Porosity
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Porosity refers to the pore space within a rock that can be occupied by fluids like water or gas. It is calculated as a percentage by dividing the pore volume by the total bulk volume of the rock. There are different types of porosity depending on when and how the pore space was formed. Porosity can be measured directly using core samples in a lab or indirectly using well logging tools. An example calculation is provided to illustrate determining porosity from measurements of a rock core sample's dimensions and vacuumed pore volume.
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Porosity and types
This presentation discusses porosity, which is the ratio of pore volume to bulk volume of a rock. Porosity is denoted by φ and expressed as a percentage. The document defines porosity and outlines factors that affect it such as particle shape, packing, sorting, and cementation. It describes two main types of porosity: primary porosity formed during deposition and secondary porosity developed after. Porosity is further divided into total, effective, micro, meso, and macro categories based on pore size. Methods for determining porosity include direct measurement of bulk and material volumes or comparing saturated and dried sample weights.
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Well logging involves lowering instruments into boreholes to record properties of rock formations. It provides critical information for oil and gas, groundwater, and mineral exploration. Key logs measure natural gamma radiation, electrical resistivity, acoustic properties, and nuclear properties like neutron count. Together these logs characterize porosity, lithology, fluid content and other formation features. Well logging has evolved significantly since the first electric log in 1927, with new tools, digital acquisition, and measurement-while-drilling capabilities. It remains a core technology for understanding subsurface geology.
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Reservoir Porosity; Porosity Definition; Types Porosity; Origins of Porosity in Clastics and Carbonates; Primary (Original) Porosity; Secondary (Induced) Porosity; Pore Space Porosity Classification; Absolute (or Total) Porosity; Effective Porosity; Porosity Calculated; Porosity Values; Porosity in Sandstone; Sandstones Porosity Types; Factors That Affect Porosity in Sandstones ; Grain Packing in Sandstone; Progressive Destruction of Bedding Through Bioturbation; Dual Porosity in Sandstone; Dissolution Porosity in Sandstone; Porosity in Carbonate; Carbonates Porosity Types; Idealized Carbonate Porosity Types; Comparison of Total and Effective Porosities; Reservoir Average Porosity; MEASUREMENT OF POROSITY
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Routine and special core analysis are two categories of core analysis. Routine core analysis provides basic properties like porosity, permeability, and saturation. Special core analysis extends this data through additional experiments to determine properties like capillary pressure, relative permeability, and wettability which are used to better understand reservoir performance. Proper handling and preservation of core samples is important to maintain their original state for accurate analysis.
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This document provides information about formation density logging. It defines formation density logging as a tool that provides a continuous record of a formation's bulk density along the length of a borehole. It is used to calculate porosity along with sonic and neutron logging. The tool works by emitting gamma rays into the formation and measuring the attenuation to determine density. Density logs are useful for determining porosity, identifying lithologies when combined with neutron logs, and detecting gas zones.
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This presentation discusses porosity, which is the ratio of pore volume to bulk volume of a rock. Porosity is denoted by φ and expressed as a percentage. The document defines porosity and outlines factors that affect it such as particle shape, packing, sorting, and cementation. It describes two main types of porosity: primary porosity formed during deposition and secondary porosity developed after. Porosity is further divided into total, effective, micro, meso, and macro categories based on pore size. Methods for determining porosity include direct measurement of bulk and material volumes or comparing saturated and dried sample weights.
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Well logging involves lowering instruments into boreholes to record properties of rock formations. It provides critical information for oil and gas, groundwater, and mineral exploration. Key logs measure natural gamma radiation, electrical resistivity, acoustic properties, and nuclear properties like neutron count. Together these logs characterize porosity, lithology, fluid content and other formation features. Well logging has evolved significantly since the first electric log in 1927, with new tools, digital acquisition, and measurement-while-drilling capabilities. It remains a core technology for understanding subsurface geology.
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Well logs provide subsurface data by measuring physical rock properties against depth. They justify the cost by determining if a well will be productive. There are common misconceptions about what logs can and cannot do. Logs have uncertainty due to tool limitations and environmental factors. Proper calibration and quality control procedures are important to improve log measurement precision and accuracy.
