Mba 1 me u 2.4 pricing stratagy
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This document discusses various pricing strategies that can be used by companies. It outlines penetration pricing, where a low initial price is used to gain market share, and market skimming, where a high initial price is used for products with short lifecycles. It also discusses value pricing based on customer perceptions, loss leaders where goods are priced below cost to attract customers, and psychological pricing techniques. Marginal cost pricing, contribution pricing, target pricing, and cost-plus pricing approaches are also summarized. The document stresses that pricing decisions should consider price elasticity and the impact of price changes on sales revenue.
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pricing strategy presentation.pptx
This document discusses pricing strategies that businesses can use. It begins by defining price and pricing strategy. It then lists objectives that pricing strategies may aim to achieve, such as maximizing profits or increasing market share. Next, it outlines factors that influence pricing decisions, like costs and demand. The document proceeds to explain different types of pricing strategies including skimming, penetration pricing, value pricing, and cost-plus pricing. It concludes that setting clear pricing objectives is important for developing effective marketing strategies.
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Price is determined by several factors including costs, customer perceived value, and competition. There are three main approaches to pricing: cost-based pricing which adds a markup to costs, value-based pricing based on customer perceptions, and competition-based pricing which matches competitors' prices. Other pricing strategies include penetration pricing to gain market share, market skimming to extract profits from early adopters, loss leader pricing to attract customers, and psychological pricing to influence perceptions. Product line, bundle, and segmented pricing are also used to target different customer groups.
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- The complexity of international physical distribution due to factors like distance, exchange rate fluctuations, and regulations.
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- Sourcing strategies and managing international distribution channels.
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- Barriers to entry protect incumbent firms by making entry difficult for new competitors.
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This document discusses economies and diseconomies of scale. Economies of scale refer to reductions in average costs as operations increase in scale, including financial, managerial, marketing, and purchasing economies. Diseconomies of scale are factors that cause average costs to rise with scale, such as poor communication between managers and employees, worker demotivation, and poor organizational control as the number of departments and units increases. The document emphasizes the importance of understanding both economies and diseconomies of scale.
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This document discusses pricing strategies that businesses can use. It begins by defining price and pricing strategy. It then lists objectives that pricing strategies may aim to achieve, such as maximizing profits or increasing market share. Next, it outlines factors that influence pricing decisions, like costs and demand. The document proceeds to explain different types of pricing strategies including skimming, penetration pricing, value pricing, and cost-plus pricing. It concludes that setting clear pricing objectives is important for developing effective marketing strategies.
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1. Price is determined by what customers are willing to exchange to obtain a product, which may include money, goods, services or other valuable considerations.
2. Setting price involves estimating demand, determining costs, and selecting an appropriate price point based on objectives and constraints. Key factors include demand elasticity, competitors' prices, and customers' perceived value.
3. Pricing strategies can be based on costs, demand factors, or competitors, and involve techniques like cost-plus pricing, value-based pricing, price bundling or discounts. Psychological pricing tactics also influence customers' perceptions of quality and value.
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Penetration pricing involves setting a low initial price to gain market share for products with long life cycles, like food items. Market skimming uses high initial prices for products with short life cycles or impending competition. Value pricing sets prices according to customer perceptions of worth. Loss leaders are goods sold at a loss to attract customers who will buy other profitable items.
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Cost-based pricing methods include mark-up pricing, absorption cost pricing, target rate of return pricing, and marginal cost pricing. Demand-based pricing methods are determined by what the traffic can bear, skimming pricing, and penetration pricing. Other pricing methods include competition-oriented pricing, product line pricing, tender pricing, affordability-based pricing, and differentiated pricing. Pricing strategies must be appropriate for achieving the desired objectives of the firm.
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There are several pricing strategies that can be used including penetration pricing, market skimming, value pricing, loss leader pricing, and psychological pricing. Penetration pricing uses a low initial price to gain market share, while market skimming uses a high initial price for products with short lifecycles. Other strategies include using perceived value to set prices, pricing some products below cost to attract customers, and playing on consumer perceptions with pricing like $9.99 instead of $10. Pricing must also consider factors like elasticity, costs, targets, and competitors.
