The document summarizes an experiment that tested the effects of heat treating on the material properties of 1050 carbon steel and 4130 alloy steel samples. Specifically, samples of each steel were annealed, air cooled, oil quenched, and water quenched. Tensile tests and hardness tests were then conducted on the treated samples. The water quenched samples exhibited the highest strength and hardness but were also the most brittle. In contrast, oil quenched samples demonstrated higher strength while maintaining better ductility than water quenched samples. The experiment provided data on how different rates of cooling during heat treatment impact the microstructure and properties of the steel alloys.
Investigation on Effect of Heat Input on Cooling Rate and Mechanical Property...IJMER
The effect of heat input in MMAW arc welding on cooling rate and hardness of weld
joint is investigated in this paper. The parameter affects the heat input are welding current, arc voltage
and welding speed. Mild steel weldments were welded under varying current 80, 90 and 100 ampere
and keeping arc voltage and travel speed constant. Other mild steel specimens were welded under
varying arc voltage 21V, 23V and 25V and keeping welding current and welding speed constant. Other
mild steel specimens were welded by varying welding travel speed 1.52 mm/sec, 1.67 mm/sec and 1.82
mm/sec and keeping arc voltage and welding current constant. Heat input was calculated for each
weldment. Rockwell hardness testing of all specimens was done. It was observed that with increase in
arc current hardness of mild steel weld joint was increased up to optimum level and then decreased.
Cooling rate was decreased with increased in arc current. With increase in welding arc voltage
hardness of weld joint decreased and cooling rate was decreased also. With increase in welding travel
speed hardness of weld joint increased and cooling rate was increased also.
EFFECT OF SCANDIUM ON THE SOFTENING BEHAVIOUR OF DIFFERENT DEGREE OF COLD ROL...msejjournal
The softening behavior of different cold rolled Al-6Mg alloys containing scandium 0.2 wt% and 0.6 wt% have been investigated by means of microscopy, hardness and electrical conductivity measurements. It is found that the scandium added alloys attend the higher hardness at every state of cold rolling at higher
annealed temperature due to the precipitation of scandium aluminides. Electrical resistivity of the scandium added alloys show higher than base alloy due to grain refining. It is seen from the microstructure that scandium refine the grain structure and inhibit recrystallization.
Effect of Subzero Treatment on Microstructure and Material Properties of EN...IJMER
Cryogenic treatment of steels has been widely used for enhancing mechanical properties
like hardness, toughness and stable metallurgical structure. Application such as gears, kicker rods,
bolts are made of medium carbon alloy steels like EN-24 steel. In these applications, percentage of
retained austenite has considerable effects on the life of the material. A comparative study on
conventionally heat-treated (CHT) and shallow cryogenic treated (SCT) EN-24 steel was done to
evaluate the effect of shallow cryogenic treatment (SCT) on hardness, toughness and the amount of
retained austenite present in the structure of EN24 steel. The microscopic structure of cryogenic
treated EN24 steel revealed the formation of carbides, both primary and secondary carbides. An
estimated amount of 15% retained austenite after CHT tempered condition was less than 2% after SCT
tempered condition. Tensile test fractography of subzero treated (SCT) specimen revealed ductile
fracture. The maximum hardness observed in case of SCT tempered samples was 415BHN, 15%
increase from CHT tempered samples. The maximum impact strength observed in case of SCT
tempered samples was 240kJ/m2, 11% increase from CHT tempered samples. Further SCT tempered
samples, tempered at 650°C resulted in ductility increase by 55% as compared to CHT tempered
samples without sacrificing hardness.
Investigation on Effect of Heat Input on Cooling Rate and Mechanical Property...IJMER
The effect of heat input in MMAW arc welding on cooling rate and hardness of weld
joint is investigated in this paper. The parameter affects the heat input are welding current, arc voltage
and welding speed. Mild steel weldments were welded under varying current 80, 90 and 100 ampere
and keeping arc voltage and travel speed constant. Other mild steel specimens were welded under
varying arc voltage 21V, 23V and 25V and keeping welding current and welding speed constant. Other
mild steel specimens were welded by varying welding travel speed 1.52 mm/sec, 1.67 mm/sec and 1.82
mm/sec and keeping arc voltage and welding current constant. Heat input was calculated for each
weldment. Rockwell hardness testing of all specimens was done. It was observed that with increase in
arc current hardness of mild steel weld joint was increased up to optimum level and then decreased.
Cooling rate was decreased with increased in arc current. With increase in welding arc voltage
hardness of weld joint decreased and cooling rate was decreased also. With increase in welding travel
speed hardness of weld joint increased and cooling rate was increased also.
EFFECT OF SCANDIUM ON THE SOFTENING BEHAVIOUR OF DIFFERENT DEGREE OF COLD ROL...msejjournal
The softening behavior of different cold rolled Al-6Mg alloys containing scandium 0.2 wt% and 0.6 wt% have been investigated by means of microscopy, hardness and electrical conductivity measurements. It is found that the scandium added alloys attend the higher hardness at every state of cold rolling at higher
annealed temperature due to the precipitation of scandium aluminides. Electrical resistivity of the scandium added alloys show higher than base alloy due to grain refining. It is seen from the microstructure that scandium refine the grain structure and inhibit recrystallization.
