The creation of goods and services requires changing the expended resources into the output goods and services. How efficiently we transform these input resources into goods and services depends on the productivity of the transformation process. However, it has been observed there is always a vagueness or imprecision associated with the values of inputs and outputs. Therefore, it becomes hard for a productivity measurement expert to specify the amount of resources and the outputs as exact scalar numbers. The present paper, applies fuzzy set theory to measure and compare productivity performance of transformation processes when numerical data cannot be specified in exact terms. The approach makes it possible to measure and compare productivity of organizational units (including non-government and non-profit entities) when the expert inputs can not be specified as exact scalar quantities. The model has been applied to compare productivity of different branches of a company.
Behavioral Aspects of IT Employees towards Problems and Prospects of Activity...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Activity Based Costing (ABC) is a new variant in cost
management practices emerged in 1980’s, which caters to the
needs of organizations in effective control and monitoring cost
and better management of profitability. The success of ABC
duly depends on articulation of implementation of ABC and
the outcome of Activity Based Cost and Management
(ABCM). Though employees experience a positive outcome, it
is beyond doubt that they can support the ABC rather
resisting the same. The main objective of this paper is to
examine the perception of IT companies’ employees’ towards
implementation of Activity-Based Costing(ABC). A normative
list of benefits concerning the ability of ABC systems to
redirect the behavior of individuals was abstracted from the
interviews opinion and compared to the perceived benefits
gathered from interviews with firm employees. This will
permit IT Companies and provides relevant information that
will enable them to make better decisions with regard to
measure the successful implementation of ABC in IT
Companies.
International Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Invention (IJMSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Invention (IJMSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJMSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Mathematics and Statistics, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Behavioral Aspects of IT Employees towards Problems and Prospects of Activity...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Activity Based Costing (ABC) is a new variant in cost
management practices emerged in 1980’s, which caters to the
needs of organizations in effective control and monitoring cost
and better management of profitability. The success of ABC
duly depends on articulation of implementation of ABC and
the outcome of Activity Based Cost and Management
(ABCM). Though employees experience a positive outcome, it
is beyond doubt that they can support the ABC rather
resisting the same. The main objective of this paper is to
examine the perception of IT companies’ employees’ towards
implementation of Activity-Based Costing(ABC). A normative
list of benefits concerning the ability of ABC systems to
redirect the behavior of individuals was abstracted from the
interviews opinion and compared to the perceived benefits
gathered from interviews with firm employees. This will
permit IT Companies and provides relevant information that
will enable them to make better decisions with regard to
measure the successful implementation of ABC in IT
Companies.
International Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Invention (IJMSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Invention (IJMSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJMSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Mathematics and Statistics, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
We are grateful to all JOSCM collaborators, associate editors, authors, reviewers and readers from this journal that help us, in many ways, to deliver the second edition of 2018. These eight papers illustrate from different theoretical and contextual perspectives some current topics in Operations Management and Supply Chain Management research such as risk management, international freight prices and health supply chain, among others. The last two papers are part of the Forum SIMPOI, which publishes the best papers from SIMPOI/2018 conference. I hope these papers bring relevant insights and advances for the development of our research area.
Agent-Based Modeling: Methods and Techniques for Scheduling Industrial Machin...ijtsrd
Owing to its impact on the industrial economy, job shop scheduler and controller are vital algorithms for modern manufacturing processes. Hence a production scheduling and control that performs reactive (not deterministic) scheduling and can make decision on which job to process next based solely on its partial (not central) view of the plant becomes necessary. This requirement puts the problem in the class of agent based model (ABM). Hence this work adopts an alternative view on job-shop scheduling problem where each resource is equipped with adaptive agent that, independent of other agents makes job dispatching decision based on its local view of the plant. A combination of Markov Chain instruments and agent oriented analysis is used in the analysis of the proposed agent based model (ABM) for the job shop scheduling problem. The Markov Chain approach allows a rigorous analysis of the ABM. It provides a general framework of aggregation in agent-based and related computational models by making use of Markov Chain aggregation and lumpability theory in order to link the micro and the macro level of observation. Simulated annealing technique is used for carrying out the optimization modeling for the ABM. Chiagunye Tochukwu | Inyiama Hyacinth | Aguodoh Patrick C."Agent-Based Modeling: Methods and Techniques for Scheduling Industrial Machine Operation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7018.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/7018/agent-based-modeling-methods-and-techniques-for--scheduling-industrial-machine-operation/chiagunye-tochukwu
A literary study on the bonding of the Six Sigma with the Service Quality for...IJERA Editor
Purpose: This research paper focusses on the merger of the six sigma with the service quality for the improvement of the services for the service sectors . Approach: This paper approaches towards the resaons for the poor performance of the six sigma in the service sectors ,key factors necessary for the implementation of the six sigma and the barriers / difficulties to the implementation of the same . Findings: This paper drives towards the problems ,outcomes and the benefits obtained through the implementation of the six sigma for the service sectors and the significant and the insignificant contribution concerned with the implementation fo the six sigma towards the service quality .The companies or the organisation who had been the beneficiaries is also discussed . Implications:The implications of this paper is to call for the redisgning a framework necessary for the implementation of the six sigma with the service quality for the other major sectors as well . Originality : This paper provides a fresh look into the six sigma applications to services by combining the thorough analysis of the concepts .
This paper illustrates the similarities between the problems of customer churn and employee turnover. An example of employee turnover prediction model leveraging classical machine learning techniques is developed. Model outputs are then discussed to design \& test employee retention policies. This type of retention discussion is, to our knowledge, innovative and constitutes the main value of this paper.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The measurement model for outsourcing worker performance by middle and big cl...eSAT Journals
Abstract The quality of outsourcing workers has important role in improving the quality of the building work. The objectives of this research to determine the main factors that affect quality of outsourcing workers in an effort to improve the quality of construction carried out by the contractor. The study was conducted on 26 companies outsourcing labor contractors who have, through questionnaires and interviews. The results of this research with descriptive analysis, the method followed IPA (Importance Performance Analysis) and correlation analysis, it is recommended that increasing the quality of the work outsourced more influenced by three factors: 1) recruitment outsourcing, 2) orientation and training outsourcing, 3) motivation outsourcing. Motivation is the biggest factor in influencing the work in improving the quality of the building. Keywords - Performance, Outsourcing, Contractor, Building, Quality
International Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Invention (IJMSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Invention (IJMSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJMSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Mathematics and Statistics, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
We are grateful to all JOSCM collaborators, associate editors, authors, reviewers and readers from this journal that help us, in many ways, to deliver the second edition of 2018. These eight papers illustrate from different theoretical and contextual perspectives some current topics in Operations Management and Supply Chain Management research such as risk management, international freight prices and health supply chain, among others. The last two papers are part of the Forum SIMPOI, which publishes the best papers from SIMPOI/2018 conference. I hope these papers bring relevant insights and advances for the development of our research area.