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Well log interpretation involves using well log data to estimate reservoir properties. It has been used since the 1920s to qualitatively identify hydrocarbons and is now a quantitative tool. A key figure was Gustavus Archie who in the 1940s established the field of petrophysics by relating well logs to core data. His work allowed properties like porosity, permeability and fluid saturation to be estimated. A presentation on well log interpretation outlined the workflow including editing logs, estimating properties like shale volume, porosity, permeability and fluid saturation, and presented two case studies analyzing different carbonate reservoirs.
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Routine and special core analysis are two categories of core analysis. Routine core analysis provides basic properties like porosity, permeability, and saturation. Special core analysis extends this data through additional experiments to determine properties like capillary pressure, relative permeability, and wettability which are used to better understand reservoir performance. Proper handling and preservation of core samples is important to maintain their original state for accurate analysis.
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This document provides information about formation density logging. It defines formation density logging as a tool that provides a continuous record of a formation's bulk density along the length of a borehole. It is used to calculate porosity along with sonic and neutron logging. The tool works by emitting gamma rays into the formation and measuring the attenuation to determine density. Density logs are useful for determining porosity, identifying lithologies when combined with neutron logs, and detecting gas zones.
Acoustic Logging
The document summarizes acoustic logging, which uses sonic tools to measure the speed of sound waves through rock formations. It discusses the principles of acoustic logging, including measuring interval transit time and classifying compressional and shear waves. It then covers the quantitative uses of calculating porosity from transit times and identifying lithology, as well as qualitative uses like fracture and secondary porosity identification.
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Porosity is a measure of the void spaces in a rock that can contain fluids. It is calculated as the ratio of pore volume to bulk volume. Effective porosity refers only to interconnected pores that can produce fluids from a well. Total porosity includes all pores, but some may be isolated. Primary porosity forms during deposition, while secondary porosity forms through geological processes after deposition. Porosity depends on factors like grain size, shape, packing, and cementation. Permeability measures a rock's ability to transmit fluids and depends on pore connectivity and size. Darcy's law describes fluid flow through porous media and permeability can be measured experimentally under steady-state conditions.
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The resistivity log measures the ability of rock formations to conduct electricity. Higher resistivity indicates water-bearing zones while lower resistivity corresponds to hydrocarbon-bearing zones. Resistivity is dependent on factors like porosity, fluid salinity, and lithology. Resistivity logs are used to identify hydrocarbon zones, permeable layers, and estimate porosity. Log interpretation provides values for parameters like porosity, water saturation, and lithology which can then be used to calculate reserves and map reservoir characteristics.
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This document provides an overview of basic well logs, including caliper logs, gamma ray logs, and formation density logs. It discusses the tools, principles, and uses of each log. Caliper logs measure borehole diameter and shape using mechanical arms. Gamma ray logs measure natural radiation from formations to indicate lithology. Formation density logs use gamma rays to measure bulk density and derive porosity, helping to identify lithologies when used with neutron logs. The document provides details on how each tool works and the information provided by its logs.
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Introduction
Petrophysic of the rocks
It is the study of the physical and chemical properties of the rocks related to the pores and fluid distribution
Porosity, is ratio between volume of void to the total voids of the rock.
Permeability, is ability of a porous material to allow fluids to pass through it.
Electric, most of the sedimentary rocks don’t have conductivity.
Radiation, clay rocks have 40K, radiate alpha ray.
Hardness, it depends on the cementing material and thickness of the sediments.
WELL LOGGING
The systematic recording of rock properties and it’s fluid contents in wells being drilled or produced to obtain various petrophysical parameters and characteristics of down hole sequences (G.E Archie 1950).
The measurement versus depth or time, or both, of one or more physical properties in a well.
These methods are particularly good when surface outcrops are not available, but a direct sample of the rock is needed to be sure of the lithology.
A wide range of physical parameters can be measured.
In some cases, the measurements are not direct, it require interpretation by analogy or by correlating values between two or more logs run in the same hole.
Provide information on lithology, boundaries of formations and stratigraphic correlation.
Determine Porosity, Permeability, water, oil and gas saturation.
Reservoir modeling and Structural studies… etc.
Types of Well Logging
Logs can be classified into several types under different category
Permeability and lithology Logs
Gamma Ray log
Self Potential [SP] log
Caliber log
Porosity Logs
Density log
Sonic log
Neutron log
Electrical Logs
Resistivity Log
For contact : omerupto3@gmail.com
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Formation evaluation and well logging are processes used to determine the properties of subsurface reservoirs and identify commercially viable oil and gas fields. Key logging tools developed over time include resistivity logs in the 1920s, dipmeters in the 1940s, gamma ray and neutron logs in the 1940s, sonic logs in the 1950s, density logs in the 1960s, and logging while drilling was introduced, allowing real-time data acquisition. The document provides a historical overview of the development of various openhole well logging tools and techniques.