Effect of Subzero Treatment on Microstructure and Material Properties of EN...IJMER
Cryogenic treatment of steels has been widely used for enhancing mechanical properties
like hardness, toughness and stable metallurgical structure. Application such as gears, kicker rods,
bolts are made of medium carbon alloy steels like EN-24 steel. In these applications, percentage of
retained austenite has considerable effects on the life of the material. A comparative study on
conventionally heat-treated (CHT) and shallow cryogenic treated (SCT) EN-24 steel was done to
evaluate the effect of shallow cryogenic treatment (SCT) on hardness, toughness and the amount of
retained austenite present in the structure of EN24 steel. The microscopic structure of cryogenic
treated EN24 steel revealed the formation of carbides, both primary and secondary carbides. An
estimated amount of 15% retained austenite after CHT tempered condition was less than 2% after SCT
tempered condition. Tensile test fractography of subzero treated (SCT) specimen revealed ductile
fracture. The maximum hardness observed in case of SCT tempered samples was 415BHN, 15%
increase from CHT tempered samples. The maximum impact strength observed in case of SCT
tempered samples was 240kJ/m2, 11% increase from CHT tempered samples. Further SCT tempered
samples, tempered at 650°C resulted in ductility increase by 55% as compared to CHT tempered
samples without sacrificing hardness.
In the material testing laboratory, a Charpy impact test was performed on three different types (hot,cold,and steel alloy)of steels testing each variety at four different temperatures (32°C(RT), 100°C,0°C and -22°C ). From results (shown below), we determined that the a transition is from ductile failures to brittle failures
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
Effects of cryogenic treatment on tool steel aisi d6eSAT Journals
Abstract
In present technological modern age. All the manufacturers adopt that process which governs to higher productivity that has been achieved by the various treatment of tool steel. These conventional processes improve no of characteristics to fulfill desired purpose. But all these process does not provided fully satisfaction from conventional heat treatment process. Thus a new process is being additionally employed for improving mechanical properties called cryogenic treatment process or sub-zero treatment of tool steels. During this process tool steel is proceed below Atmospheric tem. That is in minus about (-1960 C or 3100 F). Due to cooling, steel alter their mechanical properties like wear resistance, Hardness, toughness, fatigue life micro-structure alteration etc. Cryo-treatment not only improve its mechanical properties but also improve thermal properties, electrical properties & easier machining etc. in this paper cryogenic treatment of tool steel AISI-D6 is perform and study is made for wear-resistance, Hardness, toughness, with respect to untreated test specimen of same, we have got improved wear-resistance capacity improve hardness as well as toughness.
Keywords – AISI-D6 tool steel, cryogenic process, wear resistance, Hardness, Toughness.
Effect of Heat Treatment on Corrosion Behavior of Spring SteelsEditor IJCATR
The experimental work deals with the effect of heat treatment on the corrosion behaviour of spring steels. In this study the
heat treatments like hardening, normalizing and tempering were done for spring steels to obtain martensitic matrix, pearlitic structure
and tempered martensitic matrix respectively. After heat treatment the microstructural studies were carried out for the samples using
SEM. Hardness measurements were done. The corrosion behaviour of all heat treated samples in HCl at different concentration (1.5N,
2N and 2.5N) was determined using Tafel extrapolation technique. The variation in the corrosion rates due to the effect of heat
treatment was noted. The results indicate that for fully martensitic matrix the corrosion rate is minimum and for pearlitic structure its
maximum. As tempering time is increased the corrosion rate increases correspondingly. The corroded microstructural images were
also taken using SEM and analysed.
This paper explains the fabrication of thin film using modified Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) Module. Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) is a variety of vacuum deposition and is a general term used to describe any of a variety of methods to deposit thin films by the condensation of a vaporized form of the material onto various surfaces. The surface morphology of various such as Titanium Dioxide and Aluminum thin film has been studied. The Titanium Dioxide and Aluminum thin film has been fabricated on Silicon (Si) substrate using modified Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) module system. The process started with the establishment of process flow, process modules, and process parameters. Two modules were developed. The characteristics prior to the thin film fabrication namely surface morphology, metal thickness characterization and V-I characteristic were recorded. The samples were characterized by Optical Microscope, Atomic Force Microscope (AFM),X-ray diffraction (XRD) and I - V characterization. The result and data were analyzed and applied in the fabrication of thin film using various materials. The thin film fabrication process used Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) nanopowder and Aluminum (Al2O3) nanopowder for the coating process. The result for each processes are presented in this paper.
Hardeninig of steel (Jominy test)-CoET- udsmmusadoto
Controlling a material’s properties during processing is pivotal for any engineering field. A specific hardness for a metal is often a desirable characteristic for many applications, so controlling hardness is important during processing. To increase the hardness of steel, it is often quenched from a high temperature to form martensite, a hard yet brittle phase of iron. The extent of martensite formation, including hardness and depth of formation, is known as hardenability. This practical provides an experiment for measurement of hardenability in plain carbon steel and an alloyed steel according to, the Jominy End-Quench Test , (ASTM A255 – 10). The demonstration exercise involve quenching one end of a heated steel sample ,comparing and evaluating the hardness distribution using measurements obtained at different locations(distance interval) on the sample(specimens) surface.
Temperature Cycling and Fatigue in ElectronicsCheryl Tulkoff
The majority of electronic failures occur due to thermally induced stresses and strains caused by excessive differences in coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) across materials.
CTE mismatches occur in both 1st and 2nd level interconnects in electronics assemblies.
-1st level interconnects connect the die to a substrate.
-This substrate can be underfilled so there are both global and local CTE mismatches to consider.
-2nd level interconnects connect the substrate, or package, to the printed circuit board (PCB). This would be considered a “board level” CTE mismatch.
-Several stress and strain mitigation techniques exist including the use of conformal coating.
The purpose of this presentation is to show that accelerated testing can be successfully used to predict solder joint and plated through hole (PTH) fatigue behavior.
Annealing and Microstructural Characterization of Tin-Oxide Based Thick Film ...Anis Rahman
Abstract. The sheet resistance of tin oxide based thick-film resistors exhibits two regions of temperature dependence,
described by hopping (23°C-200°C) and diffusion mechanisms (200°C-350°C), respectively.