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This document discusses pricing strategies and considerations for establishing prices. It covers factors to consider like marketing objectives and costs. It also discusses different pricing approaches such as cost-based pricing, value-based pricing, and competition-based pricing. Specific strategies are outlined, like market skimming for new products or discount pricing. The conclusion emphasizes that pricing must support the overall marketing strategy and objectives.
Marketing - Pricing
The document discusses pricing strategies, methods, and tactics. It provides an overview of how economists, accountants, customers, and marketers view price. Key factors that affect price are discussed such as costs, competition, demand, and objectives. Common pricing methods include market-based pricing using customer value and competitors' prices, and cost-based pricing using full costs, markups, and contributions. Pricing strategies aim to achieve objectives over the medium-long term and include skimming, penetration, leadership, and discrimination. Tactics are short term and include loss leaders, wars, and promotions. Demand elasticity measures responsiveness to price changes.
Pricing methods
Cost-based pricing methods include mark-up pricing, absorption cost pricing, target rate of return pricing, and marginal cost pricing. Demand-based pricing methods are determined by what the market will bear and include skimming pricing, penetration pricing, and competition-oriented pricing like premium, discounted, and parity pricing. Other methods are product line pricing, tender pricing, affordability-based pricing, and differentiated pricing.
Understanding Pricing Strategies
The document discusses factors that influence demand and the downward sloping demand curve. It explains that as price increases, consumers will substitute to other goods (substitution effect) and have less income to purchase all goods (income effect), leading to a reduction in quantity demanded. Various pricing strategies are then outlined such as penetrating the market with low prices, skimming by charging high prices initially, and pricing according to perceived value.
Mm unit 3point2
Pricing is a key element in determining the profitability and success of a business. The price must be set correctly - if too high, demand may decrease and the product may be priced out of the market, but if too low, revenue may not cover costs. Pricing strategies should consider the product lifecycle stage, costs, competitors, and demand factors. Common pricing methods include penetration pricing for new products, market skimming for premium products, value pricing based on perceived worth, and cost-plus pricing which adds a markup to costs. Price affects demand through price elasticity, with elastic demand more sensitive to price changes.
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Rai University provides high quality education for MSc, Law, Mechanical Engineering, BBA, MSc, Computer Science, Microbiology, Hospital Management, Health Management and IT Engineering.
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This document discusses marketing channels and channel management. It defines marketing channels as sets of interdependent organizations that make a product available for use. Channels perform important functions like information gathering, stimulating purchases, negotiating prices, ordering, financing inventory, storage, and payment. Channel design considers customer expectations, objectives, constraints, alternatives that are evaluated. Channel management includes selecting, training, motivating, and evaluating channel members. Channels are dynamic and can involve vertical, horizontal, and multi-channel systems. Conflicts between channels must be managed to balance cooperation and competition.
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The document discusses various aspects of branding such as definitions of a brand, brand positioning, brand name selection, brand sponsorship, brand development strategies like line extensions and brand extensions, challenges in branding, importance of packaging, labeling, and universal product codes. It provides examples of well-known brands and analyzes their branding strategies. The key points covered are creating emotional value for customers, building relationships and loyalty, using brands to project aspirational lifestyles and values to command premium prices.
Mm unit 2point2
This document outlines the key stages in the new product development (NPD) process. It begins with generating ideas for new products, which can come from internal or external sources. Ideas are then screened using criteria like market size and development costs. Successful concepts are developed and test marketed to customers. If testing goes well, the product proceeds to commercialization with a full market launch. The NPD process helps companies focus their resources on projects most likely to be rewarding and brings new products to market more quickly. It describes common challenges in NPD like defining specifications and managing resources and timelines, and how to overcome them through planning and cross-functional involvement.
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A product is an item offered for sale that can be physical or virtual. It has a life cycle and may need to be adapted over time to remain relevant. A product needs to serve a purpose, function well, and be effectively communicated to users. It also requires a name to help it stand out.
A product hierarchy has multiple levels from core needs down to specific items. These include the need, product family, class, line, type, and item or stock keeping unit.
Products go through a life cycle with stages of development, introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. Marketing strategies must adapt to each stage such as heavy promotion and price changes in introduction and maturity.