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The document discusses caliper well logs, which measure the diameter and shape of boreholes. It describes how caliper tools work, including mechanical calipers with extendable arms that measure variations in borehole diameter. Common types are 2-arm, 4-arm, and ultrasonic calipers. Caliper logs present continuous borehole diameter measurements and are used to make environmental corrections to other well logs and assess lithology, permeability, and porosity.
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The formation density tool provides a continuous record of a formation's bulk density along the length of a borehole. It works by emitting gamma rays into the formation, which are scattered via Compton scattering. The density measurement is used to derive porosity, with the main advantages being it compensates for mudcake and minor borehole issues. When combined with neutron logs, it provides one of the best ways to identify lithologies in a borehole. The tool has good vertical resolution but can be impacted by borehole quality, drilling mud properties, and shale content.
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This document discusses well logging techniques used to determine rock properties. It describes how porosity, permeability, and fluid content can be measured through different logging methods, including gamma ray, resistivity, density, and sonic logs. Well logs provide critical information on lithology, stratigraphy, porosity, fluid saturation, and other properties important for reservoir modeling and structural analysis. The document provides details on various logging tools and techniques and how they are used to evaluate properties like shale content, fluid type, and hydrocarbon presence.
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This document discusses porosity of reservoir rocks. It defines porosity as the ratio of pore volume to bulk volume of a rock. Porosity can be classified as original or induced. Factors that affect porosity include particle size, sorting, packing, cementation and stress. Porosity is important for reservoir engineering calculations as it represents the pore space occupied by fluids. It is measured through core analysis, well logging, or well testing. Laboratory methods to determine porosity include measuring bulk volume through fluid displacement or gravimetric techniques and pore volume through fluid saturation.
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1. The document discusses various well logging tools and concepts used in petrophysical interpretation. It describes tools such as the spontaneous potential (SP) log, gamma ray (GR) log, resistivity logs including induction and lateral logs, and porosity logs.
2. Key concepts covered include the logging environment and factors that impact tool measurements like borehole conditions and mud properties. Interpretation techniques for evaluating permeable zones, formation resistivity, water saturation, and porosity are also summarized.
3. The document provides examples of using tools and concepts like the Archie formula to calculate water resistivity, determine hydrocarbon presence, and evaluate clean versus shaly formations. It also discusses corrections that must be applied to well log
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This document provides an overview of formation evaluation techniques used in petroleum exploration and development. It discusses various logging methods like mud logging, coring, open-hole logging using electrical, nuclear and acoustic tools, logging while drilling, formation testing including wireline formation testing and drill stem testing, and cased-hole logging techniques. The goal of formation evaluation is to detect and quantify oil and gas reserves using measurements taken inside the wellbore and interpret physical properties of rocks and contained fluids.
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Logging is a process that provides comprehensive formation information through continuously recording parameter measurements with depth. It plays an important role in exploration and production by obtaining resistivity, porosity, and lithology logs to identify hydrocarbon-bearing zones. Different disciplines like drilling, logging, core analysis, and reservoir modeling are interrelated and provide both open and cased hole data. Logs are interpreted to calculate parameters like water saturation, hydrocarbon saturation, and effective porosity, with the goal of determining hydrocarbon saturation multiplied by effective porosity in reservoir units. Accurate interpretation requires integration of log data with core analysis and rock physics studies.
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This document discusses caliper logs, which measure the size and shape of a borehole. It describes different types of caliper tools, including multi-finger, dual caliper, and ultrasonic caliper tools. The document explains that caliper logs provide information about borehole shape and volume, mud cake buildup, lithology, and cement volume. More arms on a caliper tool provide more accurate measurements of borehole cross-section and shape. Caliper logs are often run with acoustic or neutron-density logs.
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Core analysis provides direct measurements of reservoir rock properties that determine hydrocarbon production. Properly engineered core analysis is essential for formation evaluation, reservoir modeling, and production engineering. While fundamental measurements are unchanged, advances allow testing cores under reservoir conditions and acquiring simultaneous measurements of multiple properties. Cores are obtained using conventional, wireline-retrievable, or diamond-set coring bits and core barrels to cut and retain reservoir samples for analysis.
