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Different Pricing Strategies
Pricing
Strategies
market
skimming
value pricing
loss leader
psychological
pricing
competitor
pricing
predatory
pricing
cost-plus
pricing
penetration
pricing
contribution
pricing
Penetration Pricing
Pricing
Strategies
market
skimming
value pricing
loss leader
psychological
pricing
competitor
pricing
predatory
pricing
cost-plus
pricing
penetration
pricing
contribution
pricing
Penetration Pricing
โ€ข Prices set to โ€˜penetrate the marketโ€™
โ€ข โ€˜Lowโ€™ price to secure high volumes
โ€ข Typical in mass market products โ€“ chocolate bars,
food stuffs, household goods, etc.
โ€ข Suitable for products with long anticipated life cycles
โ€ข May be useful if launching into a new market
Market Skimming
Pricing
Strategies
market
skimming
value pricing
loss leader
psychological
pricing
competitor
pricing
predatory
pricing
cost-plus
pricing
penetration
pricing
contribution
pricing
Market Skimming
โ€ข High price, Low volumes
โ€ข Skim the profit from the market
โ€ข Suitable for products that have short
life cycles or which will face
competition at some point in the
future (e.g. after a patent runs out)
โ€ข Examples include: Playstation,
jewellery, digital technology, new
DVDs, innovations and First to
Market products etc.
Value Pricing
Pricing
Strategies
market
skimming
value
pricing โ€“
based on
perceived value
loss leader
psychological
pricing
competitor
pricing
predatory
pricing
cost-plus
pricing
penetration
pricing
contribution
pricing
Value Pricing
โ€ข Price set in accordance
with customer
perceptions about the
value of the
product/service
โ€ข Examples include status
products/exclusive
products /art pieces Companies may be able to set prices
according to perceived value.
Copyright: iStock.com
Loss Leader
Pricing
Strategies
market
skimming
value pricing
loss
leader โ€“
sold at cost or
below to attract
buyers
psychological
pricing
competitor
pricing
predatory
pricing
cost-plus
pricing
penetration
pricing
contribution
pricing
Loss Leader
โ€ข Goods/services deliberately sold below cost to
encourage sales elsewhere
โ€ข Typical in supermarkets, e.g. at Christmas, selling
bottles of gin at R30 in the hope that people will be
attracted to the store and buy other things
โ€ข Purchases of other items more than covers โ€˜lossโ€™ on
item sold
โ€ข e.g. โ€˜Freeโ€™ mobile phone when taking on contract
package
Psychological Pricing
Pricing
Strategies
market
skimming
value pricing
loss leader
psychological
pricing eg R19.99
competitor
pricing
predatory
pricing
cost-plus
pricing
penetration
pricing
contribution
pricing
Psychological Pricing
โ€ข Used to play on consumer perceptions
โ€ข Classic example - R9.99 instead of R10.99!
โ€ข Links with value pricing โ€“ high value goods
priced according to what consumers THINK
should be the price
Competitor Pricing(Going Rate)
Pricing
Strategies
market
skimming
value pricing
loss leader
psychological
pricing
competitor
pricing
predatory
pricing
cost-plus
pricing
penetration
pricing
contribution
pricing
Competitor Pricing (Going Rate)
โ€ข In case of a price leader, rivals have difficulty in competing on
price โ€“ too high and they lose market share, too low and the
price leader would match price and force smaller rival out of
market
โ€ข In this strategy, we are compelled to follow pricing leads of
rivals especially where those rivals have a clear dominance of
market share
โ€ข Where competition is limited, โ€˜going rateโ€™ pricing may be
applicable โ€“ banks, petrol, supermarkets, electrical goods โ€“
find very similar prices in all outlets
Predatory Pricing
Pricing
Strategies
market
skimming
value pricing
loss leader
psychological
pricing
competitor
pricing
predatory
pricing
cost-plus
pricing
penetration
pricing
contribution
pricing
Destroyer/Predatory Pricing
โ€ข Deliberate price cutting or offer of โ€˜free
gifts/productsโ€™ to force rivals (normally smaller
and weaker) out of business or prevent new
entrants
โ€ข Flooding the market with cheap (often imported)
goods
โ€ข Anti-competitive and illegal if it can be proved
Contribution Pricing
Pricing
Strategies
market
skimming
value pricing
loss leader
psychological
pricing
competitor
pricing
predatory
pricing
cost-plus
pricing
penetration
pricing
contribution
pricing
Contribution Pricing
โ€ข Contribution = Selling Price โ€“ Variable (direct costs)
โ€ข Prices set to ensure coverage of variable costs and a
โ€˜contributionโ€™ to the fixed costs/overheads
โ€ข Similar in principle to cost-plus pricing
โ€ข Every product sold gives back a contribution towards
covering the running costs of the business
โ€ข Break-even analysis might be useful in such
circumstances
Cost-Plus Pricing
Pricing
Strategies
market
skimming
value pricing
loss leader
psychological
pricing
competitor
pricing
predatory
pricing
cost-plus
pricing
penetration
pricing
contribution
pricing
Cost-Plus Pricing
โ€ข The cost of the product + mark-up = selling price.
โ€ข You can do this by using a fixed percentage
(150%, 200%) or a fixed markup (R10, R50, R500)
โ€ข The advantage of this method is that you are able
to calculate your expected profit level very easily.
โ€ข The disadvantage is that it may be less, or more,
than customers are willing to pay and, most
importantly, some hidden costs may be forgotten
and so the actual profit is less than you think (or
even a loss)
Influence of Elasticity
Price Elasticity:
โ€ข Price elasticity of demand (PED) is defined as the
measure of responsiveness in the quantity demanded
for a commodity as a result of change in price of the
same commodity.
