Materials for hydrogen storage
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This document discusses hydrogen storage techniques and carbon-based materials for hydrogen storage. It covers sources of hydrogen production and common hydrogen storage methods like compressed gas tanks and liquid hydrogen. Several carbon materials - graphene, carbon nanotubes, and activated charcoal - show promise for hydrogen storage due to their high surface areas and pore volumes. Graphene and few-layer graphene structures have demonstrated hydrogen uptake of up to 7.5% by weight. The document compares hydrogen storage capacity of different carbon materials and concludes they are advantageous due to cost-effectiveness, stability, storage capabilities, and availability.
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Hydrogen storage
This document discusses various methods for hydrogen storage, including compression, liquefaction, physisorption, metallic hydrides, and complex hydrides. Physisorption through cryoadsorption of hydrogen onto activated carbon at 77K provides a gravimetric density of 10.8% and volumetric density of 41 kg/m3, making it economically competitive. Metallic hydrides like LaNi5H6 provide high volumetric densities but lower gravimetric densities of less than 3%. Complex hydrides show the highest densities but challenges with hydrogen release dynamics.
technology used for storage of liquid hydrogen
The document discusses liquid hydrogen (LH2) storage. LH2 must be cooled below -252.87°C to exist as a liquid and is used for hydrogen storage. It consists mainly of parahydrogen and can be used as fuel in vehicles. LH2 storage requires cryogenic tanks with insulation to prevent boil off. Current onboard hydrogen storage approaches include compressed gas tanks, liquid hydrogen tanks, and materials-based approaches like metal hydrides and sorbents. The document also discusses liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHC) which allow hydrogen to be stored by bonding it to a liquid organic compound and transported using existing diesel infrastructure.
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A Tutorial
with Perspectives from the US National Program
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U. S. Department of Energy
1000 Independence Ave., SW
Washington, DC 20585
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- Electrolysis, where an electric current splits water into hydrogen and oxygen. More efficient variations include steam electrolysis and thermochemical electrolysis.
- Photochemical and photobiological systems use sunlight to drive the water splitting reaction.
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There is great interest in fuel cells for automotive and electronic applications
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Nanocatalysts have higher activity, selectivity, and efficiency than traditional catalysts due to their high surface area to volume ratio. They can be designed for sustainability by having properties like recyclability, durability, and cost-effectiveness. Examples discussed include gold nanoparticle catalysts for oxidation reactions and magnetically separable nanoparticle catalysts. Nanocatalyst applications highlighted are water splitting for hydrogen production and storage, and fuel cells.
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- Steam reforming of methane, the most common current method.
- Electrolysis, where an electric current splits water into hydrogen and oxygen. More efficient variations include steam electrolysis and thermochemical electrolysis.
- Photochemical and photobiological systems use sunlight to drive the water splitting reaction.
- Thermal water splitting uses very high temperatures of around 1000°C.
- Gasification and biomass conversion also produce hydrogen from other feedstocks.
Low current electrolysis is discussed as a more efficient method, similar to the water splitting that occurs in photosynthesis. Producing hydrogen directly from water without electrolysis is also mentioned. Overall
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The overwhelming challenge of depleting fossil fuels and anthropogenic carbon emissions has driven research into alternative clean sources of energy. To achieve the goal of a carbon neutral economy, the harvesting of sunlight by using photocatalysts to split water into hydrogen and oxygen is an expedient approach to fulfill the energy demand in a sustainable way along with reducing the emission of greenhouse gases. Even though the past few decades have witnessed intensive research into inorganic semiconductor photocatalysts, their quantum efficiencies for hydrogen production from visible photons remain too low for the large scale deployment of this technology. Visible light absorption and efficient charge separation are two key necessary conditions for achieving the scalable production of hydrogen from water. Two-dimensional carbon based nanoscale materials such as graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, carbon nitride, modified 2D carbon frameworks and their composites have emerged as potential photocatalysts due to their astonishing properties such as superior charge transport, tunable energy levels and bandgaps, visible light absorption, high surface area, easy processability, quantum confinement effects, and high photocatalytic quantum yields. The feasibility of structural and chemical modification to optimize visible light absorption and charge separation makes carbonaceous semiconductors promising candidates to convert solar energy into chemical energy. In the present review, we have summarized the recent advances in 2D carbonaceous photocatalysts with respect to physicochemical and photochemical tuning for solar light mediated hydrogen evolution.