Annealing these samples causes the sheet resistance to increase in both regions. In the post-annealed samples,
the hopping conduction range is extended by 50°C (23°C-250°C) while the hopping parameter, To, is decreased by
more than 50%. The activation energy of diffusion (0.60 eV) is the same for both pre- and post annealed samples, but
the magnitude of resistance in the diffusion controlled region is increased significantly as a result of annealing. These
changes are explained in terms of a net decrease in the concentration of tin ions in the glass matrix. From a careful
microstructural study it was found that a conduction path composed of tin-oxide grains or their clusters in contact
with each other does not exist in the present system. HREM micrographs showed the presence of nanocrystalline
tin-oxide particles in the glass phase separating the tin-oxide grain clusters. Estimated average separation between
the nanocrystals in 4 nm, consistent with a variable-range hopping conduction via the dissolved tin ions in the glass
matrix.
Engineering appliances and gadgets are dominating the life of human being. Therefore, it is a need to understand the characteristics of engineering materials being used to produce these products. The materials that are being selected must fulfil some of the basic requirements. To design, engineered, improve, and develop any of these products, it is essential to understand the properties of materials. In this “easy-to-follow” and “easy-to-understand” training course, engineering materials properties will be elaborate in detail.
Upon completion of this training course, participants should be able:
To explain concepts related to electrical, thermal, optical, magnetic, dielectric, superconductivity properties.
To correlate theory and principle of solid state materials with their engineering applications.
To suggest engineering materials for certain engineering applications
In the material testing laboratory, a Charpy impact test was performed on three different types (hot,cold,and steel alloy)of steels testing each variety at four different temperatures (32°C(RT), 100°C,0°C and -22°C ). From results (shown below), we determined that the a transition is from ductile failures to brittle failures
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
Effects of cryogenic treatment on tool steel aisi d6eSAT Journals
Abstract
In present technological modern age. All the manufacturers adopt that process which governs to higher productivity that has been achieved by the various treatment of tool steel. These conventional processes improve no of characteristics to fulfill desired purpose. But all these process does not provided fully satisfaction from conventional heat treatment process. Thus a new process is being additionally employed for improving mechanical properties called cryogenic treatment process or sub-zero treatment of tool steels. During this process tool steel is proceed below Atmospheric tem. That is in minus about (-1960 C or 3100 F). Due to cooling, steel alter their mechanical properties like wear resistance, Hardness, toughness, fatigue life micro-structure alteration etc. Cryo-treatment not only improve its mechanical properties but also improve thermal properties, electrical properties & easier machining etc. in this paper cryogenic treatment of tool steel AISI-D6 is perform and study is made for wear-resistance, Hardness, toughness, with respect to untreated test specimen of same, we have got improved wear-resistance capacity improve hardness as well as toughness.
Keywords – AISI-D6 tool steel, cryogenic process, wear resistance, Hardness, Toughness.
Effect of Heat Treatment on Corrosion Behavior of Spring SteelsEditor IJCATR
The experimental work deals with the effect of heat treatment on the corrosion behaviour of spring steels. In this study the
heat treatments like hardening, normalizing and tempering were done for spring steels to obtain martensitic matrix, pearlitic structure
and tempered martensitic matrix respectively. After heat treatment the microstructural studies were carried out for the samples using
SEM. Hardness measurements were done. The corrosion behaviour of all heat treated samples in HCl at different concentration (1.5N,
2N and 2.5N) was determined using Tafel extrapolation technique. The variation in the corrosion rates due to the effect of heat
treatment was noted. The results indicate that for fully martensitic matrix the corrosion rate is minimum and for pearlitic structure its
maximum. As tempering time is increased the corrosion rate increases correspondingly. The corroded microstructural images were
also taken using SEM and analysed.
This paper explains the fabrication of thin film using modified Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) Module. Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) is a variety of vacuum deposition and is a general term used to describe any of a variety of methods to deposit thin films by the condensation of a vaporized form of the material onto various surfaces. The surface morphology of various such as Titanium Dioxide and Aluminum thin film has been studied. The Titanium Dioxide and Aluminum thin film has been fabricated on Silicon (Si) substrate using modified Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) module system. The process started with the establishment of process flow, process modules, and process parameters. Two modules were developed. The characteristics prior to the thin film fabrication namely surface morphology, metal thickness characterization and V-I characteristic were recorded. The samples were characterized by Optical Microscope, Atomic Force Microscope (AFM),X-ray diffraction (XRD) and I - V characterization. The result and data were analyzed and applied in the fabrication of thin film using various materials. The thin film fabrication process used Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) nanopowder and Aluminum (Al2O3) nanopowder for the coating process. The result for each processes are presented in this paper.
Hardeninig of steel (Jominy test)-CoET- udsmmusadoto
Controlling a material’s properties during processing is pivotal for any engineering field. A specific hardness for a metal is often a desirable characteristic for many applications, so controlling hardness is important during processing. To increase the hardness of steel, it is often quenched from a high temperature to form martensite, a hard yet brittle phase of iron. The extent of martensite formation, including hardness and depth of formation, is known as hardenability. This practical provides an experiment for measurement of hardenability in plain carbon steel and an alloyed steel according to, the Jominy End-Quench Test , (ASTM A255 – 10). The demonstration exercise involve quenching one end of a heated steel sample ,comparing and evaluating the hardness distribution using measurements obtained at different locations(distance interval) on the sample(specimens) surface.
Temperature Cycling and Fatigue in ElectronicsCheryl Tulkoff
The majority of electronic failures occur due to thermally induced stresses and strains caused by excessive differences in coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) across materials.
CTE mismatches occur in both 1st and 2nd level interconnects in electronics assemblies.
-1st level interconnects connect the die to a substrate.
