Effects of cryogenic treatment on tool steel aisi d6eSAT Journals
Abstract
In present technological modern age. All the manufacturers adopt that process which governs to higher productivity that has been achieved by the various treatment of tool steel. These conventional processes improve no of characteristics to fulfill desired purpose. But all these process does not provided fully satisfaction from conventional heat treatment process. Thus a new process is being additionally employed for improving mechanical properties called cryogenic treatment process or sub-zero treatment of tool steels. During this process tool steel is proceed below Atmospheric tem. That is in minus about (-1960 C or 3100 F). Due to cooling, steel alter their mechanical properties like wear resistance, Hardness, toughness, fatigue life micro-structure alteration etc. Cryo-treatment not only improve its mechanical properties but also improve thermal properties, electrical properties & easier machining etc. in this paper cryogenic treatment of tool steel AISI-D6 is perform and study is made for wear-resistance, Hardness, toughness, with respect to untreated test specimen of same, we have got improved wear-resistance capacity improve hardness as well as toughness.
Keywords – AISI-D6 tool steel, cryogenic process, wear resistance, Hardness, Toughness.
Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on surface integrity and dimensional stabi...eSAT Journals
Abstract Deep cryogenic treatment is an add-on process to conventional heat treatment in which material is treated at cryogenic temperature. The mechanical properties of the tool steel are significantly improved by Deep Cryogenic treatment. Surface integrity and dimensional stability is having greater impact on the functional performance of the tool during service conditions. The objective of this work is to investigate the effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the surface integrity and dimensional stability of the D2 tool steel. The metallographic samples and Navy C Rings of D2 Tool steel were treated at cryogenic temperature of -1930C after hardening and tempering. Results have shown improvement in surface roughness. The improved surface roughness is attributed to the release of tensile residual stresses and more precipitation and uniform distribution of fine secondary carbides. DCT have higher shape distortion than CHT. The distortions in DCT can be attributed to the section sensitivity of D2 Tool steel. Keywords: Surface integrity, distortion, precipitation of secondary carbides, section sensitivity
The Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on the Hardness, Friction and Wear Resista...IJMER
Investigations carried out in the recent few decades reveal the advantages of cryogenic
treatment as one of the promising techniques to enhance wear resistance in certain tool steels. Thus the
cryogenic treatment has significant influence on the tribological performance of tool steels. It is a one
time permanent treatment process affecting the entire section of the part, unlike coatings. Enhancing the
wear resistance and service life of the steel tools subjected to rubbing condition is of important concern.
Literature provides information about the investigations performed on some high-speed steels which
reveal remarkable improvement in wear resistance from 92% to 817%. Furthermore, the studies
conducted on conventional D3 tool steel reveals the betterment of certain tribo-mechanical properties
such as hardness and wear resistance. In the present investigation the effect of cryogenic treatment on
austenitic ductile iron type D3 tool steel is studied by sliding the test specimen against the same mating
material. The study reveals increase in hardness, reduction in friction coefficient and enhancement in
wear resistance
Effect of Subzero Treatment on Microstructure and Material Properties of EN...IJMER
Cryogenic treatment of steels has been widely used for enhancing mechanical properties
like hardness, toughness and stable metallurgical structure. Application such as gears, kicker rods,
bolts are made of medium carbon alloy steels like EN-24 steel. In these applications, percentage of
retained austenite has considerable effects on the life of the material. A comparative study on
conventionally heat-treated (CHT) and shallow cryogenic treated (SCT) EN-24 steel was done to
evaluate the effect of shallow cryogenic treatment (SCT) on hardness, toughness and the amount of
retained austenite present in the structure of EN24 steel. The microscopic structure of cryogenic
treated EN24 steel revealed the formation of carbides, both primary and secondary carbides. An
estimated amount of 15% retained austenite after CHT tempered condition was less than 2% after SCT
tempered condition. Tensile test fractography of subzero treated (SCT) specimen revealed ductile
fracture. The maximum hardness observed in case of SCT tempered samples was 415BHN, 15%
increase from CHT tempered samples. The maximum impact strength observed in case of SCT
tempered samples was 240kJ/m2, 11% increase from CHT tempered samples. Further SCT tempered
samples, tempered at 650°C resulted in ductility increase by 55% as compared to CHT tempered
samples without sacrificing hardness.
Effects of cryogenic treatment on tool steel aisi d6eSAT Journals
Abstract
In present technological modern age. All the manufacturers adopt that process which governs to higher productivity that has been achieved by the various treatment of tool steel. These conventional processes improve no of characteristics to fulfill desired purpose. But all these process does not provided fully satisfaction from conventional heat treatment process. Thus a new process is being additionally employed for improving mechanical properties called cryogenic treatment process or sub-zero treatment of tool steels. During this process tool steel is proceed below Atmospheric tem. That is in minus about (-1960 C or 3100 F). Due to cooling, steel alter their mechanical properties like wear resistance, Hardness, toughness, fatigue life micro-structure alteration etc. Cryo-treatment not only improve its mechanical properties but also improve thermal properties, electrical properties & easier machining etc. in this paper cryogenic treatment of tool steel AISI-D6 is perform and study is made for wear-resistance, Hardness, toughness, with respect to untreated test specimen of same, we have got improved wear-resistance capacity improve hardness as well as toughness.
