The document discusses various modes of communication in India, including postal services, telegraph, telephone, courier services, fax, email, internet, radio, television, and oral communication. It provides details on the history and growth of each method. Key points include that postal services date back to 1851 and now have over 1.5 lakh post offices, telephone connections have increased tremendously from 1.7 lakh in 1950-51 to over 49 million currently, and recent developments like fax, email and internet allow near-instant communication globally.

1. By nikita gupta

2.  Simply speaking, communication means sharing of
ideas in common. Communication can be defined as
exchange of ideas, views, information, and facts etc.
with two or more persons with an aim to develop
understanding. Communication system refers to the
channels by which exchange of ideas, information’s,
news and views takes place between different
individuals, groups and institutions.

3.  The Postal Services are the oldest, cheapest and very popular means of
communication. The postal network has been increasing since 1951.
The postal network in India is the largest in the whole world with 1.5
lakh post offices. In these days special attention has been given to the
rural, hilly and remote areas for expending postal network. The main
aim of the postal department is to provide a post office within 3 kms of
every village and a letter box in every village having 500 populations.

4.  Indian Telegraph is one of the oldest governments owned public utility
organisation in the world. It was launched in 1851 and established link
between Kolkata and Diamond Harbour. Prior to independence, it was
used for military purposes only. The telegraph service helps the public
in sending messages to distance places quickly. The Govt. has now
added tele-printer, telex and fax services.

5.  Telecommunication is the most important mode of communication. It
establishes direct link between two parties located at different places and at
any time. Telephone service was started in 1881 in India but in the last two
decades, there has been tremendous growth in telecommunication sector.
India has now the largest telecommunication network in Asia. The number of
telephone connections has increased from 1.7 lakh in 1950-51 to 49.32 million in
Oct. 2004, out of which 40.3 million are landline and a million are mobiles. In
private sector 3.8 million are basic phones and 3.58 million are cellular phones.
Subscriber Trunk Dialing (STD) for national dialing and International
Subscriber Dealing (ISD) are made available to customers. Cellular phones are
getting popular. Telephone service had been renamed as Bharat Sanchar Nigam
Limited (BSNL) in Oct. 2000. Telephone sendee for Mumbai and Delhi has
been under Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL). Telephone
Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) has been established to regulate tariff
and competition in the telecommunication section. 4. Courier Services: Simply
speaking, the courier services means the service

6.  Simply speaking, the courier services means the services rendered by private
companies or firms for sending and delivery of letters, parcels and packets to
the addressee. Courier services work as private mini post offices. They accept
envelops, parcels and packets from the sender and charge commission and
issue receipts certifying that the received article will be delivered to the
addressee. These services are very popular and generally availed by big
companies, institutions, banks and professionals including higher middle class
people.

7.  It is the recent development in communication Messages are
 sent through Fax and E-mail throughout the world within
 minutes.
 a) Fax:
 It is an electronic method of sending recorded messages in the
 form of letters, handbills, statements and files etc. It can be
 used throughout the day and night from any comer of the globe.
 (b) E-mail:
 E-mail is the recent electronic media to send message. It is a
 way to communicate people all over the world throughout the
 day and night without waiting the receiver to wake up and
 making himself present. It can send messages to hundreds of
 people in a few minutes. It can also send files, photos or even
 video clips.
 6. Internet Service:
 It is the latest mode of communication. We can get required

8.  It is the latest mode of communication. We can get required
 information directly through computers by opening the site.
 The required information can be downloaded any time. We have
 to install an internet connection.
 7. Radio and Television:
 These two are the source of information. They provide us the
 latest information in the shape of news and advertisements and
 also a source of entertainment for us.

9.  Oral communication implies communication through mouth. It includes
individuals
 conversing with each other, be it direct conversation or telephonic
conversation.
 Speeches, presentations, discussions are all forms of oral communication. Oral
 communication is generally recommended when the communication matter is
of
 temporary kind or where a direct interaction is required. Face to face
 communication (meetings, lectures, conferences, interviews, etc.) is significant
so
 as to build a rapport and trust.

10.  There is high level of understanding and transparency in oral communication
as it is interpersonal.
 • There is no element of rigidity in oral communication.
 There is flexibility for allowing changes in the decisions previously taken.
 • The feedback is spontaneous in case of oral communication. Thus, decisions
can be made quickly without any delay.
 • Oral communication is not only time saving, but it also saves upon money
and efforts.
 • Oral communication is best in case of problem resolution. The conflicts,
disputes and many issues/differences can be put to an end by talking them
over.

11.  • Relying only on oral communication may not be sufficient as business
 communication is formal and very organized.
 • Oral communication is less authentic than written communication as they are
 informal and not as organized as written communication.
 • Oral communication is time-saving as far as daily interactions are concerned,
 but in case of meetings, long speeches consume lot of time and are
 unproductive at times.
 • Oral communications are not easy to maintain and thus they are unsteady.
 • There may be misunderstandings as the information is not complete and may
 lack essentials.
 • It requires attentiveness and great receptivity on part of the receivers/
 audience.
 • Oral communication (such as speeches) is not frequently used as legal
 records except in investigation work.

12.  PRINCIPLES OF ORAL COMMUNICATION
 The principles of oral communication are discussed below:
1. Clear pronunciation: Clear pronunciation of message sender in the main factor or
oral communication. If it is not clear, the goal of the message may not be achieved.
2. Preparation: Before communicating orally the speaker should take preparation both
physically are mentally.
3. Unity and integration: The unity an integration of the speech of the message sender
is a must for successful oral communication.
4. Precision: Precision is needed to make oral communication effective. The meaning of
the words must be specific.
5. Natural voice: The speaker’s must not be fluctuated at the time of oral
communication. On the other hand artificial voice must be avoided.
6. Planning: Organized plan is a must for effective oral communication. The speaker
should take proper plan for delivering speech.
7. Simplicity: The speaker should use simple an understandable words in oral
communication. It should be easy and simple.
8. Legality: The speaker’s speech should be legal and logical at the time of oral
communication.