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Fuel cell ,PEM Fuel Cell
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DMFC (direct methanol)
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AFC (alkaline)
PAFC (phosphoric acid)
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A fuel cell is a battery that produces DC current and voltage
Most fuel cells use hydrogen which burns cleaner compared to hydrocarbon fuels
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There is great interest in fuel cells for automotive and electronic applications
There will be employment for technicians particularly in Ohio’s fuel cell industry.
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Graphene which is one of the latest additions to nanocarbon family has peculiar band structure, extraordinary thermal and electronic conductance and room temperature quantum Hall effect. It is used in for various applications in diverse fields ranging from catalysis to electronics. In addition to being components in electronic devices, GO have been used in nanocomposite materials, polymer composite materials, energy storage, biomedical applications, catalysis and as a surfactant with some overlaps between these fields Graphene oxide is a unique material that can be viewed as a single monomolecular layer of graphite with various oxygen containing functionalities such as epoxide, carbonyl, carboxyl and hydroxyl groups.
Reduced graphene oxide–CuO nanocomposites for photocatalyticconversion of CO2...
Reduced graphene oxide (rGO)–copper oxide nanocomposites are prepared by covalent grafting of CuOnanorods on the rGO skeleton. Chemical and structural features of rGO–CuO nanocomposites are probedby FTIR, XPS, XRD and HRTEM analyses. Photocatalytic potential of rGO–CuO nanocomposites is exploredfor reduction of CO2into the methanol under the visible light irradiation. The breadth of CuO nanorods andthe oxidation state of Cu in the rGO–CuO/Cu2O nanocomposites are systematically varied to investigatetheir photocatalytic activities. The pristine CuO nanorods exhibited very low photocatalytic activity owingto fast recombination of charge carriers and yielded 175 mol g−1methanol, whereas rGO–Cu2O andrGO–CuO exhibited significantly improved photocatalytic activities and yielded five (862 mol g−1) andseven (1228 mol g−1) folds methanol, respectively. The superior photocatalytic activity of CuO in therGO–CuO nanocomposites was attributed to slow recombination of charge carriers and efficient transferof photo-generated electrons through the rGO skeleton. This study further excludes the use of scavengingdonor.
Reduced graphene oxide–CuO nanocomposites for photocatalyticconversion of CO2...
tReduced graphene oxide (rGO)–copper oxide nanocomposites are prepared by covalent grafting of CuOnanorods on the rGO skeleton. Chemical and structural features of rGO–CuO nanocomposites are probedby FTIR, XPS, XRD and HRTEM analyses. Photocatalytic potential of rGO–CuO nanocomposites is exploredfor reduction of CO2into the methanol under the visible light irradiation. The breadth of CuO nanorods andthe oxidation state of Cu in the rGO–CuO/Cu2O nanocomposites are systematically varied to investigatetheir photocatalytic activities. The pristine CuO nanorods exhibited very low photocatalytic activity owingto fast recombination of charge carriers and yielded 175 mol g−1methanol, whereas rGO–Cu2O andrGO–CuO exhibited significantly improved photocatalytic activities and yielded five (862 mol g−1) andseven (1228 mol g−1) folds methanol, respectively. The superior photocatalytic activity of CuO in therGO–CuO nanocomposites was attributed to slow recombination of charge carriers and efficient transferof photo-generated electrons through the rGO skeleton. This study further excludes the use of scavengingdonor.
peer reviewed journals.pdf
The International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Technology is an international online journal in English published Quarterly offers a fast publication schedule whilst maintaining rigorous peer review the use of recommended electronic formats for article delivery expedites the process All submitted research articles are subjected to immediate rapid screening by the editors consultation with the Editorial Board or others working in the field as appropriate to ensure they are likely to be the level of interest and importance appropriate for the journal.