Keywords – AISI-D6 tool steel, cryogenic process, wear resistance, Hardness, Toughness.
Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on surface integrity and dimensional stabi...eSAT Journals
Abstract Deep cryogenic treatment is an add-on process to conventional heat treatment in which material is treated at cryogenic temperature. The mechanical properties of the tool steel are significantly improved by Deep Cryogenic treatment. Surface integrity and dimensional stability is having greater impact on the functional performance of the tool during service conditions. The objective of this work is to investigate the effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the surface integrity and dimensional stability of the D2 tool steel. The metallographic samples and Navy C Rings of D2 Tool steel were treated at cryogenic temperature of -1930C after hardening and tempering. Results have shown improvement in surface roughness. The improved surface roughness is attributed to the release of tensile residual stresses and more precipitation and uniform distribution of fine secondary carbides. DCT have higher shape distortion than CHT. The distortions in DCT can be attributed to the section sensitivity of D2 Tool steel. Keywords: Surface integrity, distortion, precipitation of secondary carbides, section sensitivity
The Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on the Hardness, Friction and Wear Resista...IJMER
Investigations carried out in the recent few decades reveal the advantages of cryogenic
treatment as one of the promising techniques to enhance wear resistance in certain tool steels. Thus the
cryogenic treatment has significant influence on the tribological performance of tool steels. It is a one
time permanent treatment process affecting the entire section of the part, unlike coatings. Enhancing the
wear resistance and service life of the steel tools subjected to rubbing condition is of important concern.
Literature provides information about the investigations performed on some high-speed steels which
reveal remarkable improvement in wear resistance from 92% to 817%. Furthermore, the studies
conducted on conventional D3 tool steel reveals the betterment of certain tribo-mechanical properties
such as hardness and wear resistance. In the present investigation the effect of cryogenic treatment on
austenitic ductile iron type D3 tool steel is studied by sliding the test specimen against the same mating
material. The study reveals increase in hardness, reduction in friction coefficient and enhancement in
wear resistance
Effect of Subzero Treatment on Microstructure and Material Properties of EN...IJMER
Cryogenic treatment of steels has been widely used for enhancing mechanical properties
like hardness, toughness and stable metallurgical structure. Application such as gears, kicker rods,
bolts are made of medium carbon alloy steels like EN-24 steel. In these applications, percentage of
retained austenite has considerable effects on the life of the material. A comparative study on
conventionally heat-treated (CHT) and shallow cryogenic treated (SCT) EN-24 steel was done to
evaluate the effect of shallow cryogenic treatment (SCT) on hardness, toughness and the amount of
retained austenite present in the structure of EN24 steel. The microscopic structure of cryogenic
treated EN24 steel revealed the formation of carbides, both primary and secondary carbides. An
estimated amount of 15% retained austenite after CHT tempered condition was less than 2% after SCT
tempered condition. Tensile test fractography of subzero treated (SCT) specimen revealed ductile
fracture. The maximum hardness observed in case of SCT tempered samples was 415BHN, 15%
increase from CHT tempered samples. The maximum impact strength observed in case of SCT
tempered samples was 240kJ/m2, 11% increase from CHT tempered samples. Further SCT tempered
samples, tempered at 650°C resulted in ductility increase by 55% as compared to CHT tempered
samples without sacrificing hardness.
Experimental Analysis using Established Parameters for Cryogenic Treatment on...IJAEMSJORNAL
The experimental analysis on cutting tool material is done with referring the established parameters for Cryogenic Treatment. The pilot experimentation is carried out using the Conventional heat treated tool bits as supplied condition and Cryogenic treated tools. The three grades of high speed steel are identified for the investigation purpose and for pilot experimentation H.S.S. T42 grade is selected. The tool material procured is strictly as per the grade specifications for the investigation of effect of cryogenic treatment on tool life. The established parameters for cryogenic treatment are identified referring to previous published research and machining parameters as per the industry specifications. The pilot experimentation using Untreated and treated tools are subjected to turning operation on CNC turning center for a definite work material and machining parameters such as cutting speed, feed and depth of cut are identified. Single point cutting Tool geometry is maintained as per the tool signature and length of the tool is maintained as per the limitations of the machine. The Surface Roughness of the machined work piece is measured using the Taylor Hob-son Surface Roughness tester and the Tool wear is measured using the Tool Makers microscope. The results are tabulated. An experimental effort to understand the effect of Untreated and Cryogenic treated tool on the tool life is the outcome of this paper. The outcome of this paper forms the basis of experimentation using the Orthogonal array for all the selected grades of the material.
“Evaluation of Corrosion Properties of Retrogression and Reaged Al 7075 alloy...IJERA Editor
The metal matrix composites offer a spectrum of advantages that are important for their selection and use as structural materials. A few such advantages are high strength, high elastic modulus, high toughness and impact resistance, low sensitivity to changes in temperature or thermal shock, high surface durability, low sensitivity to surface flaws, high electrical and thermal conductivity, minimum exposure to the potential problem of moisture absorption resulting in environmental degradation and improved machinability with conventional metal working equipment. The aim of the present study is to investigate the corrosion properties of Silicon Carbide particles (SiCp) reinforced Aluminum matrix composite after retrogression and re-aging heat treatment. Aluminum 7075 alloy with 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% SiCp were studied.