Agent-Based Modeling: Methods and Techniques for Scheduling Industrial Machin...ijtsrd
Owing to its impact on the industrial economy, job shop scheduler and controller are vital algorithms for modern manufacturing processes. Hence a production scheduling and control that performs reactive (not deterministic) scheduling and can make decision on which job to process next based solely on its partial (not central) view of the plant becomes necessary. This requirement puts the problem in the class of agent based model (ABM). Hence this work adopts an alternative view on job-shop scheduling problem where each resource is equipped with adaptive agent that, independent of other agents makes job dispatching decision based on its local view of the plant. A combination of Markov Chain instruments and agent oriented analysis is used in the analysis of the proposed agent based model (ABM) for the job shop scheduling problem. The Markov Chain approach allows a rigorous analysis of the ABM. It provides a general framework of aggregation in agent-based and related computational models by making use of Markov Chain aggregation and lumpability theory in order to link the micro and the macro level of observation. Simulated annealing technique is used for carrying out the optimization modeling for the ABM. Chiagunye Tochukwu | Inyiama Hyacinth | Aguodoh Patrick C."Agent-Based Modeling: Methods and Techniques for Scheduling Industrial Machine Operation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7018.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/7018/agent-based-modeling-methods-and-techniques-for--scheduling-industrial-machine-operation/chiagunye-tochukwu
A literary study on the bonding of the Six Sigma with the Service Quality for...IJERA Editor
Purpose: This research paper focusses on the merger of the six sigma with the service quality for the improvement of the services for the service sectors . Approach: This paper approaches towards the resaons for the poor performance of the six sigma in the service sectors ,key factors necessary for the implementation of the six sigma and the barriers / difficulties to the implementation of the same . Findings: This paper drives towards the problems ,outcomes and the benefits obtained through the implementation of the six sigma for the service sectors and the significant and the insignificant contribution concerned with the implementation fo the six sigma towards the service quality .The companies or the organisation who had been the beneficiaries is also discussed . Implications:The implications of this paper is to call for the redisgning a framework necessary for the implementation of the six sigma with the service quality for the other major sectors as well . Originality : This paper provides a fresh look into the six sigma applications to services by combining the thorough analysis of the concepts .
This paper illustrates the similarities between the problems of customer churn and employee turnover. An example of employee turnover prediction model leveraging classical machine learning techniques is developed. Model outputs are then discussed to design \& test employee retention policies. This type of retention discussion is, to our knowledge, innovative and constitutes the main value of this paper.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The measurement model for outsourcing worker performance by middle and big cl...eSAT Journals
Abstract The quality of outsourcing workers has important role in improving the quality of the building work. The objectives of this research to determine the main factors that affect quality of outsourcing workers in an effort to improve the quality of construction carried out by the contractor. The study was conducted on 26 companies outsourcing labor contractors who have, through questionnaires and interviews. The results of this research with descriptive analysis, the method followed IPA (Importance Performance Analysis) and correlation analysis, it is recommended that increasing the quality of the work outsourced more influenced by three factors: 1) recruitment outsourcing, 2) orientation and training outsourcing, 3) motivation outsourcing. Motivation is the biggest factor in influencing the work in improving the quality of the building. Keywords - Performance, Outsourcing, Contractor, Building, Quality
International Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Invention (IJMSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Invention (IJMSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJMSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Mathematics and Statistics, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Enhancement of the performance of an industry by the application of tqm conceptseSAT Journals
Abstract Nowadays many companies are unable to prove their performance, because they do not practice the TQM concepts in- total. In order to increase the awareness, certain TQM techniques are suggested to enhance overall performance of the organisations. Here an effort is made to apply two important basic concepts of TQM which are i)continuous improvement of production process by applying newer and innovative methods ii)establishing performance measures for the processes .This paper uses the real experimental results of cartons making industry which comprises the four machines such as Printing , Punching , Gluer and Lamination machines. We get all the machines input and output details, and then made certain suggestions based on the input values of all the four machines. Presently the four machines output values such as Availability, Performance, Quality and Overall Equipment Effectiveness are very low compared with the world class industry. In order to increase them it is suggested to reduce the downtime and other non-productive time by adopting certain simple TQM techniques. The new improved values found to be much higher than the existing values. Keywords: Total Quality Management, Availability, Performance, Quality, Overall Equipment Effectiveness, Quality Improvement.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Attempt to control efficiency in manufacturing aaron81462
Up until now, manufacturers have been seeking doable ways to lower costs and boost productivity in their operations. Many of them prefer reducing product quality to save production expenses, but doing so will only hurt their profitability because customers who aren’t satisfied will quit buying.
Efficiency of Women’s Technical Institutions By Using Bcc Model Through Dea A...IOSR Journals
This paper conducts an application of the DEA Methodology in the assessment of the performance of JNTUH Colleges the indicators included the Faculty, Students, Infrastructure and Placements of the technical Institutions. The results reveal those institutions that more efficiently carry out these activities. The proposed method has been used for selection of quality attributes in technical education setting the performance of an institute is likely to be influenced by quality of teacher, quality of students, infrastructure administration, extent of training and placement and many others. It is felt that quality and performance evaluation is necessary not only for appraisal but it is also required to improve overall service quality. Finally we discuss about the existence of differences in the strengths and weaknesses between the technical institutions.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
In recent years, management and, consequently, supply chain performance measurement, has attracted the attention of a large number of managers and researchers in the field of production and operations management. In parallel with the evolution of organizations from a single approach to a network and supply chain approach, performance measurement systems have also changed and moved towards network and supply chain performance measurement. Therefore, in order to face the storm of great change and transformation and not give in to the wave of competitive aggression, organizations have long had one thing in common, and that is to focus approaches and focus efforts towards achieving results. Results that lead to a competitive advantage and are more effective and decisive in the performance indicators of the organization, including earning more. In this study, in order to identify and prioritize the factors affecting the supply chain in manufacturing companies, using indicators such as cost, timely delivery and procurement time to evaluate the supply chain efficiency is considered. And performance evaluation was performed at the manufacturer level. Therefore, in order to evaluate the performance of the supply chain using the AHP integration approach and the DEA method approach in the fuzzy environment, the suppliers and suppliers of the manufacturing company were evaluated and ranked in terms of performance.
Organisational productivity is about assessing and improving the efficiency and effectiveness of public and private sector organisations. Four productivity models are explained and linked to a wide range of productivity improvement methodologies.
Data-Driven Simulation-Enhanced optimization of Service operationsSudhendu Rai
This paper describes a systematic six-step data-driven simulation-based methodology for optimizing people-based service systems on a large distributed scale that exhibit high variety and variability. The methodology is exemplified
through its application within the printing services industry where it has been successfully deployed by Xerox Corporation across small, mid-sized and large print shops generating over $250 million in profits across the customer value chain. Each
step of the methodology consisting of innovative concepts co-development and testing in partnership with customers, development of software and hardware tools to implement the innovative concepts, establishment of work-process and practices for customer-engagement and service implementation, creation of training and infrastructure for large scale deployment, integration of the innovative offering within the framework of existing corporate offerings and lastly the monitoring and deployment of the financial and operational metrics for estimating the return-on investment and the continual renewal of the offering are described in detail.
The measured mile/baseline method has been widely accepted to quantify labor
productivity loss, but it has not been successfully used in engineering productivity because of the
challenges in engineering productivity measurement and the determination of productivity
benchmark. This paper presents a series of procedures based on the measured mile/baseline
method to quantify engineering productivity loss from a project specific perspective. A case study
on the piping discipline in a large scale process plant project is used to illustrate the calculation.
The paper also includes a proposed approach, the two mile method, to quantify engineering
productivity loss using data for similar work, but different complexity.
