In this u will study about
1.Working Principle
2.Parameter for CTT
3.Applications (in details)
4.Advantages
5.Disadvantages
of Capacitive Type Transducer
Power measurement is a valid technique to measure that how much the power is being transmitted through the entire system.
In this presentation you will estimate and understand the following objectives
Wattmeter as a device
Power measurement techniques
Classical based history
Construction of wattmeter
Working of Wattmeter
Power measurement of direct and indirect way
Power measurement in three phase applications
Applications of Wattmeter
This ppt is more useful for Civil Engineering students.
I have prepared this ppt during my college days as a part of semester evaluation . Hope this will help to current civil students for their ppt presentations and in many more activities as a part of their semester assessments.
I have prepared this ppt as per the syllabus concerned in the particular topic of the subject, so one can directly use it just by editing their names.
Current Transformer and Potential TransformerRidwanul Hoque
One of the major difference between them is that the current transformer converts the high value of current into low value whereas the potential or voltage transformer converts the high value of voltages into low voltage.
In this u will study about
1.Working Principle
2.Parameter for CTT
3.Applications (in details)
4.Advantages
5.Disadvantages
of Capacitive Type Transducer
Power measurement is a valid technique to measure that how much the power is being transmitted through the entire system.
In this presentation you will estimate and understand the following objectives
Wattmeter as a device
Power measurement techniques
Classical based history
Construction of wattmeter
Working of Wattmeter
Power measurement of direct and indirect way
Power measurement in three phase applications
Applications of Wattmeter
This ppt is more useful for Civil Engineering students.
I have prepared this ppt during my college days as a part of semester evaluation . Hope this will help to current civil students for their ppt presentations and in many more activities as a part of their semester assessments.
I have prepared this ppt as per the syllabus concerned in the particular topic of the subject, so one can directly use it just by editing their names.
Current Transformer and Potential TransformerRidwanul Hoque
One of the major difference between them is that the current transformer converts the high value of current into low value whereas the potential or voltage transformer converts the high value of voltages into low voltage.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
2. Measurement of resistance
• Choice of suitable method depends on several
factors like range of resistance to be
measured, accuracy of measurement, working
conditions etc.
• Range is the most important factor
• Basic classification:
1. Laboratory Measurement: More accurate
2. Workshop Measurements: Less accurate
21-Oct-22 Sarun Kumar K P EEE Dept., IESCE 2
3. Classification of Resistances
1. Low Resistances:
When the value of resistance is below one ohm (R<1 Ω)
then it is called as low resistance
e.g. resistance of armature winding of generator,
resistance of series field winding of DC series generator,
resistance of transformer winding, bus bar resistance,
earth wire resistance etc.
21-Oct-22 Sarun Kumar K P EEE Dept., IESCE 3
4. Classification of Resistances
2. Medium Resistances:
When the value of resistance lies between 1Ω to 0.1 mega
ohm (i.e. 1 Ω<R<0.1 M Ω) then it is called as medium
resistance.
e.g. resistance of field winding of DC shunt generator,
resistance of long transmission line etc.
21-Oct-22 Sarun Kumar K P EEE Dept., IESCE 4
5. Classification of Resistances
3. High Resistances:
When the value of resistance is greater than 0.1 mega
ohm (i.e. R>0.1 MΩ) then it is called as high resistance.
e.g. resistance of cable insulation, resistance of insulator
disc of transmission line etc.
Generally the resistance of conductor is under the
category of low range and that of insulator is treated
as high range.