-This substrate can be underfilled so there are both global and local CTE mismatches to consider.
-2nd level interconnects connect the substrate, or package, to the printed circuit board (PCB). This would be considered a “board level” CTE mismatch.
-Several stress and strain mitigation techniques exist including the use of conformal coating.
The purpose of this presentation is to show that accelerated testing can be successfully used to predict solder joint and plated through hole (PTH) fatigue behavior.
Annealing and Microstructural Characterization of Tin-Oxide Based Thick Film ...Anis Rahman
Abstract. The sheet resistance of tin oxide based thick-film resistors exhibits two regions of temperature dependence,
described by hopping (23°C-200°C) and diffusion mechanisms (200°C-350°C), respectively.
Annealing these samples causes the sheet resistance to increase in both regions. In the post-annealed samples,
the hopping conduction range is extended by 50°C (23°C-250°C) while the hopping parameter, To, is decreased by
more than 50%. The activation energy of diffusion (0.60 eV) is the same for both pre- and post annealed samples, but
the magnitude of resistance in the diffusion controlled region is increased significantly as a result of annealing. These
changes are explained in terms of a net decrease in the concentration of tin ions in the glass matrix. From a careful
microstructural study it was found that a conduction path composed of tin-oxide grains or their clusters in contact
with each other does not exist in the present system. HREM micrographs showed the presence of nanocrystalline
tin-oxide particles in the glass phase separating the tin-oxide grain clusters. Estimated average separation between
the nanocrystals in 4 nm, consistent with a variable-range hopping conduction via the dissolved tin ions in the glass
matrix.
Engineering appliances and gadgets are dominating the life of human being. Therefore, it is a need to understand the characteristics of engineering materials being used to produce these products. The materials that are being selected must fulfil some of the basic requirements. To design, engineered, improve, and develop any of these products, it is essential to understand the properties of materials. In this “easy-to-follow” and “easy-to-understand” training course, engineering materials properties will be elaborate in detail.
Upon completion of this training course, participants should be able:
To explain concepts related to electrical, thermal, optical, magnetic, dielectric, superconductivity properties.
To correlate theory and principle of solid state materials with their engineering applications.
To suggest engineering materials for certain engineering applications
Generally the prediction of behaviour of material at high temperature is very difficult. During design of
components which are subjected to or working at high temperature must consider the testing at elevated
temperature. Hot tensile testing (HTT) is the method of tensile testing of material at elevated temperature. The
materials used for automotive or aerospace applications are mostly subject to cyclic loading, high temperature
and sometimes involve high frequency vibrations. High strength aluminium alloys are one class of materials that
are widely used in the automotive and aerospace industries .In this work I test A413 material for HTT at different
temperature and strain rate, which can be used for piston.
Keywords — HTT, high temperature, strain rate, piston, automotive or aerospace.
Laboratory Experiment No. 6 & 7Heat Treatment and Hardenability .docxsmile790243
Laboratory Experiment No. 6 & 7
Heat Treatment and Hardenability of Steels
Abstract
This experiment is attempted to measure the hardenability of the steel and understand the process of heat treatment of different materials at different cooling strategies. Cooling through different procedures will cause the materials to have different properties and different microstructures. Furthermore next stage of experiment relates the cooling rate and hardness of 1045 steel and 4143 steel. This also helps in determine how alloying a material permits it to be heat treated more homogeneously. Investigated results also proven to be close enough to expected results in obtaining higher brittleness with rapid cooling in and to improve ductility the process of tempering is proven to be very efficient with increase of tempering temperature the hardness of material must be decrease. Last but not least, after finishing experiment 6 the group found out that the lower the tempering temperature the lower the hardness. Also, the results that the group found from experiment 7 after finishing it proved being inconsistent from what it should be.
Introduction
The purpose of this experiment is to determine what effect heat treating and then cooling has on the hardness and grain structure of two different types of steel. The two different types of steels were utilized are 1045 steel samples and 4143 steel sample which is considered to be a low-alloy steel.
The heat-treating process is a method to alter physical and mechanical properties of the material. The heat-treating process is consists of three crucial steps of annealing, hardening, and tempering. Annealing is primarily used to soften and to induce the ductility of the specimens by heating and holding at suitable temperature and then cooling, by instantly quenching in the water, which produces the higher brittleness with low ductility and toughness in the specimens. Moreover, tempering is a process of heat-treating, which is used to increase the toughness of metal. Tempering is important because it used to achieve desired hardness. To restore some the toughness and impact properties is obtained by tempering where specimens are reheated to a temperature between 5000 F and 10000 F for certain time which removes the internal strain caused by sudden cooling in the quenching bath without a large decrease in hardness or strength.
In attempting the first phase of the experiment it cannot determined why some heat-treated materials don’t reach a high hardness when cooled at certain temperature. With the hardness test the hardness of a material can be determined. The Hardenability is a property that determines the depth and distribution of hardness when steel is heated to a given temperature and then quenched to reach martensitic structure, which is obtained by performing Jominy test, where an austenitized steel bar is quenched at one end only, thus producing a range of cooling rates along the bar.
Procedure
First of all, th ...
Laboratory Experiment. Number 6 & 7Heat Treatment and Hardenabil.docxDIPESH30
Laboratory Experiment. Number 6 & 7
Heat Treatment and Hardenability of Steels
Laboratory Experiment No. 6 & 7
Heat Treatment and Hardenability of Steels
Abstract
This experiment is attempted to measure the hardenability of the steel and understand the process of heat treatment of different materials at different cooling strategies. Cooling through different procedures will cause the materials to have different properties and different microstructures. Furthermore next stage of experiment relates the cooling rate and hardness of 1045 steel and 4143 steel. This also helps in determine how alloying a material permits it to be heat treated more homogeneously. Investigated results also proven to be close enough to expected results in obtaining higher brittleness with rapid cooling in and to improve ductility the process of tempering is proven to be very efficient with increase of tempering temperature the hardness of material must be decrease. Last but not least, after finishing experiment 6 the group found out that the lower the tempering temperature the lower the hardness. Also, the results that the group found from experiment 7 after finishing it proved being inconsistent from what it should be.
