The document describes the anatomy of permanent teeth, focusing on the maxillary central and lateral incisors. It discusses the chronology of development, number of surfaces, relations to other teeth, and detailed surface anatomy of each tooth. For the central incisor, it notes it has four lobes, one root, and makes contact mesially with the other central incisor and distally with the lateral incisor. For the lateral incisor, it is similar but has a more curved incisal edge, more developed ridges and depressions, and contacts the central incisor mesially and canine distally. Both teeth have trapezoid crowns tapering to the root with characteristic elevations, depressions and

1. Permanent teethPermanent teeth

3. The ideal way to describe a toothThe ideal way to describe a tooth
It is more easier to follow these stepsIt is more easier to follow these steps::
-- ChronologyChronology (i.e. dates of events for each tooth as enamel(i.e. dates of events for each tooth as enamel
organ appearance, beginning of calcification, crownorgan appearance, beginning of calcification, crown
completed, eruption and root completed).completed, eruption and root completed).
- TypeType ( anterior or posterior)( anterior or posterior) and functionand function ( incising, holding( incising, holding
or grinding etc ….).or grinding etc ….).
- No. of lobes.No. of lobes.
- RelationsRelations ( contact with what tooth mesially and distally).( contact with what tooth mesially and distally).
- No. of surfaces.No. of surfaces.
- No. of rootNo. of root(s).(s).

4. - To describe each tooth aspect the student- To describe each tooth aspect the student
should follow the following:should follow the following:
►►Geometric outline.Geometric outline.
►►Outline.Outline.
►►Surface anatomy.Surface anatomy.
►►Root curvature.Root curvature.
►►Pulp cavity.Pulp cavity.
- No. of pulp horns, shape of pulp chamber and- No. of pulp horns, shape of pulp chamber and
no. of root canalno. of root canal(s).(s).
Trapezoid
Rhomboid
Triangle
Straight
Convex
Concave
Elevations and depressions present on the surface.

5. Maxillary Permanent IncisorsMaxillary Permanent Incisors
☻There are 4
maxillary incisors.
2 per each
quadrant.
☻2 cenrtal incisors
contact each other at
the midline.
☻2 lateral incisors
distal to the central
incisor.
1
2 1 2

6. MaxillaryMaxillary
permanentpermanent
central incisorcentral incisor

7. Maxillary Central Permanent IncisorMaxillary Central Permanent Incisor
☻There are 2 central
incisors in upper jaw.
☻The upper central
incisor is the most
broadest tooth of the
anterior teeth.

8. To describe the general characteristics of theTo describe the general characteristics of the
maxillary permanent central incisor we havemaxillary permanent central incisor we have
to follow the previous steps:to follow the previous steps:
ChronologyChronology
Appearance of the dental organ 5m.i.uAppearance of the dental organ 5m.i.u
First evidence of calcification 3-4 monthsFirst evidence of calcification 3-4 months
Enamel completed 4-5 yearsEnamel completed 4-5 years
Eruption 7-8 yearsEruption 7-8 years
Root completed 10 yearsRoot completed 10 years
Type and functionType and function
This tooth has the function of incising food as well asThis tooth has the function of incising food as well as
esthetic.esthetic.
No. of lobesNo. of lobes
It has four lobes (three mamelons and cingulum)It has four lobes (three mamelons and cingulum)

9. RelationRelation
The two central incisors make contactThe two central incisors make contact mesiallymesially withwith
each other andeach other and distallydistally with the mesial surface of thewith the mesial surface of the
lateral incisor.lateral incisor.
1 1 22

10. No. of surfacesNo. of surfaces
It has four surfaces and incisal aspect.It has four surfaces and incisal aspect.
No. of rootsNo. of roots
It has one root.It has one root.
Labial Lingual Mesial Distal
Incisal

11. Surface AnatomySurface Anatomy
Labial aspect
☻Geometrical outline of the
crown: Trapezoid
-The short side cervically
-The long side incisally
☻The outline:
-Mesial outline is slightly convex.
-Distal outline is more convex.
-Incisal outline is straight and
perpendicular to the long axis of
the tooth.
-The cervical line is convex
root-wards.
D M

12. -The mesio-incisal angle is sharp.
-The disto-incisal angle is rounded.
M.I
angle
D.I
angle
☻Surface anatomy:
-The surface is smoothly
convex, it is flattened
incisally.
-Cervical ridge located at
cervical third.
☻The root:
- It has a single root.
- It is cone shape with
blunt apex.

13. Lingual aspect
-It has the same geometrical outline
and outline as the labial surface.
M D
- The mesial and distal sides
of the crown and root
converge ligually ( the lingual
surface is narrower than the
labial surface).
- This convergence to
accommodate with the
horse shoe shaped of
the alveolar process.
The facial surface is
larger than the lingual
surface.

14. ☻Surface anatomy:
The elevations:
1-The cingulum ( present
at cervical 1/3.
2-Marginal ridges.
- Mesial marginal ridge.
- Distal marginal ridge.
- Incisal ridge.
The depressions:
- The lingual fossa ( it lies
between the previous
elevations).