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Porosity is the ratio of pore volume to bulk volume in a reservoir rock, expressed as a percentage. It measures the rock's storage capacity for fluids. There are three types of pores: interconnected, dead-end, and isolated. Total porosity includes all pore types, while effective porosity includes interconnected and dead-end pores that can transmit fluids. Porosity is influenced by factors like grain packing, sorting, cementation, and compaction. It can be measured in a lab through bulk volume, pore volume, and grain volume measurements on core plugs.
sedimentalogypresentation-150524105236-lva1-app6891 (1).pdf
This presentation discusses porosity, which is the ratio of pore volume to bulk volume of a rock. Porosity is denoted by φ and expressed as a percentage. The document defines porosity and outlines factors that affect it such as particle shape, packing, sorting, and cementation. It describes two main types of porosity: primary porosity formed during deposition and secondary porosity developed after. Porosity is further divided into total, effective, micro, meso, and macro categories based on pore size. Methods for determining porosity directly measure volumes or use water evaporation to find pore volume.
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The document summarizes acoustic logging, which uses sonic tools to measure the speed of sound waves through rock formations. It discusses the principles of acoustic logging, including measuring interval transit time and classifying compressional and shear waves. It then covers the quantitative uses of calculating porosity from transit times and identifying lithology, as well as qualitative uses like fracture and secondary porosity identification.
Reservoir Rock Properties
This document provides a basic overview of the fundamental rock properties. It delivers a detailed analysis of the basic reservoir rock properties like porosity, permeability, Fluid saturation , wettability, etc.
Rock properties
Porosity is a measure of the void spaces in a rock that can contain fluids. It is calculated as the ratio of pore volume to bulk volume. Effective porosity refers only to interconnected pores that can produce fluids from a well. Total porosity includes all pores, but some may be isolated. Primary porosity forms during deposition, while secondary porosity forms through geological processes after deposition. Porosity depends on factors like grain size, shape, packing, and cementation. Permeability measures a rock's ability to transmit fluids and depends on pore connectivity and size. Darcy's law describes fluid flow through porous media and permeability can be measured experimentally under steady-state conditions.
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The resistivity log measures the ability of rock formations to conduct electricity. Higher resistivity indicates water-bearing zones while lower resistivity corresponds to hydrocarbon-bearing zones. Resistivity is dependent on factors like porosity, fluid salinity, and lithology. Resistivity logs are used to identify hydrocarbon zones, permeable layers, and estimate porosity. Log interpretation provides values for parameters like porosity, water saturation, and lithology which can then be used to calculate reserves and map reservoir characteristics.
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Introduction
Petrophysic of the rocks
It is the study of the physical and chemical properties of the rocks related to the pores and fluid distribution
Porosity, is ratio between volume of void to the total voids of the rock.
Permeability, is ability of a porous material to allow fluids to pass through it.
Electric, most of the sedimentary rocks don’t have conductivity.
Radiation, clay rocks have 40K, radiate alpha ray.
Hardness, it depends on the cementing material and thickness of the sediments.
WELL LOGGING
The systematic recording of rock properties and it’s fluid contents in wells being drilled or produced to obtain various petrophysical parameters and characteristics of down hole sequences (G.E Archie 1950).
The measurement versus depth or time, or both, of one or more physical properties in a well.
These methods are particularly good when surface outcrops are not available, but a direct sample of the rock is needed to be sure of the lithology.
A wide range of physical parameters can be measured.
In some cases, the measurements are not direct, it require interpretation by analogy or by correlating values between two or more logs run in the same hole.
Provide information on lithology, boundaries of formations and stratigraphic correlation.
Determine Porosity, Permeability, water, oil and gas saturation.
Reservoir modeling and Structural studies… etc.
Types of Well Logging
Logs can be classified into several types under different category
Permeability and lithology Logs
Gamma Ray log
Self Potential [SP] log
Caliber log
Porosity Logs
Density log
Sonic log
Neutron log
Electrical Logs
Resistivity Log
For contact : omerupto3@gmail.com
formation evaluation chapter 1
Formation evaluation and well logging are processes used to determine the properties of subsurface reservoirs and identify commercially viable oil and gas fields. Key logging tools developed over time include resistivity logs in the 1920s, dipmeters in the 1940s, gamma ray and neutron logs in the 1940s, sonic logs in the 1950s, density logs in the 1960s, and logging while drilling was introduced, allowing real-time data acquisition. The document provides a historical overview of the development of various openhole well logging tools and techniques.