G05535463
This document describes a study on producing activated carbon from agricultural waste. Researchers tested two types of agricultural waste - rice husk and paper mill waste - as precursors for activated carbon production. They characterized the wastes using CHNS elemental analysis and proximate analysis to determine which was superior. Paper mill waste was found to be a better precursor. It was chemically activated using zinc chloride, potassium hydroxide, and potassium chloride. The researchers optimized production conditions and characterized the activated carbon produced in terms of iodine value, yield percentage, apparent density, ash content, and moisture content. The activated carbon with the highest iodine value of 764.80 mg/g was produced using zinc chloride as the activating agent.
PRESENTATION ON PLANT DESIGN FOR MANUFACTURING OF HYDROGEN
Steam reforming or steam methane reforming is a method for producing syngas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide) by reaction of hydrocarbons with water. Commonly natural gas is the feedstock. The main purpose of this technology is hydrogen production.The reaction is conducted in a reformer vessel where a high pressure mixture of steam and methane are put into contact with a nickel catalyst. Catalysts with high surface-area-to-volume ratio are preferred because of diffusion limitations due to high operating temperature. Examples of catalyst shapes used are spoked wheels, gear wheels, and rings with holes. Additionally, these shapes have a low pressure drop which is advantageous for this application.
Recent research on combustion and NOx emission control at Donghua University
This document provides an introduction and overview of recent research conducted at Donghua University in Shanghai, China. It begins with background on the location and history of Donghua University. It then discusses several research areas including high temperature air combustion (HiTAC) using multi-jet and swirling burners, and NOx reduction techniques like reburning using iron oxides and mixed waste fuels. Simulation results and past studies demonstrating over 85% NOx reduction are presented. The document provides details on the mechanisms and effectiveness of using iron oxides to reduce intermediates like HCN during the reburning process.
SYNGAS production
The document discusses a method for producing synthesis gas (syngas) from gasification of bagasse. Bagasse is a waste product from sugar production that is abundant in India. Syngas produced from bagasse gasification can be used as an alternative fuel source for power generation and other industrial processes. The method involves pyrolyzing bagasse in a free-fall reactor to produce char, and then gasifying the char in a packed bed reactor to produce syngas, which consists mainly of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Experimental results show that syngas yield increases with higher temperature and smaller bagasse particle size during pyrolysis.
Bio hydrogen production from waste materials
This document discusses various methods for producing hydrogen gas including electrolysis of water, steam reforming of hydrocarbons, auto-thermal processes, and biological processes. It provides details on the mechanisms, requirements, advantages and limitations of each method. Electrolysis of water produces hydrogen through the use of electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen gases. Steam reforming and auto-thermal reforming use heat and catalysts to produce hydrogen from methane or other hydrocarbons. Biological methods use microorganisms and organic materials to product hydrogen through photosynthesis or fermentation.
2014_Nguyen et al._The Journal of Supercritical Fluids
This document describes a study that developed a pilot plant to catalytically convert LignoBoost Kraft lignin into bio-oil and chemicals using near-critical water. The conversion took place continuously in a fixed-bed catalytic reactor filled with ZrO2 pellets at 350°C and 25 MPa. Lignin was dispersed in an aqueous solution containing K2CO3 and phenol. The products consisted of an aqueous phase containing phenolic chemicals and a bio-oil with higher heating value than the lignin feed. Preliminary results showed that increasing the K2CO3 content increased the yield of 1-ring aromatic compounds from 17% to 27% based on dry lignin.
Water-splitting photoelectrodes consisting of heterojunctions of carbon nitri...