15. Mesial aspect
☻Geometrical outline of the crown:
☻Triangular in shape; the base
cervically and the apex incisally.
☻The incisal ridge is on a line
that bisects the centre of the root.
☻The outline:
☻The labial outline is convex at
cervical 1/3 ( cervical ridge).
-Then become flate to the incisal ridge.
☻The lingual outline is convex at
cervical 1/3 (cingulum).
- Then concave at the lingual fossa.
- Then slightly convex for the incisal
ridge.

16. ☻The mesial cervical curvature is
convex incisally. It is greater than
any other teeth in the mouth.
☻Surface anatomy:
☻The mesial surface is convex
with the maximum convexity at the
junction of the incisal and middle
1/3s ( the contact area)
☻The root:
☻It is cone shape with blunt
apex.

17. The distal aspect
☻Similar to the mesial aspect but
differ in.
- The cervical line curvature is less
than mesial ( by 1 mm).
-The contact area located at
the middle 1/3.

18. Chronology
Appearance of the dental organ 5 m.i.u
First evidence of calcification 1 year
Enamel completed 4-5 years
Eruption 8-9 years
Root completed 11 years
Type and function
This tooth has the function of incising food as well
as esthetic.
No. of lobes
It has four lobes (three mamelons and cingulum)

19. Relation
The lateral incisor make contact mesially with the
central incisor and distally with the mesial surface of
the canine.
2 23 3

20. No. of surfaces
It has four surfaces and incisal aspect.
Labial Lingual Mesial Distal
Incisal
No. of roots
It has one root.

21. Surface AnatomySurface Anatomy
Labial aspect
☻Geometrical outline of the
crown: Trapezoid
-The short side cervically
-The long side incisally
☻The outline:
-Mesial outline is slightly convex The
crest at junction of incisal and middle
thirds.
-Distal outline is more convex.
-Incisal outline is more curved
than the central incisor.
-The cervical line is convex
root-wards.
D M

22. -The mesio-incisal angle is rounded.
-The disto-incisal angle is more rounded.
☻Surface anatomy:
-The surface is more convex
than the central incisor.
-Cervical ridge located at
cervical third.
☻The root:
- It has a single root.
- It tapers evenly to apical 1/3
, then curve distally with a
pointed apex.
D M

23. Lingual aspect
-It has the same geometrical outline
and outline as the labial surface.
M D
- The mesial and distal sides
of the crown and root
converge lingual ( the lingual
surface is narrower than the
labial surface).
- This convergence to
accommodate with the
horse shoe shaped of
the alveolar process.

24. ☻Surface anatomy:
The elevations:
1- The cingulum ( present at cervical
1/3).
2-Marginal ridges.
- Mesial marginal ridge.
- Distal marginal ridge.
- Incisal ridge.
The depressions:
- The lingual fossa ( it lies between the
previous elevations).
☻All elevations and depression are
more developed than the upper
central incisor.
-Notice the lingual pit.

25. Mesial aspect
☻Geometrical outline of the crown:
☻Triangular in shape; the base
cervically and the apex incisally.
☻The incisal ridge is on a line
that bisects the centre of the root.
☻The outline:
☻The labial outline is convex at
cervical 1/3 ( cervical ridge).
-Then become slightly convex to the
incisal ridge.
☻The lingual outline is convex at
cervical 1/3 (cingulum).
- Then concave at the lingual fossa.
- Then slightly convex for the incisal ridge.

26. ☻The mesial cervical line is
convex incisally.
☻Surface anatomy:
☻The mesial surface is convex with
the maximum convexity at the
junction of the incisal and middle 1/3s
( the contact area)
☻The root:
☻The root appears longer than
the central incisor
☻It is cone shape with blunt
apex. It has developmental
deppresion.
☻ The labio-lingual measurement is less
than the central incisor by about 1mm.

27. The distal aspect
☻Similar to the mesial aspect but
differ in.
- The cervical line curvature is less
than mesial ( by 1 mm).
-The contact area located at the
middle 1/3 (more cervially).
- It is smaller and more
convex than the mesial.

28. Incisal aspect
☻It may resemble the
central incisor or a
small canine.
☻The labio-lingual
dimension is greater in
comparison to the central
incisor.
1
☻The cingulum is
centered.

29. Malformations Of The Upper PermanentMalformations Of The Upper Permanent
Lateral IncisorLateral Incisor
Peg-shaped
lateral
incisor.
Missing lateral
incisor.
13

30. ►Mesio-distal section
-The pulp chamber is wide
conforming the shape of the
crown.
- It does not have three sharp
pulp horns.
-The root canal tapers towards
the apex.
►Labio-lingual section
-The pulp chamber
pointed incisally, then
follows the increase in
the crown dimention
cervically.
-The root canal tapers gradually
as it traverse the root ending in a
constriction at the apex (the
apical foramen).
☻Pulp cavity