Effect of Step Quenching and Tempering on the Corrosion Behaviour of a Low Ca...inventionjournals
The trust of this research is to critically examine the effect of step quenching and tempering on the corrosion performance of a low carbon steel in 0.1M HCl aqueous solution. The steel was first normalized at 850OC for 1 hour. This was followed by step quenching heat treatment, which involved austenitizing at 850OC followed by slow cooling in the furnace to and soaking at various temperatures in the (α + γ) region of 730OC, 750OC and 770OC for 30 minutes and then quenched in water. Some set of the samples were tempered for 1 hour at 320OC and air cooled. Samples were prepared for microscopic examination and corrosion performance evaluation from all the heat treatment procedures. The weight loss method was used to evaluate the corrosion rate. Volume fraction of martensite was measured for the as-quenched step quenched samples. From the results, it was observed that martensite volume fraction increased with increase in soaking temperature. The results also revealed that step quenching increases the susceptibility of the investigated steel to corrosion, while tempering the as-quenched step quenched steel reduces corrosion susceptibility. Hence, it was recommended that for applications of this material in chloride environment, tempering should always proceed step quenching.
MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION AND HOT EROSION BEHAVIOR OF CRC-NICR COATED ...IAEME Publication
Erosion behavior of the High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) deposited CrC - NiCr coating on stainless steel was evaluated. Th e solid particle erosion stu dy was conducted using an air jet erosion test rig at a velocity 60m/sec and impingement angle 60 ° , 75 ° and 90 ° , on HVOF spray coated steel at 600 ° C. Microstructure, chemical composition, phases present in the coating on the steel substrate was studied by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X - Ray Diffraction method. The Hardness is gradually increasing with increasing content of Cr 3 C 2 particles in all three samples. The erosion mechanism of coatings was also discussed and erosion rate is maximum at impingement angle 75 °
Generally the prediction of behaviour of material at high temperature is very difficult. During design of
components which are subjected to or working at high temperature must consider the testing at elevated
temperature. Hot tensile testing (HTT) is the method of tensile testing of material at elevated temperature. The
materials used for automotive or aerospace applications are mostly subject to cyclic loading, high temperature
and sometimes involve high frequency vibrations. High strength aluminium alloys are one class of materials that
are widely used in the automotive and aerospace industries .In this work I test A413 material for HTT at different
temperature and strain rate, which can be used for piston.
Keywords — HTT, high temperature, strain rate, piston, automotive or aerospace.
Effect of Heat Treatment on Corrosion Behavior of Spring SteelsEditor IJCATR
The experimental work deals with the effect of heat treatment on the corrosion behaviour of spring steels. In this study the
heat treatments like hardening, normalizing and tempering were done for spring steels to obtain martensitic matrix, pearlitic structure
and tempered martensitic matrix respectively. After heat treatment the microstructural studies were carried out for the samples using
SEM. Hardness measurements were done. The corrosion behaviour of all heat treated samples in HCl at different concentration (1.5N,
2N and 2.5N) was determined using Tafel extrapolation technique. The variation in the corrosion rates due to the effect of heat
treatment was noted. The results indicate that for fully martensitic matrix the corrosion rate is minimum and for pearlitic structure its
maximum. As tempering time is increased the corrosion rate increases correspondingly. The corroded microstructural images were
also taken using SEM and analysed.
Characterization and Performance Evaluation of HSS Cutting Tools under deep C...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Annealing Response of Aluminum Alloy AA6014 Processed By Severe Plastic Defor...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: In this paper the study of micro structural stability during annealing with respect to time of conventionally grains (CG) and ultrafine-grained (UFG) of Aluminum AA6014 i s carried out. It has been observed that, the effect of the second phase magnesium-silicon particles in the CG and UFG AA6014 samples leads to a rapid hardness which increases from 40HV10 to 70HV10 within 7 days. Artificial aging shows that the material hardness even increased after 20 hours of annealing at 180°C. In total 30 hours of annealing, the hardness arrives at its maximum and then reduces due to the formation of Mg2Si precipitates, which rise in size and change their coherency. The precipitates cannot efficiently pin the dislocations and act as barriers to the dislocation motion which indicate an overall decrease in the hardness. It also has been found that the ultrafinegrained AA6014 alloy loses its thermal stability at approximately 200°C and recrystallized at 300°C. Thermal stability is strongly dependent on the material purity, second phase particles and/or oxide particles which may break up during rolling and lead to some dispersion strengthening.
Cyclic Heating Effect on Hardness of AluminumIJERA Editor
Presented work discusses research results concerning the effect of the heat treatment process. Thermal fatigue
which expresses repeated heating and cooling processes affect the ductility or the brittleness of the material. In
this research 70 specimens of aluminum (2 mm thickness, 85 mm length, 32 mm width) are subjected to thermal
fatigue at different conditions. Heating temperatures; Th = 100, 300 and 500 ° C. Number of repeated cycles; N
=70. Results are evaluated then compared to each other and to that of specimens without subjected to thermal
fatigue.