Similar to Measurement and Comparison of Productivity Performance Under Fuzzy Imprecise Data (20)
The Use of Java Swing’s Components to Develop a WidgetWaqas Tariq
Widget is a kind of application provides a single service such as a map, news feed, simple clock, battery-life indicators, etc. This kind of interactive software object has been developed to facilitate user interface (UI) design. A user interface (UI) function may be implemented using different widgets with the same function. In this article, we present the widget as a platform that is generally used in various applications, such as in desktop, web browser, and mobile phone. We also describe a visual menu of Java Swing’s components that will be used to establish widget. It will assume that we have successfully compiled and run a program that uses Swing components.
3D Human Hand Posture Reconstruction Using a Single 2D ImageWaqas Tariq
Passive sensing of the 3D geometric posture of the human hand has been studied extensively over the past decade. However, these research efforts have been hampered by the computational complexity caused by inverse kinematics and 3D reconstruction. In this paper, our objective focuses on 3D hand posture estimation based on a single 2D image with aim of robotic applications. We introduce the human hand model with 27 degrees of freedom (DOFs) and analyze some of its constraints to reduce the DOFs without any significant degradation of performance. A novel algorithm to estimate the 3D hand posture from eight 2D projected feature points is proposed. Experimental results using real images confirm that our algorithm gives good estimates of the 3D hand pose. Keywords: 3D hand posture estimation; Model-based approach; Gesture recognition; human- computer interface; machine vision.
Camera as Mouse and Keyboard for Handicap Person with Troubleshooting Ability...Waqas Tariq
Camera mouse has been widely used for handicap person to interact with computer. The utmost important of the use of camera mouse is must be able to replace all roles of typical mouse and keyboard. It must be able to provide all mouse click events and keyboard functions (include all shortcut keys) when it is used by handicap person. Also, the use of camera mouse must allow users troubleshooting by themselves. Moreover, it must be able to eliminate neck fatigue effect when it is used during long period. In this paper, we propose camera mouse system with timer as left click event and blinking as right click event. Also, we modify original screen keyboard layout by add two additional buttons (button “drag/ drop” is used to do drag and drop of mouse events and another button is used to call task manager (for troubleshooting)) and change behavior of CTRL, ALT, SHIFT, and CAPS LOCK keys in order to provide shortcut keys of keyboard. Also, we develop recovery method which allows users go from camera and then come back again in order to eliminate neck fatigue effect. The experiments which involve several users have been done in our laboratory. The results show that the use of our camera mouse able to allow users do typing, left and right click events, drag and drop events, and troubleshooting without hand. By implement this system, handicap person can use computer more comfortable and reduce the dryness of eyes.
A Proposed Web Accessibility Framework for the Arab DisabledWaqas Tariq
The Web is providing unprecedented access to information and interaction for people with disabilities. This paper presents a Web accessibility framework which offers the ease of the Web accessing for the disabled Arab users and facilitates their lifelong learning as well. The proposed framework system provides the disabled Arab user with an easy means of access using their mother language so they don’t have to overcome the barrier of learning the target-spoken language. This framework is based on analyzing the web page meta-language, extracting its content and reformulating it in a suitable format for the disabled users. The basic objective of this framework is supporting the equal rights of the Arab disabled people for their access to the education and training with non disabled people. Key Words : Arabic Moon code, Arabic Sign Language, Deaf, Deaf-blind, E-learning Interactivity, Moon code, Web accessibility , Web framework , Web System, WWW.
Real Time Blinking Detection Based on Gabor FilterWaqas Tariq
New method of blinking detection is proposed. The utmost important of blinking detections method is robust against different users, noise, and also change of eye shape. In this paper, we propose blinking detections method by measuring of distance between two arcs of eye (upper part and lower part). We detect eye arcs by apply Gabor filter onto eye image. As we know that Gabor filter has advantage on image processing application since it able to extract spatial localized spectral features, such line, arch, and other shape are more easily detected. After two of eye arcs are detected, we measure the distance between both by using connected labeling method. The open eye is marked by the distance between two arcs is more than threshold and otherwise, the closed eye is marked by the distance less than threshold. The experiment result shows that our proposed method robust enough against different users, noise, and eye shape changes with perfectly accuracy.
Computer Input with Human Eyes-Only Using Two Purkinje Images Which Works in ...Waqas Tariq
A method for computer input with human eyes-only using two Purkinje images which works in a real time basis without calibration is proposed. Experimental results shows that cornea curvature can be estimated by using two light sources derived Purkinje images so that no calibration for reducing person-to-person difference of cornea curvature. It is found that the proposed system allows usersf movements of 30 degrees in roll direction and 15 degrees in pitch direction utilizing detected face attitude which is derived from the face plane consisting three feature points on the face, two eyes and nose or mouth. Also it is found that the proposed system does work in a real time basis.
Toward a More Robust Usability concept with Perceived Enjoyment in the contex...Waqas Tariq
Mobile multimedia service is relatively new but has quickly dominated people¡¯s lives, especially among young people. To explain this popularity, this study applies and modifies the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to propose a research model and conduct an empirical study. The goal of study is to examine the role of Perceived Enjoyment (PE) and what determinants can contribute to PE in the context of using mobile multimedia service. The result indicates that PE is influencing on Perceived Usefulness (PU) and Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) and directly Behavior Intention (BI). Aesthetics and flow are key determinants to explain Perceived Enjoyment (PE) in mobile multimedia usage.
Collaborative Learning of Organisational KnolwedgeWaqas Tariq
This paper presents recent research into methods used in Australian Indigenous Knowledge sharing and looks at how these can support the creation of suitable collaborative envi- ronments for timely organisational learning. The protocols and practices as used today and in the past by Indigenous communities are presented and discussed in relation to their relevance to a personalised system of knowledge sharing in modern organisational cultures. This research focuses on user models, knowledge acquisition and integration of data for constructivist learning in a networked repository of or- ganisational knowledge. The data collected in the repository is searched to provide collections of up-to-date and relevant material for training in a work environment. The aim is to improve knowledge collection and sharing in a team envi- ronment. This knowledge can then be collated into a story or workflow that represents the present knowledge in the organisation.
Our research aims to propose a global approach for specification, design and verification of context awareness Human Computer Interface (HCI). This is a Model Based Design approach (MBD). This methodology describes the ubiquitous environment by ontologies. OWL is the standard used for this purpose. The specification and modeling of Human-Computer Interaction are based on Petri nets (PN). This raises the question of representation of Petri nets with XML. We use for this purpose, the standard of modeling PNML. In this paper, we propose an extension of this standard for specification, generation and verification of HCI. This extension is a methodological approach for the construction of PNML with Petri nets. The design principle uses the concept of composition of elementary structures of Petri nets as PNML Modular. The objective is to obtain a valid interface through verification of properties of elementary Petri nets represented with PNML.
Development of Sign Signal Translation System Based on Altera’s FPGA DE2 BoardWaqas Tariq
The main aim of this paper is to build a system that is capable of detecting and recognizing the hand gesture in an image captured by using a camera. The system is built based on Altera’s FPGA DE2 board, which contains a Nios II soft core processor. Image processing techniques and a simple but effective algorithm are implemented to achieve this purpose. Image processing techniques are used to smooth the image in order to ease the subsequent processes in translating the hand sign signal. The algorithm is built for translating the numerical hand sign signal and the result are displayed on the seven segment display. Altera’s Quartus II, SOPC Builder and Nios II EDS software are used to construct the system. By using SOPC Builder, the related components on the DE2 board can be interconnected easily and orderly compared to traditional method that requires lengthy source code and time consuming. Quartus II is used to compile and download the design to the DE2 board. Then, under Nios II EDS, C programming language is used to code the hand sign translation algorithm. Being able to recognize the hand sign signal from images can helps human in controlling a robot and other applications which require only a simple set of instructions provided a CMOS sensor is included in the system.