21-Oct-22 Sarun Kumar K P EEE Dept., IESCE 5
6. Methods for Low & Medium
Resistances
Measurement of low resistances:
1. Ammeter-Voltmeter Method
2. Potentio-meter Method
3. Kelvin Double Bridgde Method
4. Ohm-meter Method
Measurement of medium resistances:
1. Ammeter-Voltmeter Method
2. Substitution Method
3. Wheatstone Bridge Method
4. Carey-Foster Bridge Method
5. Ohm-meter Method
21-Oct-22 Sarun Kumar K P EEE Dept., IESCE 6
7. Measurement of High Resistances
Problems associated with measurement of high resistances
Leakage resistance that occur over & around the component
or specimen under test, or over the binding posts by which
the component is attached to the instrument or within the
instrument itself – Avoided by use of Guard Circuit
Due to electrostatic effect, stray charges may appear in the
measuring circuit & so cause errors. Alternating fields can also
effect – Screening the critical points of measuring ckt
Resistance of insulating materials, generally, falls rapidly with
temperature
21-Oct-22 Sarun Kumar K P EEE Dept., IESCE 7
8. Measurement of Insulation Resistance
1. Direct Deflection Method
2. Loss of Charge Method
3. Megger Method
4. Megohm Bridge Method
21-Oct-22 Sarun Kumar K P EEE Dept., IESCE 8
9. Loss of Charge Method
21-Oct-22 Sarun Kumar K P EEE Dept., IESCE 9
C is capacitor of known capacitance
V is electrostatic voltmeter
R1 is the total leakage resistance of the
capacitor & Voltmeter
R is the resistance to be measured
1st the capacitor is charged by means of
a battery to some suitable voltage by
putting the switch S on stud1
Then allowed to discharge through the
resistance R & R1 by throwing switch S
to stud 2
The time(t) taken for the potential
difference to fall from V1 to V2 during
discharge is observed by a stop watch
Test then repeated with unknown R
disconnected
10. OHM METERS
• Direct reading device for the measurement of resistance
• Simple, convenient & fast method but accuracy is low
• Has a large field of application & gives an approximate value
by direct meter reading with practically no adjustments
required by the operator
• Used for approximate measurement & sorting of resistances
used in electronic circuits, measurement of resistance of
heater elements, field coils of motor etc
21-Oct-22 Sarun Kumar K P EEE Dept., IESCE 10
11. OHM METERS
1. Shunt-Type Ohmmeter : For low value resistors.
2. Series-Type Ohmmeter : For medium-value
resistors.
3. Megger-Type Ohmmeter: For high-value
resistances, such as the insulation of a cable.
21-Oct-22 Sarun Kumar K P EEE Dept., IESCE 11
12. MEGGER
• This meter is used for measurement of high resistance & insulation
resistance
• The device enable us to measure electrical leakage in wire, results
are very reliable as we shall be passing electric current through
device while we are testing.
• The equipment is basically used for verifying the electrical
insulation level of any device such as motor, cable, generator
winding, etc.
• This is a very poplar test being carried out since very long back.
• Not necessary it shows us exact area of electrical puncture but
shows the amount of leakage current and level of moisture within
electrical equipment/winding/system.
21-Oct-22 Sarun Kumar K P EEE Dept., IESCE 12
13. MEGGER
Types of Megger
1. Electronic Type (Battery Operated)
2. Manual Type (Hand Operated)
21-Oct-22 Sarun Kumar K P EEE Dept., IESCE 13
16. MEGGER- MANUAL TYPE
• Consists of a hand-driven DC generator and a direct
reading true ohm-meter
• Permanent magnets provide the field for both the
generator & the ohm-meter
• Moving element of ohm-meter consists of 3 coils: current
coil, pressure coil & compensating coil, which are
mounted rigidly to a pivoted central shaft & are free to
rotate over a stationary C-shaped iron core
• Coils are connected to the circuit by means of flexible
leads that exert no restoring torque on the moving
element
21-Oct-22 Sarun Kumar K P EEE Dept., IESCE 16
17. MEGGER- MANUAL TYPE
• When a resistance under test is connected between test
terminals L & E, the opposing torques of the coils balance
each other so that the pointer comes to rest at some
intermediate point on the scale
• Scale is calibrated in mega ohms or thousands of ohms
• Guard ring is provided to shunt the leakage current over the
test terminals or within the tester itself to the negative
terminal of the generator without passing through the
current coil of the instrument
• Test voltage is generated by the hand driven generator, G
21-Oct-22 Sarun Kumar K P EEE Dept., IESCE 17
18. MEGGER- MANUAL TYPE
21-Oct-22 Sarun Kumar K P EEE Dept., IESCE 18
Analog display:- Analog display
provided on front face of tester
for IR value recording.