Design of Annealing, Normalizing and Hardening Heat Treatment of SteelMd Musavvir Mahmud
Steel sample was annealed, normalized and hardened using in various temperatures and time. The process details and other details can be found here easily.
Experimental Analysis using Established Parameters for Cryogenic Treatment on...IJAEMSJORNAL
The experimental analysis on cutting tool material is done with referring the established parameters for Cryogenic Treatment. The pilot experimentation is carried out using the Conventional heat treated tool bits as supplied condition and Cryogenic treated tools. The three grades of high speed steel are identified for the investigation purpose and for pilot experimentation H.S.S. T42 grade is selected. The tool material procured is strictly as per the grade specifications for the investigation of effect of cryogenic treatment on tool life. The established parameters for cryogenic treatment are identified referring to previous published research and machining parameters as per the industry specifications. The pilot experimentation using Untreated and treated tools are subjected to turning operation on CNC turning center for a definite work material and machining parameters such as cutting speed, feed and depth of cut are identified. Single point cutting Tool geometry is maintained as per the tool signature and length of the tool is maintained as per the limitations of the machine. The Surface Roughness of the machined work piece is measured using the Taylor Hob-son Surface Roughness tester and the Tool wear is measured using the Tool Makers microscope. The results are tabulated. An experimental effort to understand the effect of Untreated and Cryogenic treated tool on the tool life is the outcome of this paper. The outcome of this paper forms the basis of experimentation using the Orthogonal array for all the selected grades of the material.
“Evaluation of Corrosion Properties of Retrogression and Reaged Al 7075 alloy...IJERA Editor
The metal matrix composites offer a spectrum of advantages that are important for their selection and use as structural materials. A few such advantages are high strength, high elastic modulus, high toughness and impact resistance, low sensitivity to changes in temperature or thermal shock, high surface durability, low sensitivity to surface flaws, high electrical and thermal conductivity, minimum exposure to the potential problem of moisture absorption resulting in environmental degradation and improved machinability with conventional metal working equipment. The aim of the present study is to investigate the corrosion properties of Silicon Carbide particles (SiCp) reinforced Aluminum matrix composite after retrogression and re-aging heat treatment. Aluminum 7075 alloy with 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% SiCp were studied.
Effect of Step Quenching and Tempering on the Corrosion Behaviour of a Low Ca...inventionjournals
The trust of this research is to critically examine the effect of step quenching and tempering on the corrosion performance of a low carbon steel in 0.1M HCl aqueous solution. The steel was first normalized at 850OC for 1 hour. This was followed by step quenching heat treatment, which involved austenitizing at 850OC followed by slow cooling in the furnace to and soaking at various temperatures in the (α + γ) region of 730OC, 750OC and 770OC for 30 minutes and then quenched in water. Some set of the samples were tempered for 1 hour at 320OC and air cooled. Samples were prepared for microscopic examination and corrosion performance evaluation from all the heat treatment procedures. The weight loss method was used to evaluate the corrosion rate. Volume fraction of martensite was measured for the as-quenched step quenched samples. From the results, it was observed that martensite volume fraction increased with increase in soaking temperature. The results also revealed that step quenching increases the susceptibility of the investigated steel to corrosion, while tempering the as-quenched step quenched steel reduces corrosion susceptibility. Hence, it was recommended that for applications of this material in chloride environment, tempering should always proceed step quenching.
MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION AND HOT EROSION BEHAVIOR OF CRC-NICR COATED ...IAEME Publication
Erosion behavior of the High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) deposited CrC - NiCr coating on stainless steel was evaluated. Th e solid particle erosion stu dy was conducted using an air jet erosion test rig at a velocity 60m/sec and impingement angle 60 ° , 75 ° and 90 ° , on HVOF spray coated steel at 600 ° C. Microstructure, chemical composition, phases present in the coating on the steel substrate was studied by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X - Ray Diffraction method. The Hardness is gradually increasing with increasing content of Cr 3 C 2 particles in all three samples. The erosion mechanism of coatings was also discussed and erosion rate is maximum at impingement angle 75 °
Generally the prediction of behaviour of material at high temperature is very difficult. During design of
components which are subjected to or working at high temperature must consider the testing at elevated
temperature. Hot tensile testing (HTT) is the method of tensile testing of material at elevated temperature. The
materials used for automotive or aerospace applications are mostly subject to cyclic loading, high temperature
and sometimes involve high frequency vibrations. High strength aluminium alloys are one class of materials that
are widely used in the automotive and aerospace industries .In this work I test A413 material for HTT at different
temperature and strain rate, which can be used for piston.
Keywords — HTT, high temperature, strain rate, piston, automotive or aerospace.
Effect of Heat Treatment on Corrosion Behavior of Spring SteelsEditor IJCATR
The experimental work deals with the effect of heat treatment on the corrosion behaviour of spring steels. In this study the
heat treatments like hardening, normalizing and tempering were done for spring steels to obtain martensitic matrix, pearlitic structure
and tempered martensitic matrix respectively. After heat treatment the microstructural studies were carried out for the samples using
SEM. Hardness measurements were done. The corrosion behaviour of all heat treated samples in HCl at different concentration (1.5N,
2N and 2.5N) was determined using Tafel extrapolation technique. The variation in the corrosion rates due to the effect of heat
treatment was noted. The results indicate that for fully martensitic matrix the corrosion rate is minimum and for pearlitic structure its
maximum. As tempering time is increased the corrosion rate increases correspondingly. The corroded microstructural images were
also taken using SEM and analysed.
