The document discusses the human microbiome and microbiome signatures. It defines key terms like microbiota, microbiome, and microbiome signatures. The gut microbiome contains trillions of microbes belonging to over 1000 unique species. The microbiome plays important roles in metabolism, immune function, and preventing pathogenic infection. Changes in the gut microbiome have been linked to various diseases. Studying the microbiome involves both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods like metagenomics, which uses high-throughput DNA sequencing without culturing to characterize microbial communities.
Host-pathogen Interactions, Molecular Basis and Host Defense: Pathogen Detect...QIAGEN
Host–pathogen interactions are strikingly complex during infection. This slidedeck provides an overview of the molecular basis of these intricate interactions: the impact of microbiota on innate and adaptive immunity, metabolism, and insulin resistance and host defense mechanisms. Various research tools will be introduced to simplify and streamline each step of studying the host response, enabling detection of pathogens, analysis of gene expression and regulation, epigenetic modification, genotyping and signal transduction pathway activation.
Microbiota, leaky gut syndrome and gut-related diseasesMaurizio Salamone
Lecture on "Microbiota, Leaky gut Syndrome and gut-related disease" at the 7° International workshop on Immunonutrition "Eating for preventing" Carovigno (BA) May 1st-3th 2014
This presentation include microbiome involve in human health and disease. classification and categorization of microbiota is aslo given.Anatomical area in which these microbes present.
Host-pathogen Interactions, Molecular Basis and Host Defense: Pathogen Detect...QIAGEN
Host–pathogen interactions are strikingly complex during infection. This slidedeck provides an overview of the molecular basis of these intricate interactions: the impact of microbiota on innate and adaptive immunity, metabolism, and insulin resistance and host defense mechanisms. Various research tools will be introduced to simplify and streamline each step of studying the host response, enabling detection of pathogens, analysis of gene expression and regulation, epigenetic modification, genotyping and signal transduction pathway activation.
Microbiota, leaky gut syndrome and gut-related diseasesMaurizio Salamone
Lecture on "Microbiota, Leaky gut Syndrome and gut-related disease" at the 7° International workshop on Immunonutrition "Eating for preventing" Carovigno (BA) May 1st-3th 2014
This presentation include microbiome involve in human health and disease. classification and categorization of microbiota is aslo given.Anatomical area in which these microbes present.
The Human Microbiome Project (HMP) was a United States National Institutes of Health (NIH) research initiative to improve understanding of the microbial flora involved in human health and disease.
Hervé Blottiere-El impacto de las ciencias ómicas en la medicina, la nutrició...Fundación Ramón Areces
El 29 de marzo de 2016 celebramos un Simposio Internacional sobre el 'Impacto de las ciencias ómicas en la medicina, nutrición y biotecnología'. Organizado por la Fundación Ramón Areces en colaboración con la Real Academia Nacional de Medicina y BioEuroLatina, abordó cómo un mejor conocimiento del genoma humano está permitiendo notables avances hacia una medicina de precisión.
VHIR Seminar led by Joel Doré. Research Director. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA). Jouy-en-Josas, France.
Abstract: The human intestinal tract harbours a complex microbial ecosystem which plays a key role in nutrition and health. Interactions between food constituents, microbes and the host organism derive from a long co-evolution that resulted in a mutualistic association.
Current investigations into the human faecal metagenome are delivering an extensive gene repertoire representative of functional potentials of the human intestinal microbiota. The most redundant genomic traits of the human intestinal microbiota are identified and thereby its functional balance. These observation point towards the existence of enterotypes, i.e. microbiota sharing specific traits but yet independent of geographic origin, age, sex etc.. It also shows a unique segregation of the human population into individuals with low versus high gene-counts. In the end, it not only gives an unprecedented view of the intestinal microbiota, but it also significantly expands our ability to look for specificities of the microbiota associated with human diseases and to ultimately validate microbial signatures of prognostic and diagnostic value in immune mediated diseases.
Metagenomics of the human intestinal tract was applied to specifically compare obese versus lean individuals as well as to explore the dynamic changes associated with a severe calory-restricted diet. Microbiota structure differs with body-mass index and a limited set of marker species may be used as diagnostic model with a >85% predictive value. Among obese subjects; the overall phenotypic characteristics are worse in individuals with low gene counts microbiota, including a worse evolution of morphometric parameters over a period of 10 years, a low grade inflammatory context also associated with insulin-resistance, and the worst response to dietary constraints in terms of weight loss or improvement of biological and inflammatory characteristics. Low gene count microbiota is also associated with less favourable conditions in inflammatory bowel disease, such as higher relapse rate in ulcerative colitis patients.
Finally, microbiota transplantation has seen a regain of interest with applications expanding from Clostridium difficile infections to immune mediated and metabolic diseases.