Caliper log
The document discusses caliper well logs, which measure the diameter and shape of boreholes. It describes how caliper tools work, including mechanical calipers with extendable arms that measure variations in borehole diameter. Common types are 2-arm, 4-arm, and ultrasonic calipers. Caliper logs present continuous borehole diameter measurements and are used to make environmental corrections to other well logs and assess lithology, permeability, and porosity.
Formation density log
The formation density tool provides a continuous record of a formation's bulk density along the length of a borehole. It works by emitting gamma rays into the formation, which are scattered via Compton scattering. The density measurement is used to derive porosity, with the main advantages being it compensates for mudcake and minor borehole issues. When combined with neutron logs, it provides one of the best ways to identify lithologies in a borehole. The tool has good vertical resolution but can be impacted by borehole quality, drilling mud properties, and shale content.
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This document provides an overview of conventional wireline logging and formation evaluation. It begins with an introduction to well logging, formation evaluation, and petrophysics. It then outlines an agenda covering various logging tools including temperature, caliper, self-potential, resistivity, gamma ray, sonic, density, and neutron logs. For each tool, it provides details on the measurement principle, log presentation, and applications for formation analysis. The overall document serves as an introduction for understanding well logging methods and their use in characterizing subsurface formations.
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This document discusses well logging techniques used to determine rock properties. It describes how porosity, permeability, and fluid content can be measured through different logging methods, including gamma ray, resistivity, density, and sonic logs. Well logs provide critical information on lithology, stratigraphy, porosity, fluid saturation, and other properties important for reservoir modeling and structural analysis. The document provides details on various logging tools and techniques and how they are used to evaluate properties like shale content, fluid type, and hydrocarbon presence.
Porosity
This document discusses porosity of reservoir rocks. It defines porosity as the ratio of pore volume to bulk volume of a rock. Porosity can be classified as original or induced. Factors that affect porosity include particle size, sorting, packing, cementation and stress. Porosity is important for reservoir engineering calculations as it represents the pore space occupied by fluids. It is measured through core analysis, well logging, or well testing. Laboratory methods to determine porosity include measuring bulk volume through fluid displacement or gravimetric techniques and pore volume through fluid saturation.
Petrophysic interpretation
1. The document discusses various well logging tools and concepts used in petrophysical interpretation. It describes tools such as the spontaneous potential (SP) log, gamma ray (GR) log, resistivity logs including induction and lateral logs, and porosity logs.
2. Key concepts covered include the logging environment and factors that impact tool measurements like borehole conditions and mud properties. Interpretation techniques for evaluating permeable zones, formation resistivity, water saturation, and porosity are also summarized.
3. The document provides examples of using tools and concepts like the Archie formula to calculate water resistivity, determine hydrocarbon presence, and evaluate clean versus shaly formations. It also discusses corrections that must be applied to well log
Sonic log
Sonic logs measure the travel time of sound waves through formations to determine properties like porosity. There are four main wave types measured: compressional, shear, Stoneley, and mud waves. Early sonic tools had issues, but later tools like dual receiver and borehole compensated tools overcame problems by using multiple receivers and transmitters. Sonic logs can be used to calculate porosity through a simple relationship between travel time and porosity. They also provide qualitative insights into lithology, texture, compaction, and identifying fractures. Sonic logs help calibrate seismic data by providing very high resolution formation measurements.
formation evaluation
This document provides an overview of formation evaluation techniques used in petroleum exploration and development. It discusses various logging methods like mud logging, coring, open-hole logging using electrical, nuclear and acoustic tools, logging while drilling, formation testing including wireline formation testing and drill stem testing, and cased-hole logging techniques. The goal of formation evaluation is to detect and quantify oil and gas reserves using measurements taken inside the wellbore and interpret physical properties of rocks and contained fluids.
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Logging is a process that provides comprehensive formation information through continuously recording parameter measurements with depth. It plays an important role in exploration and production by obtaining resistivity, porosity, and lithology logs to identify hydrocarbon-bearing zones. Different disciplines like drilling, logging, core analysis, and reservoir modeling are interrelated and provide both open and cased hole data. Logs are interpreted to calculate parameters like water saturation, hydrocarbon saturation, and effective porosity, with the goal of determining hydrocarbon saturation multiplied by effective porosity in reservoir units. Accurate interpretation requires integration of log data with core analysis and rock physics studies.