Hand Crank:- Hand crank used
to rotate helps to achieve
desired RPM required generate
voltage which runs through
electrical system.
Wire Leads:- Used same as in
electronic tester i.e. For
connecting tester with electrical
system
19. MEGGER- MANUAL TYPE
Advantages
1. No external source required to operate.
2. Cheaper available in market
Disadvantages
1. At least 2 person required to operate i.e. one for rotation of crank
other to connect megger with electrical system to be tested.
2. Accuracy is not up to the level as it’s varies with rotation of crank.
3. Require very stable placement for operation which is a little hard to
find at working sites.
4. Unstable placement of tester may impact the result of tester.
5. Provides an analog display result.
6. Require very high care and safety during use of the same.
21-Oct-22 Sarun Kumar K P EEE Dept., IESCE 19
20. MEGGER - ELECTRONIC
21-Oct-22 Sarun Kumar K P EEE Dept., IESCE 22
Digital Display :- A digital display to
show IR value in digital form.
Wire Leads :- Two nos of wire leads
for connecting megger with
electrical external system to be
tested.
Selection Switches :- Switches use
to select electrical parameters
ranges.
Indicators :- To indicates various
parameters status i.e. On-Off. For
Example Power, hold, Warning, etc.
21. MEGGER - ELECTRONIC
Advantages
1. Level of accuracy is very high.
2. IR value is digital type, easy to read.
3. One person can operate very easily.
4. Works perfectly even at very congested
space.
5. Very handy and safe to use.
21-Oct-22 Sarun Kumar K P EEE Dept., IESCE 23
22. WHY DO WE NEED TO HAVE GOOD EARTHING?
The grounding system is an essential element for the
electrical system security and it is required to:
1. Allow for protective devices activation when there is
an insulation fault.
2. Equalize the potential of conductive parts that can be
accessed simultaneously, with the potential in the
surrounding soil in order to prevent people from
being exposed to hazardous voltages.
3. Allow the lightning strike energy to be safely
dissipated.
4. To Reduce electromagnetic interferences.
21-Oct-22 Sarun Kumar K P EEE Dept., IESCE 24
23. Measurement of Earth Resistance
• Resistance between the earthing plate & the
surrounding ground
• Earth Resistance is the resistance existing between the
electrically accessible part of a buried electrode and
another point of the earth, which is far away
• The earth resistance should be as minimum as possible
• Fall of potential method & Earth tester
• The resistance area of an earth electrode is the area of
the soil around the electrode within which a voltage
gradient measurable with commercial instruments
exists
21-Oct-22 Sarun Kumar K P EEE Dept., IESCE 25
24. Measurement of Earth Resistance
• E is the earth electrode under test & B is an
auxiliary electrode positioned so that the two
resistance area do not overlap
• One more auxiliary electrode is placed half
way between E & B
• A current is passed through the earth path
from E to B and the voltage drop across E and
the 2nd auxiliary electrode is measured
• Earth resistance, Re =voltage drop between E &A
Current through the earth path
• To ensure that the resistance areas do not overlap, the
auxiliary electrode A is moved to positions C & D
• If Re measured are of same value, the mean is taken
• Otherwise B is driven in at a point further away from E &
test is repeated
21-Oct-22 Sarun Kumar K P EEE Dept., IESCE 26
25. Measurement of Earth Resistance
• To eliminate electrolytic effect, it is
necessary to use an alternating current
source
• Can be performed, with current at
power frequency from a double wound
transformer, by means of a voltmeter &
an ammeter
21-Oct-22 Sarun Kumar K P EEE Dept., IESCE 27
26. Measurement of Earth Resistance
21-Oct-22 Sarun Kumar K P EEE Dept., IESCE 28
Earth Tester
Special type of Megger which sends
AC through earth & DC through the
measuring instrument
Four terminals: P1,C1,P2 & C2
Value of resistance is indicated by
the instrument directly when its
handle is turned at uniform speed