Introduction
The purpose of this experiment is to determine what effect heat treating and then cooling has on the hardness and grain structure of two different types of steel. The two different types of steels were utilized are 1045 steel samples and 4143 steel sample which is considered to be a low-alloy steel.
The heat-treating process is a method to alter physical and mechanical properties of the material. The heat-treating process is consists of three crucial steps of annealing, hardening, and tempering. Annealing is primarily used to soften and to induce the ductility of the specimens by heating and holding at suitable temperature and then cooling, by instantly quenching in the water, which produces the higher brittleness with low ductility and toughness in the specimens. Moreover, tempering is a process of heat-treating, which is used to increase the toughness of metal. Tempering is important because it used to achieve desired hardness. To restore some the toughness and impact properties is obtained by tempering where specimens are reheated to a temperature between 5000 F and 10000 F for certain time which removes the internal strain caused by sudden cooling in the quenching bath without a large decrease in hardness or strength.
In attempting the first phase of the experiment it cannot determined why some heat-treated materials don’t reach a high hardness when cooled at certain temperature. With the hardness test the hardness of a material can be determined. The Hardenability is a property that determines the depth and distribution of hardness when steel is heated to a given temperature and then quenched to reach martensitic structure, which is obtained by performing Jominy test, where an austenitized steel bar is quenched at one end only, thu ...
Effect of Hardness and Wear Resistance on En 353 Steel by Heat Treatment IJMER
En 353 steel is an easily available and cheap material that is acceptable for heavy duty
applications. Heat treatment on En 353 steel is improved the ductility, toughness, strength, hardness and
relive internal stress in the material. Spectrographic method is used to analyze the composition of the
alloy material. The experimental results of hardness and dry wear testing on pin-on-disc are done to get
idea about heat treated En 353 steel. It is found that the hardness and wear resistance of the En 353 steel
is improved after the heat treatment and the microstructure is changed from ferrite to martensite.
Effect of Step Quenching and Tempering on the Corrosion Behaviour of a Low Ca...inventionjournals
The trust of this research is to critically examine the effect of step quenching and tempering on the corrosion performance of a low carbon steel in 0.1M HCl aqueous solution. The steel was first normalized at 850OC for 1 hour. This was followed by step quenching heat treatment, which involved austenitizing at 850OC followed by slow cooling in the furnace to and soaking at various temperatures in the (α + γ) region of 730OC, 750OC and 770OC for 30 minutes and then quenched in water. Some set of the samples were tempered for 1 hour at 320OC and air cooled. Samples were prepared for microscopic examination and corrosion performance evaluation from all the heat treatment procedures. The weight loss method was used to evaluate the corrosion rate. Volume fraction of martensite was measured for the as-quenched step quenched samples. From the results, it was observed that martensite volume fraction increased with increase in soaking temperature. The results also revealed that step quenching increases the susceptibility of the investigated steel to corrosion, while tempering the as-quenched step quenched steel reduces corrosion susceptibility. Hence, it was recommended that for applications of this material in chloride environment, tempering should always proceed step quenching.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Steel 4140
Left
Middle
Right
AVG
Hardness (HRA)
42.7
48.4
45.2
45.4
Diameter (in.)
0.996
0.994
0.995
0.995
Steel 1410
Left
Middle
Right
AVG
Hardness (HRA)
46.7
44.4
51.8
47.6
Diameter (in.)
0.994
0.995
0.995
0.995
Steel 1410 Rockwell A (HRA) Measurements
Every 1/16 inch for 1 inch
Every 1/8 inch for 1 inch
Every 1/4 inch for 2 inches
1
23.0
45.9
41.9
2
45.7
47.1
42.0
3
47.8
46.6
40.9
4
46.0
44.9
29.5
5
46.0
46.7
32.7
6
45.1
47.5
42.5
7
47.1
45.3
43.0
8
46.9
43.3
21.8
9
45.2
10
47.7
11
47.8
12
46.9
13
46.8
14
55.8
15
45.9
16
46.6
Steel 4140 Rockwell A (HRA) Measurements
Every 1/16 inch for 1 inch
Every 1/8 inch for 1 inch
Every 1/4 inch for 2 inches
1
69.8
60.3
57.5
2
73.2
61.4
55.4
3
72.2
59.4
51.2
4
72.4
60.1
57.7
5
72.0
58.1
53.2
6
73.2
58.3
72.5
7
73.1
59.7
64.2
8
72.0
58.7
63.7
9
70.5
10
69.1
11
67.7
12
67.4
13
65.4
14
63.2
15
62.1
16
63.2
EXPERIMENT 6
HEAT TREATMENT OF STEEL
Purpose
The purposes of this experiment are to:
Investigate the processes of heat treating of steel
Study hardness testing and its limits
Examine microstructures of steel in relation to hardness
Background
To understand heat treatment of steels requires an ability to understand the Fe-C phase
diagram shown in Figure 6-1. Steel with a 0.78 wt% C is said to be a eutectoid steel. Steel
with carbon content less than 0.78 wt% C is hypoeutectoid and greater than 0.78 wt% C is
hypereutectoid. The region marked austenite is face-centered-cubic (FCC) and ferrite is
body-centered-cubic (BCC).