Well logging
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This document discusses caliper logs, which measure the size and shape of a borehole. It describes different types of caliper tools, including multi-finger, dual caliper, and ultrasonic caliper tools. The document explains that caliper logs provide information about borehole shape and volume, mud cake buildup, lithology, and cement volume. More arms on a caliper tool provide more accurate measurements of borehole cross-section and shape. Caliper logs are often run with acoustic or neutron-density logs.
Evaluation of low resistivity zones
This document discusses the evaluation of low resistivity zones using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logging. NMR logging can provide valuable information in low resistivity reservoirs where conventional resistivity logs have limitations. NMR utilizes the magnetic properties of hydrogen nuclei to distinguish between fluid types like hydrocarbons, bound water, and free water. It provides parameters like porosity, permeability, and fluid saturation that are important for evaluating the producibility of reservoirs. NMR logging is particularly useful for low resistivity reservoirs where there is little contrast between water-bearing and oil-bearing zones on resistivity logs, helping to better determine oil-water contacts and fluid distributions.
Coring chapter 5
Core analysis provides direct measurements of reservoir rock properties that determine hydrocarbon production. Properly engineered core analysis is essential for formation evaluation, reservoir modeling, and production engineering. While fundamental measurements are unchanged, advances allow testing cores under reservoir conditions and acquiring simultaneous measurements of multiple properties. Cores are obtained using conventional, wireline-retrievable, or diamond-set coring bits and core barrels to cut and retain reservoir samples for analysis.
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This presentation discusses porosity, which is the ratio of pore volume to bulk volume of a rock. Porosity is denoted by φ and expressed as a percentage. The document defines porosity and outlines factors that affect it such as particle shape, packing, sorting, and cementation. It describes two main types of porosity: primary porosity formed during deposition and secondary porosity developed after. Porosity is further divided into total, effective, micro, meso, and macro categories based on pore size. Methods for determining porosity directly measure volumes or use water evaporation to find pore volume.
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This presentation discusses porosity, which is the ratio of pore volume to bulk volume of a rock. Porosity is denoted by φ and expressed as a percentage. The document defines porosity and outlines factors that affect it such as particle shape, packing, sorting, and cementation. It describes two main types of porosity: primary porosity formed during deposition and secondary porosity developed after. Porosity is further divided into total, effective, micro, meso, and macro categories based on pore size. Methods for determining porosity directly or via water evaporation are also presented.
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Porosity is a measure of the void spaces in a rock that can contain fluids. It is calculated as the ratio of pore volume to bulk volume. Effective porosity refers only to interconnected pores that can produce fluids from a well. Total porosity includes all pores, but some may be isolated. Primary porosity forms during deposition, while secondary porosity forms through geological processes after deposition. Porosity depends on factors like grain size, shape, packing, and cementation. Permeability measures a rock's ability to transmit fluids and depends on pore connectivity and size. Darcy's law relates fluid flow through a porous medium to properties like permeability, fluid viscosity, pressure difference, and length.
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3. The correct measurement and characterization of porosity is important for reservoir evaluation and modeling since porosity determines properties like permeability and fluid storage capacity.
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This document discusses porosity, which is an important property of reservoir rocks from the viewpoint of petroleum engineers. It is defined as the ratio of pore volume to bulk volume. There are different types of porosity, including total porosity (includes all pores), effective porosity (includes only interconnected pores), and secondary porosity (created after rock formation). Factors that affect porosity include grain shape, size, packing, and sorting. Porosity is determined experimentally using a saturation method, where the dry weight, saturated weight, and density of the saturating liquid are used to calculate pore volume and porosity. Effective porosity is most important for production as it includes only interconnected pores that allow fluid flow.
Physical properties of sediments and water sediment mixture
This document discusses various physical properties of sediments and water-sediment mixtures. It defines key concepts like particle density, bulk density, porosity, void ratio, viscosity, and kinematic viscosity. It explains that particle density refers to the density of solid sediment particles, while bulk density includes pore spaces. Porosity and void ratio quantify the pore space. Viscosity and kinematic viscosity describe the resistance of fluids to flow, with kinematic viscosity being the ratio of dynamic viscosity to density. Newtonian mixtures have viscosities that do not depend on shear rate.
micromeritics.pptx
Micromeritics is the science of small particles, typically less than 1 mm in size. Key aspects include particle size, size distribution, shape, and surface area, which influence properties of powders and their performance in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Common methods to measure particle size include microscopy, sieving, sedimentation, and laser diffraction. Factors like size, shape, surface texture, moisture content and addition of glidants can impact flow properties which are important for manufacturing processes that require powder flow like tableting.