Mm unit 1point3
This document discusses barriers between marketing researchers and managerial decision makers. It identifies three types of barriers: behavioral, process, and organizational. Specific behavioral barriers discussed include confirmatory bias, the difficulty balancing creativity and data, and the newcomer syndrome. Process barriers include unsuccessful problem definition and research rigidity. Organizational barriers include misuse of information asymmetries. The document also discusses ethical issues in marketing research such as deceptive practices, invasion of privacy, and breaches of confidentiality.
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The document discusses best practices for organizing, writing, and presenting a marketing research report. It provides guidance on structuring the report with appropriate headings, formatting the introduction and conclusion/recommendation sections, effectively utilizing visuals like tables and graphs, and tips for an ethical and impactful oral presentation of the findings. The goal is to clearly communicate the research results and insights to the client to inform their decision-making.
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This document discusses marketing research and its key steps and methods. Marketing research involves collecting, analyzing and communicating information to make informed marketing decisions. There are 5 key steps in marketing research: 1) define the problem, 2) collect data, 3) analyze and interpret data, 4) reach a conclusion, 5) implement the research. Common data collection methods include interviews, surveys, observations, and experiments. The data is then analyzed using statistical techniques like frequency, percentages, and means to interpret the findings and their implications for marketing decisions.
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The government requires public revenue to fund its political, social, and economic activities. There are three main sources of public revenue: tax revenue, non-tax revenue, and capital receipts. Tax revenue is collected through direct taxes like income tax, which are paid directly to the government, and indirect taxes like sales tax, where the burden can be shifted to other parties. Non-tax revenue sources include profits from public enterprises, railways, postal services, and the Reserve Bank of India. While taxes provide wide coverage and influence production, they can also reduce incentives to work and increase inequality.
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Public expenditure has increasingly grown over time to fulfill three main roles: protecting society, protecting individuals, and funding public works. The growth can be attributed to several causes like increased income, welfare state ideology, effects of war, increased resources and ability to finance expenditures, inflation, and effects of democracy, socialism, and development. There are also canons that govern public spending like benefits, economy, and approval by authorities. The effects of public expenditure include impacts on consumption, production through efficiency, incentives and allocation, and distribution of resources.
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Public finance involves the taxing and spending activities of government. It focuses on the microeconomic functions of government and examines taxes and spending. Government ideology can view the community or individual as most important. In the US, the federal government has more spending flexibility than states. Government spending has increased significantly as a percentage of GDP from 1929 to 2001. Major items of federal spending have shifted from defense to entitlements like Social Security and Medicare. Revenues mainly come from individual income taxes, payroll taxes, and corporate taxes at the federal level and property, sales, and income taxes at the state and local levels.
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This document provides an introduction to macroeconomics. It defines macroeconomics as the study of national economies and the policies that governments use to affect economic performance. It discusses key issues macroeconomists address such as economic growth, business cycles, unemployment, inflation, international trade, and macroeconomic policies. It also outlines different macroeconomic theories including classical, Keynesian, and unified approaches.
Bsc agri 2 pae u-3.1 marketstructure
Market structure identifies how a market is composed in terms of the number of firms, nature of products, degree of monopoly power, and barriers to entry. Markets range from perfect competition to pure monopoly based on imperfections. The level of competition affects consumer benefits and firm behavior. While models simplify reality, they provide benchmarks to analyze real world situations, where regulation may influence firm actions.
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This document discusses the concept of perfect competition in economics. It defines perfect competition as a market with many small firms, identical products, free entry and exit of firms, and complete information. The document outlines the key features of perfect competition including: a large number of buyers and sellers, homogeneous products, no barriers to entry or exit, and profit maximization by firms. It also discusses the short run and long run equilibrium of a perfectly competitive firm, including cases where firms experience super normal profits, normal profits, or losses.
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This document discusses different forms of business organization including sole proprietorship, partnership, Hindu Undivided Family (HUF), corporation, and cooperative societies. It focuses on sole proprietorship and partnership. For sole proprietorship, it describes the meaning, features, advantages including no income tax for the business, and disadvantages like unlimited liability and limited financial resources. For partnership, it defines the meaning, features like at least two members and lawful business, types of partners, and that liability is unlimited.