An overview on Advanced Research Works on Brain-Computer InterfaceWaqas Tariq
A brain–computer interface (BCI) is a proficient result in the research field of human- computer synergy, where direct articulation between brain and an external device occurs resulting in augmenting, assisting and repairing human cognitive. Advanced works like generating brain-computer interface switch technologies for intermittent (or asynchronous) control in natural environments or developing brain-computer interface by Fuzzy logic Systems or by implementing wavelet theory to drive its efficacies are still going on and some useful results has also been found out. The requirements to develop this brain machine interface is also growing day by day i.e. like neuropsychological rehabilitation, emotion control, etc. An overview on the control theory and some advanced works on the field of brain machine interface are shown in this paper.
Exploring the Relationship Between Mobile Phone and Senior Citizens: A Malays...Waqas Tariq
There is growing ageing phenomena with the rise of ageing population throughout the world. According to the World Health Organization (2002), the growing ageing population indicates 694 million, or 223% is expected for people aged 60 and over, since 1970 and 2025.The growth is especially significant in some advanced countries such as North America, Japan, Italy, Germany, United Kingdom and so forth. This growing older adult population has significantly impact the social-culture, lifestyle, healthcare system, economy, infrastructure and government policy of a nation. However, there are limited research studies on the perception and usage of a mobile phone and its service for senior citizens in a developing nation like Malaysia. This paper explores the relationship between mobile phones and senior citizens in Malaysia from the perspective of a developing country. We conducted an exploratory study using contextual interviews with 5 senior citizens of how they perceive their mobile phones. This paper reveals 4 interesting themes from this preliminary study, in addition to the findings of the desirable mobile requirements for local senior citizens with respect of health, safety and communication purposes. The findings of this study bring interesting insight to local telecommunication industries as a whole, and will also serve as groundwork for more in-depth study in the future.
Principles of Good Screen Design in WebsitesWaqas Tariq
Visual techniques for proper arrangement of the elements on the user screen have helped the designers to make the screen look good and attractive. Several visual techniques emphasize the arrangement and ordering of the screen elements based on particular criteria for best appearance of the screen. This paper investigates few significant visual techniques in various web user interfaces and showcases the results for better understanding and their presence.
Virtual teams are used more and more by companies and other organizations to receive benefits. They are a great way to enable teamwork in situations where people are not sitting in the same physical place at the same time. As companies seek to increase the use of virtual teams, a need exists to explore the context of these teams, the virtuality of a team and software that may help these teams working virtualy. Virtual teams have the same basic principles as traditional teams, but there is one big difference. This difference is the way the team members communicate. Instead of using the dynamics of in-office face-to-face exchange, they now rely on special communication channels enabled by modern technologies, such as e-mails, faxes, phone calls and teleconferences, virtual meetings etc. This is why this paper is focused on the issues regarding virtual teams, and how these teams are created and progressing in Albania.
Cognitive Approach Towards the Maintenance of Web-Sites Through Quality Evalu...Waqas Tariq
It is a well established fact that the Web-Applications require frequent maintenance because of cutting– edge business competitions. The authors have worked on quality evaluation of web-site of Indian ecommerce domain. As a result of that work they have made a quality-wise ranking of these sites. According to their work and also the survey done by various other groups Futurebazaar web-site is considered to be one of the best Indian e-shopping sites. In this research paper the authors are assessing the maintenance of the same site by incorporating the problems incurred during this evaluation. This exercise gives a real world maintainability problem of web-sites. This work will give a clear picture of all the quality metrics which are directly or indirectly related with the maintainability of the web-site.
USEFul: A Framework to Mainstream Web Site Usability through Automated Evalua...Waqas Tariq
A paradox has been observed whereby web site usability is proven to be an essential element in a web site, yet at the same time there exist an abundance of web pages with poor usability. This discrepancy is the result of limitations that are currently preventing web developers in the commercial sector from producing usable web sites. In this paper we propose a framework whose objective is to alleviate this problem by automating certain aspects of the usability evaluation process. Mainstreaming comes as a result of automation, therefore enabling a non-expert in the field of usability to conduct the evaluation. This results in reducing the costs associated with such evaluation. Additionally, the framework allows the flexibility of adding, modifying or deleting guidelines without altering the code that references them since the guidelines and the code are two separate components. A comparison of the evaluation results carried out using the framework against published evaluations of web sites carried out by web site usability professionals reveals that the framework is able to automatically identify the majority of usability violations. Due to the consistency with which it evaluates, it identified additional guideline-related violations that were not identified by the human evaluators.
Robot Arm Utilized Having Meal Support System Based on Computer Input by Huma...Waqas Tariq
A robot arm utilized having meal support system based on computer input by human eyes only is proposed. The proposed system is developed for handicap/disabled persons as well as elderly persons and tested with able persons with several shapes and size of eyes under a variety of illumination conditions. The test results with normal persons show the proposed system does work well for selection of the desired foods and for retrieve the foods as appropriate as usersf requirements. It is found that the proposed system is 21% much faster than the manually controlled robotics.
Dynamic Construction of Telugu Speech Corpus for Voice Enabled Text EditorWaqas Tariq
In recent decades speech interactive systems have gained increasing importance. Performance of an ASR system mainly depends on the availability of large corpus of speech. The conventional method of building a large vocabulary speech recognizer for any language uses a top-down approach to speech. This approach requires large speech corpus with sentence or phoneme level transcription of the speech utterances. The transcriptions must also include different speech order so that the recognizer can build models for all the sounds present. But, for Telugu language, because of its complex nature, a very large, well annotated speech database is very difficult to build. It is very difficult, if not impossible, to cover all the words of any Indian language, where each word may have thousands and millions of word forms. A significant part of grammar that is handled by syntax in English (and other similar languages) is handled within morphology in Telugu. Phrases including several words (that is, tokens) in English would be mapped on to a single word in Telugu.Telugu language is phonetic in nature in addition to rich in morphology. That is why the speech technology developed for English cannot be applied to Telugu language. This paper highlights the work carried out in an attempt to build a voice enabled text editor with capability of automatic term suggestion. Main claim of the paper is the recognition enhancement process developed by us for suitability of highly inflecting, rich morphological languages. This method results in increased speech recognition accuracy with very much reduction in corpus size. It also adapts Telugu words to the database dynamically, resulting in growth of the corpus.