โ€ข e.g. A 4% rise in price would lead to sales falling by
something more than 4%
โ€“ Revenue would fall
โ€ข e.g. A 9% fall in price would lead to a rise in sales of
something more than 9%
โ€“ Revenue would rise

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Pricing strategies

  • 3. Penetration Pricing Pricing Strategies market skimming value pricing loss leader psychological pricing competitor pricing predatory pricing cost-plus pricing penetration pricing contribution pricing
  • 4. Penetration Pricing โ€ข Prices set to โ€˜penetrate the marketโ€™ โ€ข โ€˜Lowโ€™ price to secure high volumes โ€ข Typical in mass market products โ€“ chocolate bars, food stuffs, household goods, etc. โ€ข Suitable for products with long anticipated life cycles โ€ข May be useful if launching into a new market
  • 5. Market Skimming Pricing Strategies market skimming value pricing loss leader psychological pricing competitor pricing predatory pricing cost-plus pricing penetration pricing contribution pricing
  • 6. Market Skimming โ€ข High price, Low volumes โ€ข Skim the profit from the market โ€ข Suitable for products that have short life cycles or which will face competition at some point in the future (e.g. after a patent runs out) โ€ข Examples include: Playstation, jewellery, digital technology, new DVDs, innovations and First to Market products etc.
  • 7. Value Pricing Pricing Strategies market skimming value pricing โ€“ based on perceived value loss leader psychological pricing competitor pricing predatory pricing cost-plus pricing penetration pricing contribution pricing
  • 8. Value Pricing โ€ข Price set in accordance with customer perceptions about the value of the product/service โ€ข Examples include status products/exclusive products /art pieces Companies may be able to set prices according to perceived value. Copyright: iStock.com
  • 9. Loss Leader Pricing Strategies market skimming value pricing loss leader โ€“ sold at cost or below to attract buyers psychological pricing competitor pricing predatory pricing cost-plus pricing penetration pricing contribution pricing
  • 10. Loss Leader โ€ข Goods/services deliberately sold below cost to encourage sales elsewhere โ€ข Typical in supermarkets, e.g. at Christmas, selling bottles of gin at R30 in the hope that people will be attracted to the store and buy other things โ€ข Purchases of other items more than covers โ€˜lossโ€™ on item sold โ€ข e.g. โ€˜Freeโ€™ mobile phone when taking on contract package
  • 11. Psychological Pricing Pricing Strategies market skimming value pricing loss leader psychological pricing eg R19.99 competitor pricing predatory pricing cost-plus pricing penetration pricing contribution pricing
  • 12. Psychological Pricing โ€ข Used to play on consumer perceptions โ€ข Classic example - R9.99 instead of R10.99! โ€ข Links with value pricing โ€“ high value goods priced according to what consumers THINK should be the price
  • 13. Competitor Pricing(Going Rate) Pricing Strategies market skimming value pricing loss leader psychological pricing competitor pricing predatory pricing cost-plus pricing penetration pricing contribution pricing
  • 14. Competitor Pricing (Going Rate) โ€ข In case of a price leader, rivals have difficulty in competing on price โ€“ too high and they lose market share, too low and the price leader would match price and force smaller rival out of market โ€ข In this strategy, we are compelled to follow pricing leads of rivals especially where those rivals have a clear dominance of market share โ€ข Where competition is limited, โ€˜going rateโ€™ pricing may be applicable โ€“ banks, petrol, supermarkets, electrical goods โ€“ find very similar prices in all outlets
  • 15. Predatory Pricing Pricing Strategies market skimming value pricing loss leader psychological pricing competitor pricing predatory pricing cost-plus pricing penetration pricing contribution pricing
  • 16. Destroyer/Predatory Pricing โ€ข Deliberate price cutting or offer of โ€˜free gifts/productsโ€™ to force rivals (normally smaller and weaker) out of business or prevent new entrants โ€ข Flooding the market with cheap (often imported) goods โ€ข Anti-competitive and illegal if it can be proved
  • 17. Contribution Pricing Pricing Strategies market skimming value pricing loss leader psychological pricing competitor pricing predatory pricing cost-plus pricing penetration pricing contribution pricing
  • 18. Contribution Pricing โ€ข Contribution = Selling Price โ€“ Variable (direct costs) โ€ข Prices set to ensure coverage of variable costs and a โ€˜contributionโ€™ to the fixed costs/overheads โ€ข Similar in principle to cost-plus pricing โ€ข Every product sold gives back a contribution towards covering the running costs of the business โ€ข Break-even analysis might be useful in such circumstances
  • 19. Cost-Plus Pricing Pricing Strategies market skimming value pricing loss leader psychological pricing competitor pricing predatory pricing cost-plus pricing penetration pricing contribution pricing
  • 20. Cost-Plus Pricing โ€ข The cost of the product + mark-up = selling price. โ€ข You can do this by using a fixed percentage (150%, 200%) or a fixed markup (R10, R50, R500) โ€ข The advantage of this method is that you are able to calculate your expected profit level very easily. โ€ข The disadvantage is that it may be less, or more, than customers are willing to pay and, most importantly, some hidden costs may be forgotten and so the actual profit is less than you think (or even a loss)
  • 21. Influence of Elasticity Price Elasticity: โ€ข Price elasticity of demand (PED) is defined as the measure of responsiveness in the quantity demanded for a commodity as a result of change in price of the same commodity. โ€ข e.g. A 4% rise in price would lead to sales falling by something more than 4% โ€“ Revenue would fall โ€ข e.g. A 9% fall in price would lead to a rise in sales of something more than 9% โ€“ Revenue would rise