Characterization and Performance Evaluation of HSS Cutting Tools under deep C...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Annealing Response of Aluminum Alloy AA6014 Processed By Severe Plastic Defor...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: In this paper the study of micro structural stability during annealing with respect to time of conventionally grains (CG) and ultrafine-grained (UFG) of Aluminum AA6014 i s carried out. It has been observed that, the effect of the second phase magnesium-silicon particles in the CG and UFG AA6014 samples leads to a rapid hardness which increases from 40HV10 to 70HV10 within 7 days. Artificial aging shows that the material hardness even increased after 20 hours of annealing at 180°C. In total 30 hours of annealing, the hardness arrives at its maximum and then reduces due to the formation of Mg2Si precipitates, which rise in size and change their coherency. The precipitates cannot efficiently pin the dislocations and act as barriers to the dislocation motion which indicate an overall decrease in the hardness. It also has been found that the ultrafinegrained AA6014 alloy loses its thermal stability at approximately 200°C and recrystallized at 300°C. Thermal stability is strongly dependent on the material purity, second phase particles and/or oxide particles which may break up during rolling and lead to some dispersion strengthening.
Cyclic Heating Effect on Hardness of AluminumIJERA Editor
Presented work discusses research results concerning the effect of the heat treatment process. Thermal fatigue
which expresses repeated heating and cooling processes affect the ductility or the brittleness of the material. In
this research 70 specimens of aluminum (2 mm thickness, 85 mm length, 32 mm width) are subjected to thermal
fatigue at different conditions. Heating temperatures; Th = 100, 300 and 500 ° C. Number of repeated cycles; N
=70. Results are evaluated then compared to each other and to that of specimens without subjected to thermal
fatigue.
Design of Annealing, Normalizing and Hardening Heat Treatment of SteelMd Musavvir Mahmud
Steel sample was annealed, normalized and hardened using in various temperatures and time. The process details and other details can be found here easily.
Effect of cryogenic treatment on tool steel (aisi ¬d2)eSAT Journals
Abstract
In present scenario modernization of machine tools is on prime consideration that is an optimization of desired properties in machine tool parts means alternation of properties for that previously we employed heat treatment of steel, thus we have some improved properties but does not achieved correct solution for the problem. In modern age a new technology is comes on the front line, recognize by Acronyms C.T.P. or Cryogenic treatment of steel which has been done in cooling Atmosphere below Atmospheric tem. About – 1960C or- 3100F. During this temp. Range conversion of Austenite to marten site takes place. Thus we have got increased some desirable properties like reduced wear & Tear. Increased Hardness Micro- structure improved, Stress relieving properties also improved. In this paper tool Steel AISI- D2 is used for cryogenic treatment & study is performed regarding Micro- structure and Hardness, after Cryogenic treatment comparison is also made with un-treated test specimen.
Keywords:-AISI- D2, Cryogenic Treatment, Phase Transformation, Hardness, Micro- Structure
This slide contains theoritical and analytical study about "about abrasive water jet machining process" and it has also discription about " OMAX 60120 abrasive water jet machine.Here analytical stydy is done with mainly ss-304 material.
Increase of salt fog corrosion resistance of plasma nitridedJesusPZ
AISI 4340 is a commonly used alloy which is characterized by its remarkable strength, ductility and toughness obtained as a consequence of its good tempering properties [1].Because of its structural acceptable performance, AISI 4340 is widely used for fabrication of parts and components in automotive, aerospace as well as metal mechanics industries.
[CR4102] Tribology Assignment-118CR0129
Tribological study of a ternary carbide namely Ti3SiC2, a thermodynamically stable laminates, exhibits both Metallic and Ceramic features.
Here we discussed about the properties, structure, R-curve, fretting and tribological behavior of Ti3SiC2 by taking references from various frontline researchers.
Daniel adrien franco lespinasse - status of magnetron sputtered qwrthinfilmsworkshop
The objective of this research is the deposition of a superconductive thin film onto copper Quarter Wave Resonator cavities that can be used in the HIE-ISOLDE facility at CERN. To do this, it was developed an innovative magnetron configuration source. Our experience has shown the efficiency of this particular configuration in order to deposit a uniform thin film, and also improve the superconductive properties of the niobium (Residual Resistance Ratio and Critical Temperature). This presentation presents the recent improvement of the niobium thin film properties and the procedure used to deposit and measure the first resonator at LNL of HIE-ISOLDE type.
CrSi2 materialisoutstandingbecauseofitsthermoelectricpropertiesandalsobecauseofitsmany
optimizationroutes.Indeed,itsthermalconductivityatroomtemperatureisabout9Wm1 K1 with
a ZT of 0.25.Inthispaperweproposetodecreasethethermalconductivitybynanostructurationand
compensatetheelectronscatteringbyincreasingthechargecarrierconcentrationwithTi.Theprocess
which permittedtogetnanocrystalliteofabout14nmispresented.Aftercoldpressingandsintering
the averagecrystallitesizereaches50nmwithaporosityof70%.Nanostructuringandporositytoa
lesser extentleadtoastrongdecreaseofthethermalconductivityupto0.970.15Wm1 K1 for pure
CrSi2. Asignificantenhancementofthepowerfactorfrom1:25 mWcm1 K2 for purenano-CrSi2 to
2:5 mWcm1 K2 for nano-Cr0.90Ti0.10Si2 was obtained.Thestabilityofthedifferentphasesisalso
evaluatedbycomparingexperimentswithabinitiocalculations.