An Improved Approach for Word Ambiguity RemovalWaqas Tariq
Word ambiguity removal is a task of removing ambiguity from a word, i.e. correct sense of word is identified from ambiguous sentences. This paper describes a model that uses Part of Speech tagger and three categories for word sense disambiguation (WSD). Human Computer Interaction is very needful to improve interactions between users and computers. For this, the Supervised and Unsupervised methods are combined. The WSD algorithm is used to find the efficient and accurate sense of a word based on domain information. The accuracy of this work is evaluated with the aim of finding best suitable domain of word. Keywords: Human Computer Interaction, Supervised Training, Unsupervised Learning, Word Ambiguity, Word sense disambiguation
Parameters Optimization for Improving ASR Performance in Adverse Real World N...Waqas Tariq
From the existing research it has been observed that many techniques and methodologies are available for performing every step of Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) system, but the performance (Minimization of Word Error Recognition-WER and Maximization of Word Accuracy Rate- WAR) of the methodology is not dependent on the only technique applied in that method. The research work indicates that, performance mainly depends on the category of the noise, the level of the noise and the variable size of the window, frame, frame overlap etc is considered in the existing methods. The main aim of the work presented in this paper is to use variable size of parameters like window size, frame size and frame overlap percentage to observe the performance of algorithms for various categories of noise with different levels and also train the system for all size of parameters and category of real world noisy environment to improve the performance of the speech recognition system. This paper presents the results of Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and Accuracy test by applying variable size of parameters. It is observed that, it is really very hard to evaluate test results and decide parameter size for ASR performance improvement for its resultant optimization. Hence, this study further suggests the feasible and optimum parameter size using Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) for enhancing resultant accuracy in adverse real world noisy environmental conditions. This work will be helpful to give discriminative training of ubiquitous ASR system for better Human Computer Interaction (HCI). Keywords: ASR Performance, ASR Parameters Optimization, Multi-Environmental Training, Fuzzy Inference System for ASR, ubiquitous ASR system, Human Computer Interaction (HCI)
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How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
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Measurement and Comparison of Productivity Performance Under Fuzzy Imprecise Data
1. Avninder Gill
International Journal of Business Research and Management (IJBRM), Volume (2) : Issue (1) : 2011 19
Measurement and Comparison of Productivity
Performance Under Fuzzy Imprecise Data
Avninder Gill agill@tru.ca
School of Business & Economics
Thompson Rivers University
Kamloops, British Columbia,
900 McGill Road, V2C 5N3, Canada
Abstract
The creation of goods and services requires changing the expended resources into the output
goods and services. How efficiently we transform these input resources into goods and services
depends on the productivity of the transformation process. However, it has been observed
there is always a vagueness or imprecision associated with the values of inputs and outputs.
Therefore, it becomes hard for a productivity measurement expert to specify the amount of
resources and the outputs as exact scalar numbers. The present paper, applies fuzzy set
theory to measure and compare productivity performance of transformation processes when
numerical data cannot be specified in exact terms. The approach makes it possible to measure
and compare productivity of organizational units (including non-government and non-profit
entities) when the expert inputs can not be specified as exact scalar quantities. The model has
been applied to compare productivity of different branches of a company.
Keywords: Productivity; Performance Measure; Efficiency; Fuzzy Set Theory.
1. INTRODUCTION
Any for-profit or non-profit organization requires a set of input resources in order to operate and
survive. In return, it provides goods or value-adding services for its clients or stake-holders. The
efficiency with which it consumes the resources to provide those services, is measured by the
productivity of the organization. The notion of productivity therefore, focuses on exploring the
relationship between the results achieved and the resources expended to achieve those
results. In its basic form, the productivity is measured by the ratio of outputs (often goods or
services) to the input resources (such as labor, capital, management, materials, energy etc).
Two most common measures of productivity are total measure and partial measure. Total
measure includes all the input resources used in achieving the desired outputs whereas partial
measure focuses on an incomplete list of input factors. If a partial measure focuses on one
factor only (e.g. output per labor hour), it is referred to as single factor productivity measure
whereas including more than one factor gives multi factor productivity. Sometimes, the use of
single factor productivity can be misleading when there is a tradeoff involved among multiple
inputs. For example, an organization may procure a better and more expensive software or
technology that require less manual processing by its staff. Thus, it is possible to increase
labor productivity but at the expense of increased technological costs. Therefore, if an
improvement in the single factor productivity has been achieved, it is important to carefully
examine the factors responsible for it or alternatively, have a more holistic approach towards
productivity in terms of multi or total productivity measure. The main reasons for process
productivity measurement are to monitor and control the organizational performance, judge the
effectiveness of our decisions and to create a metric that causes behavioral change among the
employees leading towards a productive unit.
Measuring productivity is not an easy task mainly because both output as well inputs are
difficult to measure or count in a meaningful way. At first instance, the determination of the
output seems quiet straightforward but due to problems in measuring the quality in service
sector and the prohibitive costs of surveys; it becomes difficult to specify the exact amount of
satisfactory output. Frequent service offerings, price and fees fluctuations, service aggregation
2. Avninder Gill
International Journal of Business Research and Management (IJBRM), Volume (2) : Issue (1) : 2011 20
are some of the other issues that further add to the problem. Personnel, capital and
management are considered to be the critical inputs to enhance productivity. Inappropriate time
standards, disparity in employee skills and motivation levels, flexibility in over and
underutilization of budgets, technological changes, economies of scale, unaccounted hidden
costs and the difficulties in measuring the efforts of management, all these factors make it
increasingly more difficult to ascertain the systems inputs in precise numerical terms. Thus
determining both the system inputs as well as the results achieved is an onerous task and it is
highly unlikely that an expert would be able to specify them in precise quantities. The
fundamental flaw in the traditional approaches is that the imprecision of parameters is ignored.
If such imprecision has not been incorporated into the productivity measurement model, it may
result in misrepresentation of a situation which further leads to erroneous results. A model that
explicitly incorporates the effects of such vagueness may is appropriate under these conditions.
Fuzzy set theory has proved to be a very valuable tool to handle this type of imprecision or
vagueness in data.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Miller and Rao [1] analyzed profit-linked productivity models at the firm level. The issue of
productivity measurement under multiple criteria has been explored in Ray and Sahu [2] and
the sensitivity of productivity measurement in a multi-product setting has been discussed in Ray
and Sahu [3]. Garrigosa and Tatje [4] performed comparative study between profits and
productivity as the two measures for performance. Sudit [5] discussed various productivity
measures applicable in diverse settings. Chiou et al. [6] utilized quality function deployment in
an approach that measures the productivity of technology in product development process.
Agrell and West [7] critically examined a set of relevant properties that a productivity index must
satisfy in order to assess the performance of a decision-making unit. Neely et al. [8] and Singh
et al. [9] provided fairly detailed reviews of the previous research on productivity measurement.
Suwignjo et al. [10] made use of tools such as cognitive maps, cause-effect diagrams, tree
diagrams as well as analytical hierarchical process to quantify the effects of performance
factors. Odeck [11] analyzed the efficiency and productivity growth of vehicle inspection
services using DEA piecewise linear function and Malmquist indices. Ylvinger [12] presented
multi-input and multi-output generalized structural efficiency measures based on linear
programming DEA models to estimate the relative performance of an industry. Hannula [13]
mentioned the trade-off between validity and practicality of productivity measures, and
presented a practical method expressing total productivity as a function of partial productivity
ratios with acceptable validity at an organizational unit level. Raa [14] presented an approach to
quantify the inconsistency in aggregating the firm productivities through allocative efficiency
and excess marginal productivities. Chavas and Mechemache [15] investigated the measures
for technical, efficiency, allocative efficiency and price efficiency which can be conveniently
summed into an overall efficiency measure. Cooper et al. [16] provided a fairly comprehensive
account of applications of data envelop analysis (DEA) in performance measures. Majority of
these publications do not address the vagueness or imprecision in data.
There are quite a few publications that explore the imprecise nature of the input-output data in
productivity and efficiency measures. Chen et al. [17] applied fuzzy pattern recognition
clustering techniques to determine productivity characters and a business unit is diagnosed
through these characters. Joro et al. [18] showed that the DEA formulation to identify efficient
units is similar to the multi-objective linear programming model based on the reference point
approach to generate efficient solutions. Triantis and Girod [19] proposed a three stage
approach to measure the technical efficiency in a fuzzy parametric programming environment
by expressing input and output variables in terms of their risk-free and impossible bounds.