There are also regions that have two phases. If one cools a hypoeutectoid steel from a point in
the austenite region, reaching the A3 line, ferrite will form from the austenite. This ferrite is
called proeutectoid ferrite. When A1 is reached, a mixture of ferrite and iron carbide
(cementite) forms from the remaining austenite. The microstructure of a hypoeutectoid steel
upon cooling would contain proeutectoid ferrite plus pearlite (+ Fe3C).
The size, type and distribution of phases present can be altered by not waiting for
thermodynamic equilibrium. Steels are often cooled so rapidly that metastable phases appear.
One such phase is martensite, which is a body-centered tetragonal (BCT) phase and forms
only by very rapid cooling.
Much of the information on non-equilibrium distribution, size and type of phases has come
from experiments. The results are presented in a time-temperature-transformation (TTT)
diagram shown in Figure 6-2. As a sample is cooled, the temperature will decrease as shown
in curve #1. At point A, pearlite (a mixture of ferrite and cementite) will start to form from
austenite. At the time and temperature associated with point B, the austenite will have
completely transformed to pearlite. There are many possible paths through the pearlite
regions. Slower cooling causes coarse Pearlite, while fast cooling causes fine pearlite to form.
.
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Performed heat treatment at different temperatures improving the overall structure of the deposited samples
Conducted hardness measurements for each gradient sample using Wilson Rockwell Tester.
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The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
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Similar to Material Property Effects abbreviated (20)
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
Material Property Effects abbreviated
1. Material Property Effects of Heat Treating 1050 and
4130 Steel
Alejandro Cabrera
David Garcia
Amanda Gee
Kelly Inuzuka
University of the Pacific
Stockton, California
1 May 2015
2. 1
Summary:
Fundamentally, all steels are mixtures of different materials. More specifically,
alloys of iron, carbon, molybdenum, chrome, and others. Depending on the mixture and
amounts of carbon and alloys added, a steel sample may possess different material
properties such as ductility, yield strength, toughness, tensile strength, and hardness.
These properties are crucial for understanding how materials behave and what
materials to use for what applications during the design of structures or in creating new
materials. For structures designed in seismic regions the material need not only have
great strength but also ductility to be able to elastically deform under lateral loads
expected in an earthquake. If a structure has brittle materials for support, quick loading
experienced from natural disasters could cause catastrophic failure and potential loss of
life.
For this project we tested the tensile strength and hardness of two different
samples of steel, a 1050 carbon steel sample which has a carbon content percent range
of 0.37-0.44, and a 4130 alloy steel sample which has a carbon content percent range
of 0.28-.33. The data collected from the two test specimen allowed us to compare the
change in hardness and strength of each steel sample as well as allow us to compare
them with the four different quenching methods used. We also investigated the effect of
the alloy elements in the properties of the 4130 steel versus the 1050 steel sample.
The four quenchants that will be used for each steel sample will be water, air,
and oil. Annealing in the oven will also be performed. To harden steel, it is necessary to
heat the material to a temperature above the austenitizing temperature and cool it
rapidly. Each quenching method will cool down the steel at different rates until reaching
3. 2
room temperature. It is this variation in cooling rates produced by the quenchants that
will produce the change in grain sizes and microstructure of each sample which will
cause the properties to change.
Background Information:
[redacted]
Experimental Objectives:
● Make stress-strain diagrams for each material and compare the mechanical
properties of each material
● Estimate the phases/microstructures that form at different quench rates using a
TTT diagram and phase diagram
● To discover the effects alloying elements in 4130 steel
● Find toughness of both 4130 and 1050 steel
4. 3
Materials and Equipment:
Equipment in the lab included:
● MTS
● Rockwell hardness tester
● Oven
● Zetex gloves
● Tongs
● Oil
● Water
● Brick
● Bucket (x2)
● Micrometer (calipers)
● Electrical tape
● Fire extinguisher
5. 4
Materials ordered were:
Vendor
:
www.laboratorydev
icesco.com
Order
Detail
It.# Cat.# Item Quantity Unit Price
Total
Price
1 STC18 C1050 Steel - 4 1/2" length x .505" thick 6 8.75 $52.50
2 STC140
4130 Alloy Steel - 4 1/2" length x .505"
thick 6 9.25 $55.50
Vendor
: Walmart
It.# Vendor Item No. Item Quantity Price
Total
Price
1 9294287 Great Value: Vegetable Oil, 1 Gal 1 5.98 $5.98
Sub-Total $113.98
Tax: 8.90%
Total: $124.13
6. 5
Procedure:
The first step was verifying the composition and type of samples and heating up
the oven over several hours. Once the oven reached 900℃, the samples were layed out
flat with even spacing in two rows of four. The door was checked to ensure it had been
properly closed and the samples were left in the oven for 6 hours. Before removing
them, two metal buckets were filled: one with water at room temperature and the other
with oil at room temperature. The buckets were filled with sufficient material to prevent
an increase in temperature that would cause a loss of quenching ability and cracking in
the samples[1]. One 1050 sample was removed using the tongs and zetex gloves and
placed onto a brick next to the oven to allow it to air quench. Another was placed into
the water, and a third was placed into the oil. The fourth sample was left in the oven to
allow it to anneal. The 4130 samples were given the same treatments. A fire
extinguisher was on hand in case the oil caught on fire. The oven was shut off and the
oil was funneled back into the reserve before starting the hardness testing.
Once the samples had cooled, they were wiped off with paper towels, labeled,
and had the outer layer of oxidation removed with light taps. One sample was placed in
the Rockwell C hardness tester, and the machine was adjusted until the small gauge
was level. The load was then applied to the web and the gauge was tapped until the dial
stopped moving and a measurement was taken. The load was removed and the
process was repeated 10 times for each sample.