The human intestinal microbiota should hence be regarded as a true organ, amenable to rationally designed modulation for human health.
Food allergy has been long recognized and well documented. Other adverse reactions to foods first referred to as “toxic idiopathies” by John Freeman, co inventor of immunotherapy, at the early part of the 1900s can be mediated by and have their impact on the nervous and endocrine systems. It can also be mediated by pharmacologic mechanisms and can also affect any part of the body. There’s a great clinical need to accurately identify triggers of adverse reactivity as they have now been linked with even the most serious of modern maladies and diseases. In fact, inflammation is the hallmark of metabolic syndrome. Given the multitude of pathogenic mechanisms underlying adverse reactions to foods and other environmental exposures it is necessary that a utilizable and cost effective technology be understood so that its application be utilized under the appropriate circumstances.
KEY LEARNING POINTS
• The natural ability of certain foods to initiate an inflammatory response and induce metabolic disruptions and counterbalancing mechanisms to prevent that
• How foods can trigger “danger signals” for the immune system
Pharmacologic vs. immunologic reactions to foods
• Is there a common final pathway of all these mechanisms that can reliably indicate triggers of clinical pathology?
• Cellular testing vs. serologic testing: The advantages of cellular testing
Biological diversity, or biodiversity, is the scientific term for the variety and variability of life on Earth. Biodiversity is the key indicator of the health of an ecosystem. Every living thing, including man, is involved in these complex networks of interdependent relationships, which are called ecosystems.
Like all healthy ecosystems, Richness of microbiota species characterizes the GI microbiome in healthy individuals. Conversely, a loss in species diversity is a common finding in several disease states. Microbiota Biodiversity helps us : 1- Combat aggressions from other microorganisms, 2- Maintaining the wholeness of the intestinal mucosa. 3- Plays an important role in the immune system, 4- Performing a barrier effect.5- A healthy and balanced gut microbiota is key to ensuring proper digestive functioning. A gut out of balance means a body out of balance which means illness including Inflammation, Allergies, Infections, Nutrient deficiencies, Weight Gain, Asthma-allergies – Autoimmunity
• Arthritis, Metabolic Bone disease, Skin problems e.g. eczema, rosacia, Mood disorders - Cognitive decline-Alzheimers and Cancer.
The Human Microbiome Project (HMP) was a United States National Institutes of Health (NIH) research initiative to improve understanding of the microbial flora involved in human health and disease.
Hervé Blottiere-El impacto de las ciencias ómicas en la medicina, la nutrició...Fundación Ramón Areces
El 29 de marzo de 2016 celebramos un Simposio Internacional sobre el 'Impacto de las ciencias ómicas en la medicina, nutrición y biotecnología'. Organizado por la Fundación Ramón Areces en colaboración con la Real Academia Nacional de Medicina y BioEuroLatina, abordó cómo un mejor conocimiento del genoma humano está permitiendo notables avances hacia una medicina de precisión.
VHIR Seminar led by Joel Doré. Research Director. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA). Jouy-en-Josas, France.
Abstract: The human intestinal tract harbours a complex microbial ecosystem which plays a key role in nutrition and health. Interactions between food constituents, microbes and the host organism derive from a long co-evolution that resulted in a mutualistic association.
Current investigations into the human faecal metagenome are delivering an extensive gene repertoire representative of functional potentials of the human intestinal microbiota. The most redundant genomic traits of the human intestinal microbiota are identified and thereby its functional balance. These observation point towards the existence of enterotypes, i.e. microbiota sharing specific traits but yet independent of geographic origin, age, sex etc.. It also shows a unique segregation of the human population into individuals with low versus high gene-counts. In the end, it not only gives an unprecedented view of the intestinal microbiota, but it also significantly expands our ability to look for specificities of the microbiota associated with human diseases and to ultimately validate microbial signatures of prognostic and diagnostic value in immune mediated diseases.
Metagenomics of the human intestinal tract was applied to specifically compare obese versus lean individuals as well as to explore the dynamic changes associated with a severe calory-restricted diet. Microbiota structure differs with body-mass index and a limited set of marker species may be used as diagnostic model with a >85% predictive value. Among obese subjects; the overall phenotypic characteristics are worse in individuals with low gene counts microbiota, including a worse evolution of morphometric parameters over a period of 10 years, a low grade inflammatory context also associated with insulin-resistance, and the worst response to dietary constraints in terms of weight loss or improvement of biological and inflammatory characteristics. Low gene count microbiota is also associated with less favourable conditions in inflammatory bowel disease, such as higher relapse rate in ulcerative colitis patients.
Finally, microbiota transplantation has seen a regain of interest with applications expanding from Clostridium difficile infections to immune mediated and metabolic diseases.
The human intestinal microbiota should hence be regarded as a true organ, amenable to rationally designed modulation for human health.