Thermodynamic characterization of metal dissolution and inhibitor adsorption ...IJRES Journal
The inhibition effect of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (HMIC) on the corrosion of mild
steel in 2M sulphuric acid solution has been investigated by weight loss. potentiodynamic polarization and
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior of mild steel in
2M H2SO4 with addition of inhibitor was studied in weight loss method at the temperature range of 308-328 K.
Results obtained that the inhibition efficiency increases with increasing the concentration of the inhibitor and
decreases with increasing the temperature. Polarization and impedance measurements were in good agreement.
The adsorption of this inhibitor on the mild steel surface obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Fourier
transform spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also carried out to establish the
corrosion inhibit property of this inhibitor in sulphuric acid medium. Quantum chemical calculations were
performed using density functional theory to find out whether a clear link exists between the inhibitive effect of
the inhibitor and the electronic properties of its main constituents.
Torsional Fatigue Performance of Induction Hardened 1045 and 10V45 SteelsFluxtrol Inc.
Microalloying of medium carbon bar steels is a common
practice for a number of traditional components; however, use
of vanadium microalloyed steels is expanding into
applications beyond their original designed use as controlled
cooled forged and hot rolled products and into heat treated
components. As a result, there is uncertainty regarding the
influence of vanadium on the properties of heat treated
components, specifically the effect of rapid heat treating such
as induction hardening. In the current study, the torsional
fatigue behavior of hot rolled and scan induction hardened
1045 and 10V45 bars are examined and evaluated at effective
case depths of 25, 32, and 44% of the radius. Torsional fatigue
tests were conducted at a stress ratio of 0.1 and shear stress
amplitudes of 550, 600, and 650 MPa. Cycles to failure are
compared to an empirical model, which accounts for case
depth as well as carbon content.
Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
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Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
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Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
Forward-thinking leaders and business managers understand the impact that discipline has on organisational success. A disciplined workforce operates with clarity, focus, and a shared understanding of expectations, ultimately driving better results, optimising productivity, and facilitating seamless collaboration.
Although discipline is not a one-size-fits-all approach, it can help create a work environment that encourages personal growth and accountability rather than solely relying on punitive measures.
In this deck, you will learn the significance of workplace discipline for organisational success. You’ll also learn
• Four (4) workplace discipline methods you should consider
• The best and most practical approach to implementing workplace discipline.
• Three (3) key tips to maintain a disciplined workplace.
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
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1. OPEN DEFENCE STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF DEEP CRYOGENIC TREATMENT ON TOOL STEELS BY C.L.GOGTE 27 TH JANUARY 2009 SUPERVISORS: 1.DR.R.K.PARETKAR 2.DR.D.R.PESHWE DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING, VISVESVARAYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, NAGPUR
6. TEMP 0 C TIME HRS HARDENING (AUSTENITIZATION) TRIPLE TEMPERING CONVENTIONAL HEAT TREATMENT WITH SUBZERO COOLING OF HIGH SPEED STEELS SUBZERO COOLING TO -80 0 C TO -120 0 C, DEPENDING UPON COMPOSITION
7. CRYOGENIC TREATMENT (CT) A BRIEF INTRODUCTION CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURES < SUBZERO TEMPERATURES (~ -100 0 C) (M f ) USING DRY ICE LIQUID NITROGEN (LN 2 ) UPTO -196 0 C OR Ar OR He etc FIRST EXPERIMENTATION RESULTS ON TOOL STEELS AND OTHER METALLIC MATERIALS PRESENTED BY BARRON IN 1982 OUTCOME IMPROVED WEAR RESISTANCE