Pablo
This document discusses porosity and permeability in sedimentary rocks. It defines porosity as the volume of void space available to contain fluids, and permeability as how easily fluids can pass through porous materials. Several factors that influence porosity are described, including packing density, grain size/shape, sorting, and post-burial changes due to compaction, cementation, clay formation, fracturing, and solution. Methods for determining porosity from well logs, including density, sonic, and neutron logs, are also summarized.
Presentation on p.t
Particle technology involves the handling and processing of particles. Some key aspects covered in the document include:
1) Characterization of particles involves measuring their size, shape, and density. Size is an especially important property and can be measured using techniques like screen analysis.
2) Particles in industrial processes come in many forms and sizes, from hard abrasive particles to soft cohesive powders. Proper handling and processing requires understanding particle properties.
3) The course will cover topics ranging from particle characterization to separation techniques. It will provide useful knowledge for industries involving particulate solids like chemicals, minerals, foods, and more.
Mathematical_Petrophysics__1670551152.pdf
This document provides an overview of various petrophysical concepts including porosity, permeability, water saturation, and shale volume. It discusses different methods for calculating porosity from density logs, neutron-density logs, and sonic logs. It also covers calculating shale volume from neutron-density logs and gamma ray logs. Permeability is discussed in relation to flow zone indicator, porosity, irreducible water saturation, and NMR logs. Water saturation models including Archie and shaly sand models are also mentioned.
Formation Evaluation_Assistant Prof Dr. Madi_Lecture_001.pdf
Here are the key steps to solve this problem:
1. Calculate the flow rate in cm3/sec (given in cm3/2 min 20 sec)
2. Use Darcy's law to calculate permeability, using the given properties
3. The calculated permeability represents effective not absolute permeability since only one fluid (air) was used. Absolute permeability requires measurement with multiple fluid saturations.
Micromeritics
This slide is about small particles. You will find here introduction about micromeritics, its fundamental and derived properties.
Micromeritics
The document discusses micromeritics, which is the science and technology of small particles. It covers particle size and size distribution, methods for determining particle size such as microscopy, sieving, and sedimentation. It also discusses density and flow properties of powders. Particle size affects properties like drug release, absorption, stability, and dose uniformity. Methods are needed to characterize particle size distribution and average particle size. Flow properties tests include Carr's index and Hausner ratio. Factors like particle size, shape, surface forces, and additives impact flow.
Particle Technology Lectures GIKI
This document provides an introduction to a course on particle technology. It discusses key topics that will be covered, including characterization of solid particles by size, shape, and density. Particle size is an especially important property, as it influences many material behaviors. Size can be analyzed through techniques like screen analysis to determine distributions. Average particle sizes are defined in several ways. The course will also cover topics like particle motion, separation methods, and more.
Episode 37 : SAMPLING
This document discusses sampling techniques and properties relevant to particulate materials. It covers the importance of representative sampling, basic sampling rules including sampling from a moving stream, and methods for sample splitting. The document also defines particle density and bulk density, and discusses techniques for measuring apparent density of porous particles. Finally, it discusses using the Hausner ratio, which is the ratio of tapped bulk density to aerated bulk density, as a measure of powder flowability and cohesiveness.
PETE311_06A_Class03 RESERVOIR PETROPHYSICS.ppt
To determine porosity, laboratory methods require measuring two of three parameters: bulk volume, matrix volume, and pore volume. Bulk volume can be measured directly or through fluid displacement. Matrix volume is typically found by assuming rock density, using a displacement method, or gas expansion. Pore volume is obtained through fluid saturation or gas expansion techniques. Accurate porosity measurements require properly sampling cores to account for heterogeneity and avoiding processes that alter the original properties.
Porosity and permeability
This document summarizes key concepts about porosity and permeability from a student presentation. It discusses how porosity is the volume of void space available to contain fluids, and permeability relates to how easily fluids can pass through materials. Several factors that control porosity are described, including packing density, grain size, sorting, and post-burial changes from processes like compaction, cementation, and fracturing. Common methods for determining porosity from well logs are also summarized, including bulk density, neutron, and acoustic logs. Equations for calculating porosity from each log type are provided.
