The document provides an overview of the field of sociology. It discusses key concepts in sociology like examining general patterns of behavior across social groups and how society shapes individual experiences. It also outlines several subfields of sociology such as family, education, work, health, and religion. The origins and early founders of sociology are presented, with Auguste Comte cited as coining the term in the 1830s. Important research methods in sociology like surveys, experiments, and participant observation are summarized.
Sociology is the systematic and scientific study of human social life. Sociologists study people as they form groups and interact with one another. The groups they study may be small, such as married couples, or large, such as a subculture of suburban teenagers. Sociology places special emphasis on studying societies, both as individual entities and as elements of a global perspective.
In sociology, a few theories provide broad perspectives that help explain many different aspects of
social life, and these are called paradigms. Paradigms are philosophical and theoretical frameworks
used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in
support of them. Three paradigms have come to dominate sociological thinking, because they provide
useful explanations: structural functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interaction.
) Define Sociology and explain its origin, development, and divisions.
2) Describe the subject matter of Sociology of Education
3) Explain the importance of Sociology to the education system
4) Explain the way in which the education system in Tanzania has been shaped by the ideas of prominent sociologists.
Sociology is the systematic and scientific study of human social life. Sociologists study people as they form groups and interact with one another. The groups they study may be small, such as married couples, or large, such as a subculture of suburban teenagers. Sociology places special emphasis on studying societies, both as individual entities and as elements of a global perspective.
In sociology, a few theories provide broad perspectives that help explain many different aspects of
social life, and these are called paradigms. Paradigms are philosophical and theoretical frameworks
used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in
support of them. Three paradigms have come to dominate sociological thinking, because they provide
useful explanations: structural functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interaction.
) Define Sociology and explain its origin, development, and divisions.
2) Describe the subject matter of Sociology of Education
3) Explain the importance of Sociology to the education system
4) Explain the way in which the education system in Tanzania has been shaped by the ideas of prominent sociologists.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
1. The Sociological perspective
SSSocFR1
• Seeking out general patterns in the behavior of
particular people
• Social Categories: women/men, rich/poor,
children/adults
• Society shapes our experiences: why choose the
college you’ve chosen? Is college something you
choose to do? Why do Americans have less
children? Incidence of suicide in different countries
• Global perspective (pg. 5): where you live matters
• Related/overlaps other fields of study: psychology,
history, political science, various sciences, etc.
2.
3. The sociological perspective is
fourfold: Individuals belong to
groups; groups influence our
behavior; groups take on
characteristics that are
independent of their members
(i.e. the whole is greater than
the sum of its parts); and
sociologists focus on behavior
patterns of groups or categories,
such as differences based on sex,
race, age, class, etc.
4. Two approaches
• Today there are two main approaches to studying
sociology. The first is macro-sociology, or the study of
society as a whole. This approach emphasizes the
analysis of social systems and populations on a large
scale and at a high level of theoretical abstraction.
Macro-sociology does concern individuals, families,
and other aspects of society, but it always does so in
relation to the larger social system to which they
belong. The second approach is micro-sociology, or
the study of small group behavior. This approach
focuses on the nature of everyday human social
interactions on a small scale. At the micro level, social
status and social roles are the most important
components of social structure and micro-sociology is
based on the ongoing interactions between these
social roles. Much contemporary sociological research
and theory bridges these two approaches.
5. Sociology disciplines
• Globalization. The sociology of globalization
focuses on the economic, political, and cultural aspects
and implications of a globally integrated society. Many
sociologists focus on the way capitalism and consumer
goods connect people all over the world, migration
flows, and issues of inequality in global society.
• Race And Ethnicity. The sociology of race and ethnicity
examines the social, political, and economic relations
between races and ethnicities at all levels of society.
Topics commonly studied include racism, residential
segregation, and the differences in social processes
between racial and ethnic groups.
6. Sociology disciplines cont’d
• Consumption. The sociology of consumption is a subfield of
sociology which places consumption at the center of research
questions, studies, and social theory. Researchers in this
subfield focus on the role of consumer goods in our everyday
lives, their relationship to our individual and
group identities, in our relationships with other people, in our
culture and traditions, and the implications of consumer
lifestyles.
• Family. The sociology of family examines things such as
marriage, divorce, child rearing, and domestic abuse.
Specifically, sociologists study how these aspects of the family
are defined in different cultures and times and how they
affect individuals and institutions.
• Social Inequality. The study of social inequality examines the
unequal distribution of power, privilege, and prestige in
society. These sociologists study differences and inequalities
in social class, race, and gender.
7. Sociology disciplines cont’d
• Knowledge. The sociology of knowledge is a subfield devoted
to researching and theorizing the socially situated processes
of knowledge formation and knowing. Sociologists in this
subfield focus on how institutions, ideology, and discourse
(how we talk and write) shape the process of coming to know
the world, and the formation of values, beliefs, common
sense, and expectations. Many focus on the connection
between power and knowledge.
• Demography. Demography refers to a population's
composition. Some of the basic concepts explored in
demography include birth rate, fertility rate, death rate, infant
mortality rate, and migration. Demographers are interested in
how and why these demographics vary between societies,
groups, and communities.
• Health And Illness. Sociologists who study health and illness
focus on the social effects of, and societal attitudes towards,
illnesses, diseases, disabilities, and the aging process. This is
not to be confused with medical sociology, which focuses on
medical institutions such as hospitals, clinics, and physician
offices as well as the interactions among physicians.