Girod and Triantis [20] illustrated the implementation of a fuzzy set-based methodology that can
be used to accommodate the measurement inaccuracies using risk-free and impossible bounds
to represent the extremes for fuzzy input and output. Triantis and Eeckaut [21] used fuzzy pair-
wise dominance to measure the distance of a production plan from a frontier. Cooper et al. [22]
provided imprecise data envelop analysis (IDEA) that permits a mixture of imprecise and exact
data. Cooper et al. [23] further extended it for assurance region and cone-ratio concepts by
placing bounds on variables rather than data values. The approach is applicable to bounded
data and data sets satisfying ordinal relations and has been illustrated through an application to
branch offices of a telecommunication company in Korea. Cooper et al. [24] removed a limitation
of IDEA and assurance region IDEA which required access to actually attained maximum
3. Avninder Gill
International Journal of Business Research and Management (IJBRM), Volume (2) : Issue (1) : 2011 21
values in the data, by introducing a dummy variable for normalization of maximal values.
Despotis and Smirlis [25] developed an approach to transform a non-linear DEA model to a
linear programming equivalent, on the basis of the original data set, by applying
transformations only on the variables. Despotis and Smirlis [25] model allows post-DEA
discriminating among the efficient units by endurance indices and is an alternative to Cooper et
al. [22]. Zhu [26] reviewed and compared two different approaches dealing with imprecise
DEA; one using scale transformations and the second using variable alterations through an
efficiency analysis. Zhu [26] presented these two approaches as improvements over Cooper et
al.[23]. Triantis [27] proposed a fuzzy DEA approach to compute fuzzy non-radial technical
efficiency measures. Kao and Liu [28] provided a fuzzy DEA procedure by transforming it into a crisp DEA
model using the -cut concept of fuzzy set theory and the resulting efficiency measures are
provided in terms of fuzzy sets. Kao and Liu [29] applied a maximizing–minimizing set method for
fuzzy efficiency ranking of 24 university libraries in Taiwan. Lertworasirikul [30] and
Lertworasirikul et al. [31] proposed two main approaches; a possibility approach and a
credibility approach to resolve the problem of ranking fuzzy sets in fuzzy DEA models. León et
al. [32] developed fuzzy versions of the classical BCC-DEA model by using ranking methods
based on the comparison of α-cuts. Entani et al. [33] and Wang et al. [34] changed fuzzy input -
output data into intervals using α-level sets and suggested two interval-DEA models. Dia [35]
fuzzy-DEA model requires the decision maker to specify an aspiration level and a safety α-
level in order to transform it into a crisp DEA model. Kao and Liu [36] transformed fuzzy input
and output data into intervals by using α-level sets and fuzzy extension principle and built a
family of crisp DEA models for the intervals. Soleimani-damaneh et al. [37] addressed some
computational and theoretical pitfalls of the fuzzy DEA models and provided a fuzzy DEA model
to produce crisp efficiencies for DMUs with fuzzy input and output data. You et al. [38]
presented a fuzzy multiple objective programming approach to imprecise data envelopment
analysis (IDEA) with an increased discriminating power than available from Cooper et al. [22].
Wang et al. [39] proposed two new fuzzy DEA models constructed from the perspective of
fuzzy arithmetic and the models are applied to evaluate the performances of eight
manufacturing enterprises in China.
As evident from this literature survey, most of the existing approaches that deal with imprecise
nature of data, present several variations of the DEA approach in a fuzzy environment. DEA-
based approaches are optimization approaches in the sense that they identify the best set of
weights to identify the maximum achievable efficiency for an organizational unit, rather than
identifying its true efficiency. Secondly, DEA-based approaches provide a relative measure of
efficiency amongst a set of decision making units (DMU’s). These approaches compare the
DMU’s input and output against a composite input and output. If a particular DMU uses more
inputs than the composite, it is termed as inefficient and vice-versa. As a potential drawback, if
one DMU has substantially higher performance than others, most of the DMU’s (except the one
with exceptional performance) are likely to be termed as inefficient. Similarly, a DMU with an
exceptionally low performance may render other DMU’s as efficient, not because of their own
performances but due to the relative nature of the measurement. Furthermore, when new
DMU’s enter or leave the system (e.g. a new member joining or leaving a supply chain),
efficiencies need to be re-evaluated. This establishes the need to have an approach that
measures real productivity of a system in an absolute sense and in an environment involving
imprecision and vagueness of data. This is one area where the present paper intends to
contribute.
The next section deals with some basic concepts of fuzzy set theory that have been used to
develop the proposed framework to model productivity. The subsequent section presents a
fuzzy set theoretic model for multi factor productivity. The proposed model is illustrated through
an application to 13 branches of a credit union. The computational experience and some
important observations drawn from this experience are discussed. Finally, concluding remarks
and some directions for further research are presented.
4. Avninder Gill
International Journal of Business Research and Management (IJBRM), Volume (2) : Issue (1) : 2011 22
3. BASIC FUZZY CONCEPTS
Since its inception by Lofti Zadeh [40], fuzzy logic has revolutionized the business world with its
ability to model the imprecise decision making situations. This section presents some basic
concepts in fuzzy set methodology that have been utilized to develop the proposed model in
this paper. For details of these concepts, the reader is referred to Kaufmann and Gupta [41]
and Zimmermann [42].
3.1 Fuzzy Set and Membership Function
A fuzzy set A in X is characterized by a membership function, µA(x) which associates with each
element in X, a real number in the interval [0,1] with the value of µA(x) at x representing the
“grade of membership” of x in A.
3.2 Triangular Fuzzy Number (TFN)
A triangular fuzzy number is a linear approximation for a normal and convex fuzzy set and is
represented by the triplet (a1, a2, a3). Under this linear approximation, the membership function
for triangular fuzzy number can be expressed as follows:
ax0,
axa,
a-a
a-x
axa,
a-a
a-x
ax0,
3
32
32
3
21
12
1
1
A
>
<≤
<≤
<
=µ
(1)
3.3 αααα -cut of a Fuzzy Set
As shown in Figure 1, α-cut of a fuzzy set denoted by Aα , is a subset of its domain that allows
us to represent a fuzzy set in a confidence interval form, as Aα = [ a1
α
, a3
α
]. Using equation (1),
the triangular fuzzy number approximation in its α-cut confidence interval form can be
expressed as follows:
Aα = [ a1
α
, a3
α
] = [ a1 + (a2 – a1) α , a3 + (a2 – a3) α]
(2)
FIGURE 1: α-cut of a fuzzy set
x
µA(x)
0
1
a1
α
a1
0
a3
0
α-cut
a3
α
5. Avninder Gill
International Journal of Business Research and Management (IJBRM), Volume (2) : Issue (1) : 2011 23
4. FUZZY SET MODEL FOR PRODUCTIVITY
Having stated the fuzzy concepts to develop this methodology, we now present the proposed
fuzzy model for multiple factor productivity. The present appear does not specifically deal with
the issue of aggregating the inputs and outputs. The issue of heterogeneity of outputs and
inputs and their aggregation through appropriate weights has been addressed by various
authors. For more details, the reader is referred to [43], [44], [45], [46], [47]. The present paper
assumes that these conversion weights are input to the model and therefore, they are known.