Food allergy has been long recognized and well documented. Other adverse reactions to foods first referred to as “toxic idiopathies” by John Freeman, co inventor of immunotherapy, at the early part of the 1900s can be mediated by and have their impact on the nervous and endocrine systems. It can also be mediated by pharmacologic mechanisms and can also affect any part of the body. There’s a great clinical need to accurately identify triggers of adverse reactivity as they have now been linked with even the most serious of modern maladies and diseases. In fact, inflammation is the hallmark of metabolic syndrome. Given the multitude of pathogenic mechanisms underlying adverse reactions to foods and other environmental exposures it is necessary that a utilizable and cost effective technology be understood so that its application be utilized under the appropriate circumstances.
KEY LEARNING POINTS
• The natural ability of certain foods to initiate an inflammatory response and induce metabolic disruptions and counterbalancing mechanisms to prevent that
• How foods can trigger “danger signals” for the immune system
Pharmacologic vs. immunologic reactions to foods
• Is there a common final pathway of all these mechanisms that can reliably indicate triggers of clinical pathology?
• Cellular testing vs. serologic testing: The advantages of cellular testing
Biological diversity, or biodiversity, is the scientific term for the variety and variability of life on Earth. Biodiversity is the key indicator of the health of an ecosystem. Every living thing, including man, is involved in these complex networks of interdependent relationships, which are called ecosystems.
Like all healthy ecosystems, Richness of microbiota species characterizes the GI microbiome in healthy individuals. Conversely, a loss in species diversity is a common finding in several disease states. Microbiota Biodiversity helps us : 1- Combat aggressions from other microorganisms, 2- Maintaining the wholeness of the intestinal mucosa. 3- Plays an important role in the immune system, 4- Performing a barrier effect.5- A healthy and balanced gut microbiota is key to ensuring proper digestive functioning. A gut out of balance means a body out of balance which means illness including Inflammation, Allergies, Infections, Nutrient deficiencies, Weight Gain, Asthma-allergies – Autoimmunity
• Arthritis, Metabolic Bone disease, Skin problems e.g. eczema, rosacia, Mood disorders - Cognitive decline-Alzheimers and Cancer.
Epigenetics, the microbiome and the environmentfathi neana
An epigenome consists of a record of the chemical changes to the DNA and histone proteins of an organism. These changes can be passed down to an organism's offspring via transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. Epigenetics, Gut microbiome and the Environment interplay like a vicious triad.
1- The epigenome is highly sensitive to external environment
2- The epigenome is highly sensitive to internal environment (Microbiome)
3- The microbiome (internal environment) is affected by the external environment
Care of the microbiome seems to be a personal issue but as it is affected by the external environment the issue must be global and a worldwide campaign have to be started.
During the 5th Yogurt Summit, held in Buenos Aires during ICN2017, Professor Sharon Donovan (University of California, Davis, USA) explained why gut microbiota are recognised today as the intersection between diet and health.
A Power point presentation on Scope of microbiology. In this ppt I had covered four major fields of microbiology.
Hope you guys like it and it will give you enough information about the topic to prepare for your seminar.
Please send feedback.
Contact us on 13aquibraz@gmail.com
Human Gut Mycobiota is still a mistery for us. Most of the reasearch on this topichas been conducted in the last 5 years. We are starting to comprehend the interactions with our gastrointestinal system and the virus and bacterial communities. 13% of gut microbiota in weight, about 150 species; most of them can shift from commensalism to virulent parassitosis according to our immune competence. Gut fungal overgrowth is actually underestimated in dignaosis and treatment. Many FGIDS and SIBO are frequently mixed bacteral and fungal dysbiosis
Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Immune ResponseQIAGEN
The research community has begun correlating the makeup of individual microbiomes with disorders and diseases such as obesity, atherosclerosis and cancer. To accomplish this, researchers must first identify and characterize these microbial communities and understand the complex immune interactions between host and pathogen. This webinar provides you with a complete overview of the microbiome, metagenomics and host-pathogen interactions. Experimental strategies, from sample to insight, which can facilitate your microbiology and immunology research, are highlighted.
Microbiology Medical Subject Department Development - www.biomed.fitBiomed Fit
Microorganism is the general term for all tiny microorganisms that are invisible or invisible to the naked eye. The structure is relatively simple, the individual is small (generally <0.1mm), and can be divided into prokaryotes, eukaryotes and non-cells according to their evolution level and traits
The process of human understanding of microorganisms
The hard-to-understand microbial world
Microbiology is a branch of biology that deals with organisms too small to be seen without magnification. It is the study of microorganisms, which are organisms such as bacteria, parasites, viruses, yeasts, molds, etc. that are so small they can only be seen using a microscope. Food microbiology is concerned with the effects microbes or organisms can have on the quality and safety of food products. This paper presents a brief introduction on food microbiology. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Tolulope J. Ashaolu | Sarhan M. Musa ""Food Microbiology"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23951.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/food-science/23951/food-microbiology/matthew-n-o-sadiku
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It is also important that everyone feels informed about how the increase in knowledge about cell biology could affect him or her and society in general. Society will have to make informed decisions about such things as growing organs for transplanting into humans and, in those areas where vitamin ‘A’ deficiency causes blindness, growing rice modified to produce the vitamin.