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Porosity as a reservoir property (notes by Dr. Adenutsi).pdf
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Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
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8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Insectsplayamajorroleinthedeteriorationoffoodgrainscausingbothquantitativeandqualitativelosses
Wellprovedthatnogranariescanbefilledwithgrainswithoutinsectsastheharvestedproducecontainegg(or)larvae(or)pupae(or)adultinsectinthembecauseoffieldcarryoverinfestationwhichcannotbeavoidedindevelopingcountrieslikeIndia
Simpletechnologiesfortimelydetectionofinsectsinthestoredproduceandtherebyplantimelycontrolmeasures
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Methods of grain storage Structures in India.pdf
•Post-harvestlossesaccountforabout10%oftotalfoodgrainsduetounscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,
•Totalfoodgrainproductioninindiais311milliontonnesandstorageis145mt.InIndia,annualstoragelosseshavebeenestimated14mtworthofRs.7,000croreinwhichinsectsaloneaccountfornearlyRs.1,300crores.
•InIndiaoutofthetotalproduction,about30%ismarketablesurplus
•Remaining70%isretainedandstoredbyfarmersforconsumption,seed,feed.Hence,growerneedstoragefacilitytoholdaportionofproducetosellwhenthemarketingpriceisfavourable
•TradersandCo-operativesatmarketcentresneedstoragestructurestoholdgrainswhenthetransportfacilityisinadequate
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
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Porosity
- 2. CONTENT • What is Porosity? • How To Measure Porosity? • Classification of Porosity • Example • Reference 2
- 3. What is Porosity? • Porosity is one of rock important rock properties and it is a measure of pore space in a rock. • Figure 1 shows the illustration of porosity and it can be seen that grain size and distribution can affect porosity of rock 3
- 4. What is Porosity? • Porosity (ɸ) is mathematically expressed as a ratio of total void space with a rock to a total volume of rock. • Porosity (ɸ) = (Vp ÷ Vb) × 100 • Where; • Vp = pore volume • Vb = bulk volume of rock • Porosity (ɸ) is shown in percentage form. • How To Measure Porosity • There are several methods to determine porosity as listed below • Direct methods: measurement from core flush by fluid or air • Indirect methods: well logging tools (density, neutron, and sonic) 4
- 5. Classification of Porosity • Porosity (ɸ) can be classified into several types based on criteria; • Primary porosity: • this is porosity in rock that was formed during sedimentation. • Primary porosity depends on several factors, such as depositional environment, grain size & shape, distribution of sand grain, cementation between sands, etc. • Secondary porosity: • This is formed during rock diagenesis. • Chemical reaction dissolves rock grains and it results in void spaces in the rock. • Absolute porosity: • It is a ratio of total pore space to a rock bulk volume. • This will not account for voids which don’t connect to others. • Effective porosity: • It is a ration of interconnected pore spaces to a rock bulk volume. • This is a proper figure to use to calculate fluid volume in a reservoir 5
- 6. Example: A core sample is 5 cm long and 3 cm diameter. In the lab, vacuum, 3.25 cm3, of air is removed from the pore spaces. 1. What is the bulk volume of the core sample? • Bulk volume = (π÷4) × Diameter2 × Core Length • Bulk volume = (π÷4) × 32 × 5 • Bulk volume = 35.34 cm3 2. What is the pore volume? • This is the volume of air vacuumed so pore space is 3.52 cm2 3. What is the porosity of the rock? • Porosity (ɸ) = (Vp ÷ Vb) × 100 • Porosity (ɸ) = (3.52 ÷ 35.34) × 100 • Porosity (ɸ) = 10 % 4. Is it effective or total porosity? • This is effective porosity because it measures volume of air that can be removed from the core. 6
- 7. References • Abhijit Y. Dandekar, 2013. Petroleum Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties, Second Edition. 2 Edition. CRC Press. • L.P. Dake, 1983. Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering, Volume 8 (Developments in Petroleum Science). New impression Edition. Elsevier Science. • Tarek Ahmed PhD PE, 2011. Advanced Reservoir Management and Engineering, Second Edition. 2 Edition. Gulf Professional Publishing. 7
- 8. 8