Most transformation processes have positive inputs and outputs, but without any loss of
generality, it is possible to define fuzzy sets over negative real number domains. Although, in
order to avoid a zero denominator in productivity measure, we make the assumption that
aggregate sum of inputs is non-zero which is a fairly standard assumption.
4.1 Notation
P
k
= Fuzzy measure of the productivity of the k
th
unit.
Oi
k
= Triangular fuzzy number representing the i
th
output of the k
th
unit.
(in
case of single output measure, Ok
could be used).
Ij
k
= Triangular fuzzy number representing the jth
input of the kth
unit.
wj
k
= Unit conversion factor or weight for the j
th
input of the k
th
unit.
zi
k
= Unit conversion factor or weight for the i
th
output of the k
th
unit.
k = 1,2, 3,…….,m. i = 1,2, 3,……..,p. j = 1,2, 3,……..,n.
Triangular fuzzy numbers O
k
and Ij
k
can be specified in its triplet form as
Oi
k
= (zi
k
*oi1
k
, zi
k
* oi2
k
, zi
k
*oi3
k
)
Ij
k
= (wj
k
* ij1
k
, wj
k
* ij2
k
, wj
k
* ij3
k
),
where oi1
k
, oi2
k
, oi3
k
, ij1
k
, ij2
k
, ij3
k
∈ R+
4.2 The Model
The fuzzy measure of multifactor productivity can be expressed by the following equation
321
1
,....,m,,for k
n
j
k
j
k
k
I
O
P ==
∑
=
(3)
Following equation (2), we can express the triangular fuzzy numbers O
k
and Ij
k
in their
confidence interval form as follows:
, 323121 )]-()-([ ooooooO
kkkkkkk
αα ++=
(4)
,....,2,1, 323121 njfor)]-()-([ iiiiiiI
k
j
k
j
k
j
k
j
k
j
k
j
k
j =++= αα
(5)
For two fuzzy sets A and B, A=[a1, a3] and B=[b1, b3] with a1, a3 , b1, b3 ∈ R, the addition of
these sets, A (+) B, is given as (Kaufmann and Gupta 1988):
A (+) B = [a1, a3] (+) [b1, b3] = [a1 + b1, a3 + b3 ]
6. Avninder Gill
International Journal of Business Research and Management (IJBRM), Volume (2) : Issue (1) : 2011 24
(6)
This addition operator can be conveniently extended for three or more sets.
Making use of the summation result (6) for fuzzy sets, the summation of the process inputs of
equation (5) is expressed as follows:
, 32
1
312
1
1
1
))]-(())-(([ iiiiiiI
k
j
k
j
n
j
k
j
k
j
k
j
n
j
k
j
n
j
k
j αα ++= ∑∑∑
===
(7)
Substituting equations (4) and (7) into equation (3), we obtain the productivity measure for the
k
th
process as follows:
mkfor
])-(())-(([
)]-()-([
iiiiii
oooooo
P
k
j
k
j
n
j
k
j
k
j
k
j
n
j
k
j
kkkkkk
k
,....,2,1,
,
,
32
1
312
1
1
323121
=
++
++
=
∑∑
==
αα
αα
(8)
For two fuzzy sets A and B, where A=[a1, a3] and B=[b1, b3] with a1, a3 , b1, b3 ∈ R, the division
of these sets, A / B, is given as
A/ B = [a1, a3] / [b1, b3]
= [min (a1 / b1 , a1 / b3 , a3 / b1 , a3 / b3 ), max (a1 / b1 , a1 / b3 , a3 / b1 , a3 / b3 )]
This general formula is applicable when inputs and outputs are not necessarily positive real
numbers, however, if the sets A and B have been defined over R
+
, as is the case in most
physical transformation processes, then it can be shown that the division operator simplifies to
A / B = [a1, a3]/ [b1, b3] = [a1 / b3 , a3 / b1 ]
(9)
Since all the output and input resource estimates belong to R
+
, we apply the simplified division
operator (9) to equation (8) to compute:
)
,
) 12
1
1
323
32
1
3
121
+
+
+
+
=
∑∑
==
)-((
)-(
)-((
)-(
iii
ooo
iii
ooo
P
k
j
k
j
n
j
k
j
kkk
k
j
k
j
n
j
k
j
kkk
k
α
α
α
α
(10)
Equation (10) expresses multifactor productivity measure in its interval form. Next, we express
this productivity in its triplet form by finding its α-cut’s at α=0 and α=1 levels. The above
equation (10) reduces to its triplet form as follows:
7. Avninder Gill
International Journal of Business Research and Management (IJBRM), Volume (2) : Issue (1) : 2011 25
,,
1
1
3
1
2
2
1
3
1
=
∑∑∑
===
)()()(
n
j
k
j
k
n
j
k
j
k
n
j
k
j
k
k
i
o
i
o
i
o
P
(11)
It is worth noting that equation (11) is a more general approach for computing multifactor
productivity. The traditional approach can be deduced as a special case of this more general
approach.
4.3 Traditional Approach as a Special Case
If there were no imprecision involved in specifying the model parameters, then the three triplets
for inputs and outputs will coincide as follows:
o
k
1 = o
k
2 = o
k
3 = o
k
and i
k
j1 = i
k
j2 = i
k
j3 = i
k
j
Putting this into equation (11) implies
1
=
∑
=
)(
n
j
k
j
k
k
i
o
P , which is the traditional crisp measure of productivity.
4. COMPARISON OF PRODUCTIVITY
The productivity measure in itself has a limited usefulness unless it is compared with the
productivity of another organizational unit or industry average. This could be modeled through
the removal concept of a fuzzy set at reference point z = 0. The removal of a fuzzy set that
follows a possibility distribution and it amounts to finding an expected value representation of a
fuzzy set. Such a transformation is necessary because we often work in a fuzzy decision
environment where we have to deal with vague information and data, but we are often required
to take crisp decisions. As defined in Kauffman and Gupta (1988), the removal of a fuzzy
number is the average of its LHS removal Rl (A, z) and its RHS removal Rr (A, z), where z ∈ R.
Therefore, removal essentially measures the average distance of a fuzzy number from a
reference point z. It can be shown that at reference point z=0, the removal of fuzzy productivity
measure is given by:
.2
4
1
)0,(
1
1
3
1
2
2
1
3
1
++
==
∑∑∑
===
)()()(
zR n
j
k
j
k
n
j
k
j
k
n
j
k
j
k
k
i
o
i
o
i
o
P
(12)
If we have two organizational units with their respective removals as )0,( 1
=zR P and
)0,( 2
=zR P . Unit 1 will be more productive than unit 2 if )0,( 1
=zR P > )0,( 2
=zR P .
This concept can be used to compare the productivities of a number of processes or business
units by ranking them in the descending order of removals.
8. Avninder Gill
International Journal of Business Research and Management (IJBRM), Volume (2) : Issue (1) : 2011 26
5. MODEL ILLUSTRATION
We illustrate the usefulness of our model by evaluating thirteen branches of a credit-union
([48]) in terms of their productivity performance. Without loss of generality, we consider each
branch to have four relevant inputs: number of personnel or staff, number of computers or IT
infrastructure, area of the branch in square footage and the administrative costs. The output
measure is daily transactional volume. For unit and time aggregation purposes, these inputs
are converted to common monetary unit by applying the following conversion weights from the
problem situation: $50,000 per staff member including perks and benefits, $7,000 per computer
or other technological equipment, $2,500 per square foot and on an average 300 business
days in a year. For each input and output, the decision maker assigns his best estimate of the
value i.e. an estimate in which he has maximum belief. Furthermore, the decision maker also
provides a range outside which the input or output values are not likely to lie. For the credit
union branches, there is no ambiguity involved in specifying the number of IT infrastructure and
branch areas, so these variables are treated as non-fuzzy but the proposed fuzzy model is
general enough to handle both fuzzy and non-fuzzy inputs. This estimation of inputs in terms of
triangular fuzzy numbers is presented in Table 1.