Quinary and senary non-stoichiometric double perovskites such as Ba2Ca0.66Nb1.34-xFexO6-δ (BCNF) have been utilized for gas sensing, solid oxide fuel cells and thermochemical CO2 reduction. Herein, we examined their potential as narrow bandgap semiconductors for use in solar energy harvesting. A cobalt co-doped BCNF, Ba2Ca0.66Nb0.68Fe0.33Co0.33O6-δ (BCNFCo), exhibited an optical absorption edge at ~ 800 nm, p-type conduction and a distinct photoresponse upto 640 nm while demonstrating high thermochemical stability. A nanocomposite of BCNFCo and g-C3N4 (CN) was prepared via a facile solvent assisted exfoliation/blending approach using dichlorobenzene and glycerol at a moderate temperature. The exfoliation of g-C3N4 followed by wrapping on perovskite established an effective heterojunction between the materials for charge separation. The conjugated 2D sheets of CN enabled better charge migration resulting in increased photoelectrochemical performance. A blend composed of 40 wt% perovskite and CN performed optimally, whilst achieving a photocurrent density as high as 1.5 mA cm-2 for sunlight-driven water-splitting with a Faradaic efficiency as high as ~ 88%.
Article 3.pdf
This document describes a study that evaluated the use of a gas-liquid membrane contactor process for selective removal of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from biogas. The effects of biogas retention time (GRT), membrane thickness, and liquid absorbent pH were investigated. The results showed that H2S removal efficiency improved with increasing GRT and absorbent pH, and decreased with increasing membrane thickness. Lower GRT and thicker membranes resulted in higher desulfurization selectivity. The methane content of the treated biogas increased with GRT and the process achieved high H2S removal without significant methane loss. SEM-EDS analysis found inorganic deposits on the membrane surface but no membrane clogging or fouling issues. Overall,
Cairo conf. 8-9 Dec. WtE
This document discusses plasma gasification as a renewable approach for managing organic waste. It notes that 1 ton of solid waste can generate 200-300 cubic meters of landfill gas containing methane, which can be used to generate energy. The document outlines the plasma gasification process, which gasifies waste at high temperatures into syngas that can then be used to generate electricity. It describes the system components and notes the benefits of plasma gasification include complete waste destruction, maximum energy recovery, and an environmentally friendly process with no hazardous emissions.
Llnl Integrated, Geothermal-CO2 Storage Reservoirs: Adaptable, Multi-Stage, S...
This document describes an integrated, multi-stage approach to geothermal energy production and geologic CO2 storage. The approach combines CO2 injection with brine extraction to provide pressure support for geothermal wells while relieving pressure for CO2 storage. It analyzes using CO2 and co-produced brine as working fluids in a two-stage system. Reservoir simulations show that significant CO2 storage capacity and geothermal energy production can be achieved with this integrated approach using various well patterns and spacings.
Granular Activated Crbon From Activated Sludge
This document summarizes a study on producing granular activated carbon from activated sludge. Activated sludge was obtained from a dairy wastewater treatment plant and chemically activated using sulfuric acid. The resulting activated carbon was characterized based on its physical properties, structure, and ability to adsorb pesticides. Testing showed the activated carbon had a high surface area of 580 m2/g and effectively adsorbed pesticides, fitting the BET adsorption model well. The maximum pesticide adsorption capacity was 110 mg/g at pH 3. Activated sludge is shown to be a promising low-cost precursor for producing activated carbon.