8. Sociology disciplines cont’d
• Work And Industry. The sociology of work concerns the
implications of technological change, globalization, labor
markets, work organization, managerial practices, and
employment relations. These sociologists are interested in
workforce trends and how they relate to the changing
patterns of inequality in modern societies as well as how
they affect the experiences of individuals and families.
• Education. The sociology of education is the study of how
educational institutions determine social structures and
experiences. In particular, sociologists might look at how
different aspects of educational institutions (teacher
attitudes, peer influence, school climate, school resources,
etc.) affect learning and other outcomes.
• Religion. The sociology of religion concerns the practice,
history, development, and roles of religion in society. These
sociologists examine religious trends over time, how various
religions affect social interactions both within the religion
and outside of it, and relations within religious institutions.
9. The Origins
of Sociology
Sociology originated from and was influenced
by the Industrial Revolution during the early
nineteenth century= changes in Europe (rise of
factory based industrial economy, growth of
cities & democracy). This led to an awareness
of society!
10. • Philosophers: Confucius, Plato, Aristotle,
Marcus Aurelius, Galileo, Newton,
Shakespeare, Hobbes, Karl Marx
11. The origins of Sociology
• There are seven major founders of
sociology: August Comte, W.E.B. Du
Bois, Emile Durkheim, Harriet
Martineau, Karl Marx, Herbert
Spencer, and Max Weber. August
Comte is thought of as the "Father
of Sociology" as he coined the term
sociology in 1838. He believed that
society should be understood and
studied as it was, rather than what
it ought to be.
• 1838: Auguste Comte
(French) coined name
based on science/research
12. Marx, Spencer, Durkheim,
and Weber helped define
and develop sociology as a
science and discipline, each
contributing important
theories and concepts still
used and understood in the
field today.
13. Other famous sociologists…
• Harriet Martineau was a British scholar and
writer who was also fundamental to
establishing the sociological perspective, who
wrote prolifically about the relationship
between politics, morals, and society, as well
as sexism and gender roles.
• Jane Addams: helped immigrants
• Sociologists must answer 2
questions:
• What should be studied?
• How do you connect the facts?
14. • He was the first to recognize that
the path to understanding the
world and society was based in
science. W.E.B. Du Bois was an
early American sociologist who
laid the groundwork for sociology
of race and ethnicity and
contributed important analyses of
American society in the immediate
aftermath of the Civil War.
• Argued for rights for blacks,
founding member of the NAACP
15. Careers in
Sociology
• Advertising
• Banking
• Criminal justice/law
• Education
• Government/politics
• Health care
• Clinical therapy
• Evaluation research
(efficiency)
• International
business
• Military
• Child welfare
• Social work
• Consultants
• management
16. Sociological Imagination
• …is an awareness of the discipline of
sociology and its relevance to daily life.
• In other words, everything we do is
shaped by our situation, our
values/norms/mores, and how the
people around us react.
• This means being able to shift your
perspective and see
events from someone
else’s point of view,
and understand how the
events were influenced.
17. Research Methods
• Experimentation: hypothesis,
independent & dependent
variables,
control/experimental groups,
placebo, etc.
• Examples:
• Hawthorne Effect: change in
subject’s behavior caused by
the awareness that they’re
being studied (study in the
late 1930s in Hawthorne
Factory near Chicago)
• Stanford Prison Experiment
(1972)
18. Survey Method
• Series of questions/statements in an interview
or on a questionnaire
• Population, sample, random sample, open &
closed-end formats
• Interviews expensive
• Bias is a danger
19. Ethics in research
Issues to consider:
• Can your research harm or threaten someone’s
privacy?
• How can your study be designed to avoid chances
for injury or trauma to your subjects?
• Can you promise anonymity to your subjects?
• How can you be sure your subjects’ anonymity
can be maintained?
• How can you be sure your data is unbiased, valid
and relevant?
• Can you get informed consent, and do your
subjects have the right to refuse consent?
21. Participant Observation
Observe subjects while
joining them in their
routine activities, often
for months or years
(cultural
anthropologists)
Secondary Analysis
• Analyze data collected by others (government,
researchers): cheaper, but…
• Complete? Accurate? Relevant?
22. Theorizing
• Inductive logical thought: reasoning that
transforms specific observations into theory (“
have some interesting data; I wonder what it
means?”) Example: why does one school
graduate so many successful people?
• Deductive logical thought: transforms general
theory into specific hypotheses for testing (“I
have a hunch; let’s collect some data and test
it.’”) Example: Zimbardo’s prison study
23. Sports
• Structural functional paradigm: help society operate: positives:
recreation, conditioning, relaxation, relationships, jobs, competition,
success; negatives: illegal recruiting.
– Society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity
and stability (education, jobs, marriage, family vs. crime)
• Social conflict paradigm: inequality (rich: tennis, golf, sailing, equestrian
skiing; less well to do: baseball, football, basketball), skewed by gender
towards males & race, BIG $$$ in sports.
– (Karl Marx) idea that society has been shaped by conflict among groups & the
distribution of resources—highlights inequality
• Symbolic interaction paradigm: complex & face-to-face; rules, positions,
spontaneous, unpredictable; differing attitudes, “realities.”
– Society is the product of everyday interaction of individuals—how you
perceive events & the symbolic meaning, reality is what you think it is
(changes in situational behavior)
24. • Sociology
• Global Perspective
• High-income countries
• Middle-income countries
• Low-income countries
• Positivism
• Theory
• Theoretical paradigm
• Structural-functional paradigm
• Social structure
• Social functions
• Manifest functions