Branch Input 1 Input 2 Input 3 Input 4
# (Personnel) (IT) (Space) (Expenses)
(1000’s sq ft) ($100,000)
___________________________________________________________________________
1 (4,6,8) (8,8,8) (4,4,4) (147.30, 628.95, 1036.56)
2 (6,7,8) (8,8,8) (2.56, 2.56, 2.56) (411.44, 716.50, 957.01)
3 (7,9,11) (10,10,10) (1.34,1.34,1.34) (287.92,428.13,603.01)
4 (8,10,12) (12,12,12) (1.5,1.5,1.5) (242.77,722.95,945.69)
5 (4,6,8) (9,9,9) (1.68,1.68,1.68) (433.55,692.00, 807.29)
6 (5,7,9) (7,7,7) (3.75,3.75,3.75) (455.71,777.62,1162.68)
7 (7,9,11) (10,10,10) (3.31,3.31,3.31) (780.11,1145.37,1711.52)
8 (6,8,10) (7,7,7) (1.5,1.5,1.5) (149.69,755.97,1358.58)
9 (8,10,12) (8,8,8) (1.6,1.6,1.6) (610.24,1019.76,1829.51)
10 (6,8,10) (9,9,9) (1.72,1.72,1.72) (216.25,712.23,945.11)
11 (9,10,11) (7,7,7) (1.92,1.92,1.92) (396.64,905.15,1249.84)
12 (7,9,11) (8,8,8) (4.43,4.43,4.43) (231.06,749.94,1398.88)
13 (6,8,10) (10,10,10) (2.5,2.5,2.5) (177.56,778.15,1444.62)
TABLE 1: Input Data for the 13 Credit Union Branches
The model given in equations (11, 12) was used to compute the fuzzy productivity and the
fuzzy removal of productivity (i.e. its crisp equivalent) for the thirteen branches. The relevant
output, fuzzy and crisp productivities for this data set are provided in Table 2.
Branch Output Fuzzy productivity Crisp
equivalent
# (Transaction Volume) of
productivity
______________________________________________________________________
____
1 (55830,56570,57318) (0.147, 0.232,0.688) 0.325
2 (36740,36800,36852) (0.107,0.141,0.231) 0.155
3 (38004,38446,38783) (0.177,0.247,0.357) 0.257
4 (35469,35685,36017) (0.107,0.140,0.379) 0.191
5 (52927,53869,54817) (0.186,0.219,0.344) 0.242
6 (70254,72446,78574) (0.167,0.248,0.427) 0.273
9. Avninder Gill
International Journal of Business Research and Management (IJBRM), Volume (2) : Issue (1) : 2011 27
7 (32585,35856,37443) (0.054,0.087,0.130) 0.090
8 (42900,45027,47270) (0.092,0.169,0.744) 0.294
9 (85399,86221,87220) (0.137,0.243,0.400) 0.255
10 (46924,47142,47316) (0.142,0.186,0.540) 0.263
11 (36652,40482,44298) (0.084,0.127,0.296) 0.158
12 (39582,39594,39620) (0.078,0.137,0.344) 0.174
13 (56144,57484,58816) (0.111,0.204,0.724) 0.31
_____________________________________________________________________
______
TABLE 2: Output Data and Productivity Performance Measurement Results
10. Avninder Gill
International Journal of Business Research and Management (IJBRM) Volume 2, Issue 1 : 2011 28
6. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The main objective in this experimental analysis was to test the sensitivity of productivity
measure w.r.t. right hand side fuzziness, left hand side fuzziness and both types of
fuzziness. We first reduced the left triplet range for a sample productivity data set in
decrements of 5%, then its right triplet range in decrements of 5% and finally reduced
both triplet ranges simultaneously in decrements of 5%. The results of experimental
analysis are summarized in the following Table 3.
Percentage change in productivity w.r.t. crisp
measure while reducing
Percent
Decrement LHS triplet LHS triplet Both triplets
5 4.91 5.345 4.880
10 4.46 5.315 4.445
15 4.04 5.300 4.010
20 3.635 5.285 3.620
25 3.245 5.270 3.245
30 2.870 5.270 2.885
35 2.510 5.255 2.555
40 2.150 5.255 2.240
45 1.820 5.240 1.955
50 1.490 5.240 1.685
55 1.175 5.240 1.430
60 0.875 5.255 1.205
65 0.590 5.255 0.995
70 0.305 5.270 0.800
75 0.035 5.285 0.620
80 -0.235 5.300 0.470
85 -0.490 5.315 0.320
90 -0.730 5.345 0.200
95 -0.970 5.360 0.095
100 -1.210 5.390 0.005
TABLE 3: Results of Experimental Analysis
A number of interesting observations can be drawn from the experimental experience.
• First of all, the fuzzy measure of productivity performance is robust in the sense
that errors in specifying the triangular fuzzy numbers do not result in a large
change in productivity measure. The maximum change found was 5.39% for the
experimental case.
• Changes in the RHS triplet range does not give a large change in the productivity
suggesting that productivity change is not significantly affected by the RHS
fuzziness. LHS triplet fuzziness was found to have a more profound effect on
productivity measures. Furthermore, LHS triplet ranges can result in both
underestimation and overestimation in productivity measure w.r.t. crisp measure.
Therefore, much more careful attention should be given in selecting the LHS
triplet ranges.
• Finally, as we change both the ranges together, the fuzzy measure of productivity
approaches the traditional crisp measure asymptotically. At the point of maximum
belief, productivity measure from the fuzzy formula becomes the same as the
crisp measure from the traditional formula. This further reinforces the point that
11. Avninder Gill
International Journal of Business Research and Management (IJBRM) Volume 2, Issue 1 : 2011 29
traditional measure of productivity is a special case of a more general fuzzy
measure of productivity given in the present paper.
7. CONCLUDING REMARKS
The present paper recognizes that measurements of system inputs and outputs for
productivity measurement is a difficult task resulting in vagueness or imprecision in data.
The paper proposes an approach based on fuzzy set theory to model this type of
vagueness. The proposed approach provides a general model for productivity
measurement. The traditional single and multi factor productivity measures can be
deduced as its special cases. The paper further presents a method to compare the
productivity performance across different organizations using the fuzzy removal concept.
It may be noted that the approach is equally applicable for non-profit and non-
government organizations. The approach is illustrated with the help of a case example
from a credit union, and the computational experience and important observations are
also discussed.
The literature dealing with the imprecise nature of data mainly consists of variations of
DEA model under fuzzy logics. These approaches are relative in nature and identify the
maximum achievable efficiency for an organizational unit amongst a set of similar
decision making units within an organization. An absolute and real treatment of efficiency
is needed for organizations that consist of seemingly unrelated organization units or
entities. The relative approach is an intra-organization approach but for competitive
reasons, an inter-organization approach is preferable. That is one area where
approaches such as the current one, could be potentially useful.
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