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Materials for hydrogen storage
- 1. RAMNIRANJAN JHUNJHUNWALA COLLEGE SUNIL ARVIND CHAURASIYA M.Sc. {PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY} SEM:3 ROLL NO: 02 TOPIC: HYDROGEN STORAGE
- 2. CONTENTS UNDERSTANDING HYDROGEN SOURCES IMPORTANCE OF HYDROGEN TECHENIQUES TO STORE HYDROGEN CARBON BASED MATERIALS TO STORE HYDROGEN COMPARISION
- 4. WHY HYDROGEN IS IMPORTANT????? Hydrogen may be prospective source or carrier for the future because it is clean and sustainable source of energy Hydrogen also used variety of processes likes reduction, hydrogenation , and main use of hydrogen is as a fuel
- 5. SOURCES OF HYDROGEN Main source of hydrogen is fossil fuels Many other Chemical, Biological, Electrolytic, Photolytic and Thermo-Chemical processes can be used in preparation of Hydrogen
- 6. HYDROGEN STORAGE Major problem with hydrogen storage is its efficient storage system Most common method to store hydrogen in gaseous form is in steel tanks Lightweight composite tanks designed to ensure high pressure also becoming popular
- 7. SOME MAJOR TECHENIQUES USED TO STORE HYDROGEN 1. Composite tanks 2. Cryogenic liquid hydrogen(LH2) 3. Chemical hydrides 4. Carbon based materials 5. Metal hydrides
- 8. CARBON BASED MATERIAL FOR HYDROGEN STORAGE Carbon materials are considered attractive adsorbents for H2 storage applications as they are lightweight and exhibit high specific areas and pore volumes, excellent thermochemical stability, nontoxicity and can be produced with a plethora of methods at low cost
- 9. GRAPHENE-BASED NANOSTRUCTURES Graphene, the newest member in the family of carbon allotropes is visualized as a 2- D monolayer of hexagonally structured sp2-bonded carbon atoms
- 10. Characteristically, graphene exhibits high electrical and thermal conductivity, remarkable strength and stiffness as well as an impressively large area relative to its mass
- 12. Few-layer graphene (FLG), an extremely “thin” graphitic analogue composed of a limited number of stacked graphene layers, can be also produced in a porous-like form, including 2-D nano-sized flakes and 3-D macroscopic structures, such as sponges and foams, and has attracted significant attention as a potential H2 storage material Impressive H2 uptake values of up to 7.5 wt.% at 77 K and ~120 bar were reported for highly-nano porous graphene scaffolds with high specific areas of up to ~3400 m2/g prepared by KOH activation and H2 annealing
- 13. CARBON NANOTUBES Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are considered an allotropic form of carbon consisting of a cylindrical/tubular nanostructure and belong to the family of fullerenes.
- 14. The nature, geometry and purity of the CNTs seem to have a crucial influence on their H2 adsorption performance . More specifically, SWCNTs of high-purity exhibit much higher specific areas (i.e. up to ~700 m2/g), thus allowing larger H2 amounts to be adsorbed. The H2 gravimetric capacities of commercial MWCNTs at 77 K and up to ~1 bar
- 15. ACTIVATED CHARCOAL Activated carbons (ACs) constitute the most characteristic and extensively studied category of carbonaceous adsorbents produced on an industrial scale that stand for their large specific areas (> 1000 m2/g) and pore volumes (> 0.5 cm3/g) as well as their broad pore size distribution covering the micropore, mesopore and macropore region.
- 16. The H2 gravimetric capacities of ACs can be correlated to the available specific area and pore volume. In this respect, there is a general rule for microporous ACs, known as Chahine’s rule (established by the Canadian scientist Richard Chahine in 1996), based on which a gravimetric H2 uptake of 1 wt.% is expected per 500 m2/g of SA or 0.2 cm3/g of SPV at 77 K and ~35 bar
- 17. STORAGE OF HYDROGEN ON ACTIVATED CHARCOAL AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES
- 18. COMPARISION BETWEEN CARBON BASEDCMATERIAL AND OTHER MATERIALS IN HYDROGEN STORAGE
- 19. CONCLUSION Carbon based materials proves to be important in hydrogen storage due to Cost effectiveness Better resistance to temperature and environmental conditions Better storage capabilities Easily availability Wide varieties
- 20. REFERNCES ATKINS AND PAULA (2nd edition) SHARMA,PURI,PATHANIA(47th edition) Wikipedia