8. Influence of varied CT on the wear behavior. Concluded about existence of critical time duration for achieving best wear resistance for D2 steel through CT. Nature of precipitation of carbides during CT explained. D2 Das 45 et al, 2009 Quantification of property improvements and correlation with microstructural changes after CT. Differential contraction between matrix and the primary carbides was observed during CT. Change in the dislocation density during CT proved. M2 Kelkar 44 et al, 2007 Study of variation of tempering temperature during CT and its effect. The wear resistance was found to increase with increasing tempering temperature. M2 Leskovsek 43 et al, 2005 Investigation of fatigue life of weldments due to CT. Improvement in the fatigue life was observed. 304L Johan Singh 42 et al, 2004 Microstructural studies of changes before and after CT. Concluded that CT can facilitate formation of carbon clustering and increase the carbide density at the defects, which leads to precipitation of fine carbides during tempering after CT. M2 J.Y.Huang 41 et al, 2003 Investigations in to the effect of CT on microstructure, mechanical properties and dimensional stability. Highest fracture toughness and hardness were achieved, when retained austenite was totally transformed in to martensite. Shape distortion was observed after CT due to stresses. Precipitation of rod like fine carbides was detected after CT. M2 V.Leskovsek 40 et al, 2002 Study of CT effect by both field tests and laboratory tests. Field tests confirmed improvement in tool life and cost reduction by 50%, Laboratory tests confirmed wear resistance improvement by CT after conventional treatment M2, H13 Molinari 39 et al, 2001 Study of the structural change responsible for the improvement in the wear resistance due to CT . Concluded formation of η carbide during CT D2 F.Meng 38 et al, 1994 Validation of the effect of CT on different varieties of alloy steels. M2, and D2 Barron 14 R.F, 1982 OBJEFCTIVES AND CONCLUSIONS MATERIAL AISI RESEARCH BY
9. THE PROCESS 1. IMMEDIATELY AFTER HARDENING FOLLOWED BY MULTIPLE LOW TEMPERATURE TEMPERING OR 2. AFTER CONVENTIONAL HARDENING AND TEMPERING FOLLOWED BY MULTIPLE LOW TEMPERATURE TEMPERING. CRYOGENIC TREATMENT -
10. THIS ROUTE WAS FOLLOWED IN THIS WORK AS HSS M2 AND T42 ARE VERY SENSETIVE TO LOW TEMPERATURES. COMMERCIALLY, THIS ROUTE IS MORE PREFERRED. HARDENING 1230 0 C (1503K) TEMPERING 560 0 C (833K) CRYOGENIC TREATMENT AT –185 0 C (88K) LOW TEMPERATURE TEMPERING 150 0 C (423K) TIME HRS TEMPERATURE DEG C
11. AISI M2 AND AISI T42 HIGH SPEED STEELS PILOT EXPERIMENTATION 10.0 3.2 3.6 9.5 4.0 1.27 T42 NIL 1.8 5.0 6.4 4.2 O.9 M2 Co V Mo W Cr C ELEMENTS WT % TOOL STEEL AISI
12. CONVENTIONAL T42 500X T42 WITH CT FOR 24 HRS SOAKING PERIOD 500 X OPTICAL MICROSCOPY
13. PILOT RESULTS FOR AISI M2 -185/24 -185/8 -185/4 -185/2 -185/1 -140 -80 CON
14. PILOT RESULTS FOR AISI T42 -185/24 -185/8 -185/4 -80 -140 -185/1 -185/2 CON
15. PILOT RESULTS EFFECT OF CT ON HARDNESS 1 63.8 3 64.4 H 1 64.2 2 64.6 G 1 64.4 2 64.4 F 2 64 3 64.2 E 2 64.2 2 64 D 2 64 2 64 C 2 63.8 2 64 B - - 2 64.2 A RANGE (MAX – MIN) AFTER TREATMENT AND TEMPERING, AVERAGE BULK HARDNESS R c RANGE (MAX – MIN) CONVENTIONAL AVERAGE BULK HARDNESS R c SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION
20. EDS - MATRIX 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 keV 0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 Counts C V Cr Fe Co Mo W V W Fe Cr W
21. W2C EDS - FINE CARBIDE 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 keV 0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 Counts C V V Fe Fe Co Mo W W W Cr
29. SIZE ANALYSIS THE CLUSTERS OF FINE CARBIDES ARE MISTAKEN FOR A SINGLE PARTICLE OF BIGGER SIZE. INCREASE IN THE SIZE OF THE PARTICLES IS AN INDICATION OF COARSENING OF THE PARTICLES
30. NUMBER OF PARTICLES AT DIFFERENT STAGES PRECIPITATION OF CARBIDES OCCURS FROM THE MATRIX, DURING HIGHER SOAKING PERIODS PAST RESEARCH SUPPORTS PRIMARY COARSE CARBIDES NOT AFFECTED (24 HOURS) PRECIPITATION OF ONLY CARBIDES