Micrometer calipers were used to measure the dimensions of the sample. The
length was measured as the distance between the edges of the filets on either side of
7. 6
the web. The thickness and width was measured at three points across each sample
and the average was used to calculate the cross-sectional area.
To prepare the MTS machine for tensile testing, the bolts on the machine were
loosened to allow changing of the height of the upper grips. The bolts were tightened
back up and a sample was held in place vertically while the lower grip was closed
around it. The position of the lower grip was adjusted using the computer so that the
upper flange could be secured into the upper grip. Before placing the samples in the
MTS to perform tensile tests, the flanges were taped with electrical tape to prevent the
brittle samples from breaking at the grips during tensile testing. The data for the
displacement and the applied load was collected with special software.
When the program for the tensile test was run, a plexiglass shield was positioned
in front of the MTS in case the grip on the samples was not secure, which could cause
them to turn into projectiles. To obtain a qualitative measure of the ductility of the
sample, pictures of the fractured samples were compared side by side.
Safety Analysis:
Potential safety hazards corresponding to our experiment were mainly physically
related. There was a chance of injuries to hands and eyes while grabbing metals out of
the oven. Injuries to eyes were also a possibility due to shards of metal breaking off
when performing the tensile testing. For this reason, we used zetex gloves when
handling hot materials and safety goggles were worn when performing tensile testing.
Tongs were used to take out the samples from the oven. A fire extinguisher was also
present when quenching in case the cooking oil caught on fire when the steel was
8. 7
quenched. As an added protection, a plexiglass shield was also used to prevent shards
of metal causing bodily injury.
Results:
Tensile Testing
❖ Annealed
[redacted]
Figure 2. Annealed 1050 vs. 4130 Tensile Test
Ultimate tensile strength is 78 Ksi for the 1050 annealed and 65 Ksi for the 4130 annealed.The proportional limit,
where the graph stops being linear is 49 Ksi for the 1050 annealed and 35 Ksi for the 4130 annealed.
9. 8
❖ Air Cooled
[redacted]
Figure 3. Air Quenched 1050 vs. 4130 Tensile Test
Ultimate tensile strength is 80 Ksi for the 1050 annealed and 98 Ksi for the 4130 annealed.The proportional limit,is
57 Ksi for the 1050 annealed and 78 Ksi for the 4130 annealed.
10. 9
❖ As Received
[redacted]
Figure 4. As Received 1050 vs. 4130 Tensile Test
Ultimate tensile strength is 67 Ksi for the 1050 annealed and 82 Ksi for the 4130 annealed.The proportional limit,is
49 Ksi for the 1050 annealed and 61 Ksi for the 4130 annealed.
11. 10
❖ Oil Quenched
[redacted]
Figure 5. Water Quenched 1050 vs. 4130 Tensile Test
Ultimate tensile strength is 175 Ksi for the 1050 annealed and 205 Ksi for the 4130 annealed.The proportional limit,
is 123 Ksi for the 1050 annealed and 140 Ksi for the 4130 annealed.
12. 11
❖ Water Quenched
[redacted]
Figure 6. Oil Quenched 1050 vs. 4130 Tensile Test
Ultimate tensile strength is 116 Ksi for the 1050 annealed and 139 Ksi for the 4130 annealed.The proportional limit,
is 82 Ksi for the 1050 annealed and 100 Ksi for the 4130 annealed.
Figure 7. Tensile testcomparison ofall 1050 samples
13. 12
Ultimate tensile strength is 78 Ksi for the 1050 annealed,80 Ksi for the 1050 air cooled,63 Ksi for 1050 as re ceived,
116 Ksi for 1050 oil quenched,and 188 Ksi for 1050 water quenched.The yield strength of 1050 annealed is 43 Ksi,
for 1050 air cooled is 67 Ksi, for 1050 as received is 42 Ksi,for 1050 oil quenched is 82 Ksi and for 1050 water
quenched is 160 Ksi.
Figure 8. Tensile testcomparison ofall 4130 samples
Ultimate tensile strength is 60 Ksi for the 4130 annealed,98 Ksi for the 4130 air cooled,75 Ksi for 4130 as received,
135 Ksi for 4130 oil quenched,and 212 Ksi for 4130 water quenched.The yield strength of 4130 annealed is 46 Ksi,
for 4130 air cooled is 75 Ksi, for 4130 as received is 55 Ksi,for 4130 oil quenched is 105 Ksi and for 4130 water
quenched is 200 Ksi.,
Hardness
[redacted]
Table 1. Rockwell C Hardness Testing for all samples. 4130 alloytypically had greater hardness than the 1050
sample. Water quenching the sample created the greatestincrease in hardness compared to the untreated
specimen. The specimen which was untreated showed the leasthardness.
Water
Quenched Air Quenched Oil Quenched Annealed No Quenching
1050 4130 1050 4130 1050 4130 1050 4130 1050 4130
Rockwell C Hardness 41.3 46.1 20.2 31.2 24.5 24.4 17.5 21.7 17.9 20.6
14. 13
Discussion:
Comparison of All 1050 Samples
When looking at the stress strain curve for all the quenching methods of the 1050 steel
(Figure 7), the water quenched and oil quenched samples had the greatest ultimate
strength and toughness. The water quenched sample behaved more brittle while the oil
quenched sample behaved more ductile. These two methods produced the fastest
cooling rate which explains the formation of martensite, thus the increase in strength yet
creation of a brittle material. The most ductile samples were the annealed and the as
received samples. This was due to the slower rate of cooling of the materials which
allowed for pearlite to form and essentially created a softer material. 1050 generally was
not as tough and had a lower ultimate tensile strength.