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Mba 1 me u 2.4 pricing stratagy
- 1. Course: MBA-1 Subject: ME Unit:2.4 Pricing Strategies
- 4. Penetration Pricing • Price set to ‘penetrate the market’ • ‘Low’ price to secure high volumes • Typical in mass market products – chocolate bars, food stuffs, household goods, etc. • Suitable for products with long anticipated life cycles • May be useful if launching into a new market
- 6. Market Skimming • High price, Low volumes • Skim the profit from the market • Suitable for products that have short life cycles or which will face competition at some point in the future (e.g. after a patent runs out) • Examples include: Playstation, jewellery, digital technology, new DVDs, etc. Many are predicting a firesale in laptops as supply exceeds demand. Copyright: iStock.com
- 8. Value Pricing • Price set in accordance with customer perceptions about the value of the product/service • Examples include status products/exclusive products Companies may be able to set prices according to perceived value. Copyright: iStock.com
- 9. Loss Leader
- 10. Loss Leader • Goods/services deliberately sold below cost to encourage sales elsewhere • Typical in supermarkets, e.g. at Christmas, selling bottles of gin at £3 in the hope that people will be attracted to the store and buy other things • Purchases of other items more than covers ‘loss’ on item sold • e.g. ‘Free’ mobile phone when taking on contract package
- 12. Psychological Pricing • Used to play on consumer perceptions • Classic example - £9.99 instead of £10.99! • Links with value pricing – high value goods priced according to what consumers THINK should be the price
- 13. Going Rate (Price Leadership)
- 14. Going Rate (Price Leadership) • In case of price leader, rivals have difficulty in competing on price – too high and they lose market share, too low and the price leader would match price and force smaller rival out of market • May follow pricing leads of rivals especially where those rivals have a clear dominance of market share • Where competition is limited, ‘going rate’ pricing may be applicable – banks, petrol, supermarkets, electrical goods – find very similar prices in all outlets
- 15. Tender Pricing
- 16. Tender Pricing • Many contracts awarded on a tender basis • Firm (or firms) submit their price for carrying out the work • Purchaser then chooses which represents best value • Mostly done in secret
- 18. Price Discrimination • Charging a different price for the same good/service in different markets • Requires each market to be impenetrable • Requires different price elasticity of demand in each market Prices for rail travel differ for the same journey at different times of the day Copyright: iStock.com
- 20. Destroyer/Predatory Pricing • Deliberate price cutting or offer of ‘free gifts/products’ to force rivals (normally smaller and weaker) out of business or prevent new entrants • Anti-competitive and illegal if it can be proved
- 22. Absorption/Full Cost Pricing • Full Cost Pricing – attempting to set price to cover both fixed and variable costs • Absorption Cost Pricing – Price set to ‘absorb’ some of the fixed costs of production
- 24. Marginal Cost Pricing • Marginal cost – the cost of producing ONE extra or ONE fewer item of production • MC pricing – allows flexibility • Particularly relevant in transport where fixed costs may be relatively high • Allows variable pricing structure – e.g. on a flight from London to New York – providing the cost of the extra passenger is covered, the price could be varied a good deal to attract customers and fill the aircraft
- 26. Contribution Pricing • Contribution = Selling Price – Variable (direct costs) • Prices set to ensure coverage of variable costs and a ‘contribution’ to the fixed costs • Similar in principle to marginal cost pricing • Break-even analysis might be useful in such circumstances
- 27. Target Pricing
- 28. Target Pricing • Setting price to ‘target’ a specified profit level • Estimates of the cost and potential revenue at different prices, and thus the break-even have to be made, to determine the price
- 30. Cost-Plus Pricing • Calculation of the average cost (AC) • AC = Total Cost/Output
- 32. Influence of Elasticity • Any pricing decision must be mindful of the impact of price elasticity • The degree of price elasticity impacts on the level of sales and hence revenue • Elasticity focuses on proportionate (percentage) changes • PED = % Change in Quantity demanded/% Change in Price
- 33. • Source: • Manquee book managerial economics. • www.Slideshare.com • www.Wikipedia.com • www.Google.com