31. THE SAMPLES WITH CT AND AFTER TEMPERING SHOW MORE UNIFORM WEIGHT LOSS DURING WEAR
32. ε = 1 FOR CONTROL SAMPLE ε = 1.38 FOR 8 HOURS ε = O.957 FOR 16 HOURS ε = 0.8820 FOR 24 HOURS ε = W0 / W W0 – WT LOSS OF CONTROL SAMPLE W – WT LOSS OF OTHER SAMPLE
33. TEM INVESTIGATIONS ONLY PARTICLES LESS THAN 1 MICRON ANALYZED EDS (MATRIX) CONVENTIONAL T42 1 MICRON LATH MARTENSITE 01.80 02.90 MoK 02.00 06.10 W L 10.90 10.80 CoK 79.50 75.10 FeK 04.80 04.20 CrK 01.10 00.90 V K Atomic % Weight % Elem QUANTIFICATION
34. VC0.88 535 nm 785 nm 714 nm 500 nm CONVENTIONAL T42 12.50 14.40 MoK 20.10 44.10 W L 00.90 00.60 CoK 07.80 05.20 FeK 04.90 03.00 CrK 53.70 32.70 V K Atomic % Weight % Elem CARBIDE VC QUANTIFICATION EDS – AT 785 nm PARTICLE
35. (R2)2 / (R1)2 = 18.0625 ≈ ( 4 1 1) (R3)2 / (R1)2 = 14.0625 ≈ ( 3 2 1 ) R1 = 2 mm R2 = 8.5 mm R3 = 7.5 mm MEASURED Φ23 = 19 deg Φ13 = 78 deg CARBIDE IDENTIFICATION BY INDEXING (RATIO METHOD) Ref: Ramachandran et al (4 1 1) (1 1 4) (3 2 1) (0 0 0) PLANES MATCHED WITH THE CARBIDE VC0.88 WITH ANGLES Φ23 = 19.098 deg AND Φ13 = 79.07 deg, WHICH MATCHES WITH MEASURED ANGLES ± 5 DEG. SADP
36. 15.90 14.90 MoK 31.40 56.50 W L 05.60 03.20 CoK 39.00 21.30 FeK 05.00 02.50 CrK 03.10 01.50 V K Atomic % Weight % Elem a b c d M 6 C - Fe 3 W 3 C T42 WITH CT
37. a) Magnification 100k X b) Magnification 125k X Martensite in T42 with CT (8 Hours soaking period) and Triple tempering
38. a) b) c) d) Deformation bands Dislocations Magnification 100k X Magnification 28k X Magnification 35k X Magnification 35k X 1.2 μm 571 nm 607 nm 1 μm 514 nm
39. AFTER 8 HOURS SOAKING PERIOD MATRIX DISLOCATIONS MATRIX-CARBIDE INTERFACE DISLOCATIONS CARBIDE DISLOCATION CLOUDS AT THE MATRIX CARBIDE INTERFACE. Magnification 66k X Magnification 88k X
40. AFTER 8 HOURS SOAKING PERIOD AND TEMPERING SADP EDS (PARTICLE) IDENTIFICATION M 6 C (Fe 2 W 4 C) η CARBIDE 16.80 16.50 MoK 27.80 52.20 W L 46.30 26.40 FeK 05.60 03.00 CrK 03.60 01.90 V K Atomic % Weight % Elem PARTICLE SIZE Largest diameter – 700 nm Smallest diameter – 100 nm MAGNIFICATION 35k X EDS QUANTIFICATION
41. CT WITH 16 HOURS SOAKING PERIOD Deformation Bands in Martnsite a) Magnification 125k X b) Magnification 28k X Dislocation cloud
42. CT WITH 24 HOURS SOAKING PERIOD Magnification 28k X EDS - CARBIDE MC 13.20 15.80 MoK 17.40 39.80 W L 00.40 00.30 CoK 04.40 03.10 FeK 06.90 04.50 CrK 57.70 36.60 V K Atomic % Weight % Elem CARBIDE QUANTIFICATION MC TYPE OF CARBIDE
43. CT WITH 24 HOURS SOAKING PERIOD 01.30 02.10 MoK 01.30 04.10 W L 10.70 10.90 CoK 80.30 77.20 FeK 05.30 04.70 CrK 01.20 01.10 V K Atomic % Weight % Elem EDS - MATRIX Magnification 45k X QUANTIFICATION Carbide size: 400 nm Gap between particle edge and the matrix = 30 nm
44.
45. XRD INVESTIGATIONS: DIFFRACTION PATTERN OF CONVENTIONAL T42 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 Counts 0 200 400 600 V C0.88 V C (1 1 1) Mo2 C (0 2 2) W2C (1 0 2) MARTENSITE (1 1 0) Mo2 C (0 2 2) VC (5 3 0) Mo2 C (0 4 2) Cr23 C6 (9 1 1) Co (3 1 1)
46. PARTICLES IDENTIFICATION (PATTERN LIST) CONVENTIONAL T42 Co -0.059 Cobalt 12 00-001-1255 * Mo2 C 0.370 Molybdenum Carbide 16 01-071-0242 * Cr23 C6 -0.020 Chromium Carbide 4 00-035-0783 * W2 C 0.192 Tungsten Carbide 11 01-079-0743 * V C0.88 -0.376 Vanadium Carbide 13 01-077-2003 * V C -0.400 Vanadium Carbide 11 01-073-0476 * C0.08 Fe1.92 0.090 Martensite 37 00-044-1291 * Chemical Formula Displacement [°2Th.] Compound Name Score Ref. Code Visible
47. DIFFRACTION PATTERN FOR T42 AFTER CT (8 HRS) Counts Position [°2Theta] 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 0 200 400 600 V C0.88 V C Mo2 C W2 C MARTENSITE Mo2 C V C Mo2 C Cr7 C3 (10 0 ) Co T 2 cryo
48. PARTICLES IDENTIFICATION (PATTERN LIST) FOR T42 AFTER CT (8HRS) Cr7 C3 0.115 Heptachromium tricarbide 29 00-036-1482 * Co 0.068 Cobalt 12 00-015-0806 * W2 C 0.186 Tungsten Carbide 7 01-079-0743 * V C0.88 -0.333 Vanadium Carbide 11 01-077-2003 * V C -0.356 Vanadium Carbide 9 01-073-0476 * Mo2 C 0.313 Molybdenum Carbide 7 01-071-0242 * C0.08 Fe1.92 0.090 Martensite 37 00-044-1291 * Chemical Formula Displacement [°2Th.] Compound Name Score Ref. Code Visible