13.  Written communication has great significance in today’s business world. It is an
innovative activity of the mind. Effective written communication is essential for
preparing worthy promotional materials for business development. Speech came b
 CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD WRITTEN ABOUT COMMUNICATION
 Easy language: Easy language should be used in written communication. The
sentences of written communication must be understandable to the reader.
 Structure: Definite structure must be followed in drafting any written document.
Every written form has its own structure.
 Accurate and precise: A well written document must be accurate and precise.
Written communication insists on greater accuracy and precision.
 Direct speech: Direct speech should be used in written communication. Indirect
and passive sentences must be avoided.
 Paragraph design: A good written communication bears a paragraph design.
Paragraphing is also important to clear communication.efore writing

14.  • Easy to preserve: The documents of written communication are easy to preserve. Oral
and non-verbal communication cannot be preserved. If it is needed, important
information can be collected from the preserved documents.
 • Easy presentation of complex matter: Written communication is the best way to
represent any complex matter easily and attractively.
 • Permanent record: The documents of written communication act as a permanent
record. When it is needed, important information can be easily collected from the
preserved documents.
 • Prevention of wastage of time and money: Written communication prevents the waste
of money and time. Without meeting with each other the communicator and
communicate can exchange their views.
 • Use as a reference: If it is needed, written communication can be used as future
reference. • Delegation of authority: Written communication can help the

15.  Expensive: Written communication is comparatively expensive. For this communication
paper, pen, ink, typewriter, computer and a large number of employees are needed
 • Time consuming: Written communication takes time to communicate with others. It is
a time consuming media. It costs the valuable time of both the writer and the reader.
 • Red-Taoism: Red-Taoism is one of the most disadvantages of written communication.
It means to take time for approval of a project
 • Useless for illiterate person: It messages receiver is illiteLack of flexibility: Since writing
documents cannot be changed easily at any time.
 Lack of flexibility is one of the most important limitations of written communication. •
Delay in response: It takes much time to get a response from the message receiver;
prompt response is not possible in case of written communication that is possible in oral
communication.
 • Delay in decision making: Written communication takes much time to communicate
with all the parties concerned. So the decision maker cannot take decisions quickly.rate,
written communication is quite impossible

16.  Definition: The Non-Verbal Communication is the process of conveying meaning
without the use of words either written or spoken. In other words, any communication
made between two or more persons through the use of facial expressions, hand
movements, body language, postures, and gestures is called as non-verbal
communication.
 Types of Nonverbal Communication Judee Burgoon (1994) has identified seven different
nonverbal
 1. Kinesics or body movements including facial expressions and eye contact
 ; 2. Vocalics or paralanguage that includes volume, rate, pitch, and timbre;
 3. Personal appearance;
 4. Our physical environment and the artifacts or objects that compose it;
 5. Proxemics or personal space;
 6. Haptics or touch
 . 7. Chronemics or time. To this list, we would add signs

18.  1. Complementary: Non-verbal cues complement a verbal message by adding to its
meaning. You can pat someone you offended at the back as you say sorry to him or her.
 2. Easy presentation: Information can be easily presented in non-verbal communication
through using visual, audio-visual and silent means of non-verbal communication.
 3. Substituting: Non-verbal message may substitute for the verbal message especially if it
is blocked by noise, interruption, long distance etc. for example: gestures-finger to lips to
indicate need for quite, facial expressions- a nod instead of a yes.
 4. Accenting: Often used to accent a verbal message. Verbal tone indicates the actual
meaning of the specific words.
 5. Repeat: Used to repeat the verbal message (e.g. point in a direction while stating
directions.)
 6. Help to illiterate people: This type of communication use gestures, facial expressions,
eye contact, proximity, touching etc. and without using any spoken or written word.

19.  1. Vague and imprecise: Non-verbal communication is quite vague and imprecise. Since
in this communication there is no use of words or language which expresses clear
meaning to the receiver. No dictionary can accurately classify them. Their meaning varies
not only by culture and context but by degree of intension.
 2. Continuous: It is possible to stop talking in verbal communication, but it is generally
not possible to stop nonverbal cues. Also, spoken language has a structure that makes it
easier to tell when a subject has changed, for instance or to analyze its grammar.
Nonverbal does not lend itself to this kind of analysis.
 3. Multi-channel: while watching someone’s eyes, you may miss something significant in
a hand gesture. Everything is happening at once and therefore it may be confusing to try
to keep up with everything. Most of us simply do not do so, at least not consciously
 . 4. Culture-bound: Non-verbal communication is learnt in childhood, passed on to you
by your parents and others with whom you associate

20.  "Signs or emblems include all of those gestures that supplant words, numbers,
and punctuation marks. Symbolic communications are the things that we have
given meaning to and that represent a certain idea we have in place, for
example, the American flag is a symbol that represent freedom for the
Americans themselves, or imperialism and evil for some other

21. Some symbols are universal and easy to understand. They are popular and convey
the same message in almost all cultures. A heart signifies love. A dove with a twig
in its beak, or a white flag, indicates peace or surrender.
Logos are strikingly effective. Private companies spend time,
money and effort developing logos that symbolize them and
are memorable and meaningful. If you surf the Internet, you
will find sites that challenge you to identify some common
and not-so-commonly known logos. Logos are recognized by
children before they begin to read, as advertisers know; and
logos are also widely copied, sometimes with minimal
changes to trap the unwary and often illiterate consumer.