a
choice to select the thermocouple or RTD according to user needs.
Thermocouple Type Ring:
When user selects the thermocouple as sensor for measuring the temperature, in here the user must
specify the type of the thermocouple used.
Primary address:
Here the user must specify the address of the Agilent_34970A.
Output temperature:
The temperature measured by the sensors is displayed in this box.
We can obtain the results from the front panel.

6. Project-2 UNIVERSITY OF CASSINO AND SOUTHERN LAZIO
6
CALIBRATION OF LVDT SENSOR
AND TO CALCULATE LINEARITY AND
SENSITIVITY OF SENSOR
Date: 14-02-2019
Place: Measurement Laboratory
Submitted to Prof. Gianfranco Miele
Submitted By:
Rahul Kumar Ledalla
Abdul Mohamad
Ajay Kumar Thota
Ojes Sai Pogiri
Sudheer Kumar Mummina

7. Project-2 UNIVERSITY OF CASSINO AND SOUTHERN LAZIO
7
AIM:
Calibrationof LVDT(LinearVariableDifferentialTransformers) sensorand need to
calculate linearityand sensitivityofsensor.
Software Used:
NI LabView.
Apparatus:
Multimeter:
Manufacturer of multimeter Hewlett-Packard, model number 34401A. This multimeter
gives you the performance you need for fast, accurate bench and system testing. The 34401A
provides a combination of resolution, accuracy and speed that rivals DMMs costing many times
0more. 61/2 digits of resolution, 0.0015% basic 24-hr DCV accuracy and 1,000 readings/s
direct to GPIB assure you of results that are accurate, fast, and repeatable.
Hewlett-Packard, Multimeter 34401A
Features
▪ Measure up to 1000 volts with 61/2 digits resolution.
▪ 0.0015% basic DC V accuracy (24 hour).
▪ 0.06% basic AC V accuracy (1 year) • 3 Hz to 300 kHz ac bandwidth.
▪ 1000 readings/s direct to GPIB.
Function / Arbitrary Waveform Generator
Manufactured by Agilent Technologies, model number 33120A is a high-performance
15 MHz synthesized function generator with built-in arbitrary waveform capability. Its

8. Project-2 UNIVERSITY OF CASSINO AND SOUTHERN LAZIO
8
combination of bench-top and system features makes this function generator a versatile
solution for your testing requirements now and in the future.
Flexible System Features:
▪ Four downloadable 16,000-point arbitrary waveform memories.
▪ GPIB (IEEE-488) interface and RS-232 interface are standard.
▪ SCPI (Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments) compatibility.
▪ Agilent IntuiLink Arb Waveform Generation Software for Microsoft® Windows®
included.
GPIB-USB-HS
GPIB-USB-HS is an IEEE 488 controller for computers with a USB slot. GPIB-USB-
HS allows for maximum IEEE 488.2 performance. As a GPIB cable is not required to connect
to instruments, you can use the Hi-Speed USB port to control up to 14 programmable GPIB
instruments. device is fully compatible IEEE 488.2.
IEEE 488 GPIB instrument control device, USB

9. Project-2 UNIVERSITY OF CASSINO AND SOUTHERN LAZIO
9
Connect GPIB Cables:
It is as other accessories so you can customize the GPIB system. Models with GPIB
Type XA are required to connect NI hardware to the GPIB interfaces installed on computers
with recessed back-panels. To connect two GPIB cables so that they are oriented in opposite
directions, you can use models with GPIB type XE and XF. XF models are narrower than XE
models and can rotate 180 degrees from normal. Models with GPIB of type XC and XD are
GPIB Bulkhead adapters, while models without type GPIB are an 8-port GPIB band.
s
Connect GPIB Cables
LVDT Sensor:
It is a common type of electromechanical transducer that can convert the rectilinear
motion of an object to which it is coupled mechanically into a corresponding electrical signal.
LVDT linear position sensors are readily available that can measure movements as small as a
few millionths of an inch up to several inches but are also capable of measuring positions up
to ±30 inches (±0.762 meter).

10. Project-2 UNIVERSITY OF CASSINO AND SOUTHERN LAZIO
10
LVDT sensor
User Guide: -
❖ Connections
❖ Front Panel
❖ Calibration
Connections
Step 1: Connect the GPIB connector to both multimeters and use another GPIB
connector to connect with wave form generator. Connect the power cables to all the
instruments.
Step 2: Connect GPIB cable to one of the connectors and insert the Universal Serial
Bus to laptop.

11. Project-2 UNIVERSITY OF CASSINO AND SOUTHERN LAZIO
11
Step 3: Now connect the sensor red and yellow terminals with respect to Waveform
generator output terminals red and black.
Step 4: Output terminals of LVDT sensor green, blue is connected to multimeters HI
(red) terminals and black terminal of sensor is center tapped to Lo (black) terminals of the
Multimers.

12. Project-2 UNIVERSITY OF CASSINO AND SOUTHERN LAZIO
12
Connection of LVDT to the instrument
Step 5: Login into Lab view software in our laptop/ PC Then open the Calibration
VI which is pre-determined. After opening the program, we can see the Front panel
below.
Front Panel of VI
In the front panel, user must specify the Multimeter and Waveform
generator Address in the front panel.

13. Project-2 UNIVERSITY OF CASSINO AND SOUTHERN LAZIO
13
After giving the input date, run the program. It allows the user to set the
displacement of the sensor, we need to manually adjust the probe from range of 0 to 10 mm
with respect to dialog box appear on the front panel of the Lab View software. After completion
of ten displacements the results and graphs are obtained from the front panel.
Calibration (Sample):
After completing the above procedure, take a ruler set the initial position of the sensor
to 0mm in the ruler and press OK button it will take the nine reading at zero mm position and
it is continued till 10mm and this result are displayed in the front panel.
➢ Sensitivity is the ratio of change in the output voltage to the change in displacement.
From the example we can say that the LVDT sensor is having good sensitivity value.

14. Project-2 UNIVERSITY OF CASSINO AND SOUTHERN LAZIO
14
➢ The maximum Linearity error is found to be 0.1385 for multimeter 1 and 0.1914 for
multimeter 2 and it is acceptable.
Results of the LVDT:
The results from graphs are exported to excel sheet and the sensitivity is found from the slope.
Sensitivity of the LVDT is found to be -0.178 from multimeter 1 and 0.1089 for multimeter 2.

15. Project-2 UNIVERSITY OF CASSINO AND SOUTHERN LAZIO
15