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Similar to MBB611 Microbiome signature and application (20)
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
3. Introduction
• Definitions
Microbiota: collective microorganisms
residing in an environmental niche.
Microbiome 1: the collective genome of
the microbiota
Microbiome 2: microorganisms that,
under normal conditions, exist in
symbiotic and pathogenic harmony with
their host or environment.
‘‘ Microbiota is largely synonymous to
microbiome’’ 3
5. Example: The gut microbiome means
collective genome of microbes inhabiting
the gut including bacteria, archaea,
viruses, and fungi.
Microbiome signatures are set of genes,
proteins or other variables that can be
used as a marker for particular
microbiota.
Eg 16s rRNA, molecular barcode genes
5
7. The gastrointestinal microbiome
Characteristics
• 1014 microorganisms (~1012/ml)
• Approximately 10 times more than human cells
• Collective genome (microbiome): 4 × 106 genes
• Between 300-1000 unique species
• Mostly bacteria, but also fungi, protozoa and
archaea
Considered to be ‘‘the forgotten organ’’
• Important metabolic activities
• Eg. Fermentation, vitamin synthesis, bile acid
breakdown
• Emerging evidence of key role in host immune
function 7
8. Microbiome cont.
The colonization of the intestine begins
at birth and influenced by vaginal or C-
section birth.
Microbiota changes with exposure to
various environmental factors during
maturation.
8
9. Microbiome cont.
Each individual has a unique microbiota,
though approximately one-third of the species
are common across most humans.
Human microbiome are influenced by hygiene,
diet, geographical locations, and host
genotype, antibiotics, sex hormones and age.
The microbiota has coevolved with the human
body and is critical to human health
9
10. The gastrointestinal microbiome: Role
in health and disease
Metabolism
• Fermentation, vitamin synthesis
Suppression of pathogenic microbes
• Eg. Clostridium difficile managed by competitive exclusion
Host immune function
• Key to development and function of mucosal immune
system
• Expression of host toll like receptors, important for host
repair of injury inducive damage (eg radiation)
• Modulation of immune system during development to
prevent allergies
Regulation of intestinal endocrine functions
10
11. The gastrointestinal microbiome: Role
in health and disease cont.
Emerging evidence for
complex role in disease
states
• Changes in the gut
microbiome have been
linked to inflammatory
bowel disease (IBD),
obesity, type 2 diabetes,
aging, cancer, Tumor
formation, Colitis and
Mood/Cognitive
disorders
11
12. Microbiome and inflammation
12
SOURCE: Taneja, V. (2017). Microbiome. Principles of Gender-Specific
Medicine, 569–583. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803506-1.00027-9
13. How to study the microbiome
1. Culture dependent microbiology
• Culturing and DNA sequencing by Sanger (1977) using
SSU rRNA genes
2.Culture independent approach microbiology
• Without culturing (anaerobic microbiota has been
difficult to culture)
• Use of metagenomics and other omics approaches
without culturing (unculturable bacteria)
• Went beyond use of SSU rRNA and molecular barcode
genes into whole genome sequencing
13
14. 16s based Vs shotgun metagenomics
approach
14
SOURCE: GOOGLE IMAGES
15. How to study the microbiome cont.
Main tool is high throughput DNA sequencing
technology
DNA extracted, sequenced, identified and then
cross referenced to inter taxonomy and/or
function
15SOURCE: GOOGLE IMAGES
17. Conclusion
A combination of omics data including
metagenomic, metabolomic,
transcriptomic, and proteomics will help
define types and the function of the gut
microbiome in link with nature of
disease.
Can also be used is assessment of health
status, studying coevolution and
forecasting health of an individuals
17
18. References
Edward ishiguro, Natasha Haskey and Kristina Campbell
(2018) Chapter 1. An overview of the human
microbiome.ISBN 9780128105412. Page 1-16
Handelsman, J., 2004. Metagenomics: application of
genomics to uncultured microorganisms. Microbiol. Mol. Biol.
Rev. 68 (4), 669–685. Available from:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15590779.
Taneja, V. (2017). Microbiome. Principles of Gender-Specific
Medicine, 569–583. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803506-1.00027-
9
Veena Taneja, (2017). Microbiome in Principles of Gender-
Specific Medicine (Third Edition),
Yongqun He. (2015). Bacterial Whole-Genome Determination
and Applications, in Molecular Medical Microbiology (Second
Edition),
18