Comparison of All 4130 Samples
When looking at the stress strain curve for all the quenching methods of the 4130 steel
(Figure 8), the water quenched and oil quenched samples had the greatest ultimate
strength. This was the same properties seen in the oil and water quenched samples of
the 1050 steel. The most ductile samples were the annealed and the as received
samples. The data was similar to that of the 1050 steel. The fastest cooling rates
(water and oil) produced the most strength within the material but made the material
brittle. The slower cooling rates (annealing and air cooled) produced softer material
with less ultimate strength but more ductility. The 4130 samples had generally higher
strength and ultimate tensile strength compared to 1050 steel. The alloys within the
specimen increased hardness and strength in the metal when heat treated. The reason
for this is that alloys contain atoms of different sizes, which distorts the regular
15. 14
arrangements of atoms. This makes it more difficult for the layers to slide over each
other, so alloys are harder than the pure metal. This was supported through the
experimental data.
When performing the experiment, it was noted that the 4130 sample did not oxidize and
form a layer of oxide as easily as did the 1050 sample. When tensile testing the 1050
samples, at failure it was noted that a puff of oxide coming off the specimen was seen.
The reason being that the alloys (Chromium and Molybdenum) in the 4130 sample
prevent the rapid oxidation of the steel. It was also noted that the samples left in the
oven created more oxide than the other samples quenched differently. The samples
quenched in the oven should have formed less oxide since the oven should have limited
the amount of oxygen available to for the oxide to form, yet this was found to be untrue.
Although quantitative data was not taken on the amount of oxide formed on the
samples, it was observed and noted. It is believed that the oven may not be as
perfectly sealed as what was initially thought which is what lead to more oxide forming
on the samples in the oven.
Comparison of 1050 Lab Data to Published Data
Based on published data, the 1050 steel sample has an ultimate tensile strength of 190
ksi and a Rockwell C Hardness of 43. These values were similar to our experimental
values which provided an ultimate tensile strength of 180 ksi and a Rockwell C
Hardness of 41.3 [3]. This shows our experiment was accurate given the instruments
which we had at our disposal.
16. 15
Comparison of 4130 Lab Data to Published Data
Based on published data, the 4130 steel sample has an ultimate tensile strength of 81.2
ksi and a Rockwell C Hardness of 17 (for non treated 4130 steel). The experimental
data obtained was an ultimate tensile strength of 80 ksi and a Rockwell C Hardness of
20.6. This data closely matched that of the published values showing the experimental
procedure to have been relatively accurate.
Errors
There were several errors identified which could have had an affect on the
precision of the data collected. During heat treatment of the materials, it was difficult to
remove all of the samples all at once. Each specimen had to be quenched shortly after
its removal from the oven. Longer time in the oven creates inconsistencies in data.
Flaking of the material also occurred when quenched. This was the oxidation reaction
which was more prevalent in the 1050 samples than the 4130. Hardness testing was
performed on the same specimens that had to undergo tensile testing. The testing was
conducted on the web of the specimen which would lead to deformities and
imperfections in the material, making it weaker in some areas than others were the
hardness test was not performed. This would lead to a consistent error since all
specimen were hardness tested on the web. This would although lead to inaccurate
results. Deformities caused by hardness testing would ultimately decrease the strength
of the specimen during the tensile test.
17. 16
Conclusions:
A faster heat treatment results in the formation of more martensite after
quenching, thus a great increase in hardness and tensile strength[2]. However, this also
results in some increase in brittleness. Oil was predicted to form the most martensite,
which would cause the steel to be hard and brittle while the water was expected to
crack before the tests were completed. The data instead showed that water quenching
resulted in the most martensite. The annealed was expected to form pearlite which
would make the steel soft and ductile, and this was shown by the data. The rates at
which the steels were cooled determined which microstructures would form.
Alloying elements, such as molybdenum and chrome, will typically increase the
toughness, ultimate tensile strength, and hardness of the steel. The 4130 steel was
predicted to be softer, more ductile, and less tough than the 1050 steel because the
4130 contains less carbon than the 1050. The stress-strain diagrams created show that
the alloying elements made a larger difference in the properties of the material than the
carbon content.
Heat treating steels ultimately has a positive effect in terms of strength and
hardness but depending on the type of steel, ductility and toughness will change. After
a metal has been heated and quenched, it should be reheated in a process called
tempering, or drawing, to relieve the stresses caused by the previous steps. Quenching
leaves metals stressed, too brittle and hard for use. Tempering relieves the stresses,
increasing the toughness and ductility of the metal while retaining sufficient hardness
and strength. From published data we know that heat treating and tempering creates
tempered martensite which has the most optimal combination of strength and ductility.
18. 17
As an engineer, knowing what properties steels will have under specific temperatures
and conditions is important in order to provide a safe and economical design.
19. 18
References:
[1] Parkash,S. 2010, Petroleum Fuels Manufacturing Handbook: Including Specialty
Products and Sustainable Manufacturing Techniques. METAL FINISHING
QUENCHANTS, McGraw-Hill Professional, AccessEngineering, Chap. 18
[2] Brockenbrough,R. ,Merritt, F.S. 2011, Structural Steel Designer's Handbook, Fifth
Edition. PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL STEELS AND EFFECTS OF
STEELMAKING AND FABRICATION, McGraw-Hill Professional, 2011,
AccessEngineering Chap. 1
[3] Bernstein, I.M., 1977, Handbook of Stainless Steels. McGraw-Hill, Inc. pp.1-10
[4] Smith, W.F.,1981, Structure and Properties of Engineering Alloys. McGraw-Hill Book
Company, Chap. 4
[5] Shackleford, J.F.,2015, Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers, Eighth
Edition. Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Chap. 9-10.
20. 19
Appendix:
[redacted]
Figure 8: Final fracture results of both 1050 and 4130 steels after hardness and tensile
test. The images show the brittle and ductile fracture of both 4130 and 1050 steels
tested.