Steel 4140
Left
Middle
Right
AVG
Hardness (HRA)
42.7
48.4
45.2
45.4
Diameter (in.)
0.996
0.994
0.995
0.995
Steel 1410
Left
Middle
Right
AVG
Hardness (HRA)
46.7
44.4
51.8
47.6
Diameter (in.)
0.994
0.995
0.995
0.995
Steel 1410 Rockwell A (HRA) Measurements
Every 1/16 inch for 1 inch
Every 1/8 inch for 1 inch
Every 1/4 inch for 2 inches
1
23.0
45.9
41.9
2
45.7
47.1
42.0
3
47.8
46.6
40.9
4
46.0
44.9
29.5
5
46.0
46.7
32.7
6
45.1
47.5
42.5
7
47.1
45.3
43.0
8
46.9
43.3
21.8
9
45.2
10
47.7
11
47.8
12
46.9
13
46.8
14
55.8
15
45.9
16
46.6
Steel 4140 Rockwell A (HRA) Measurements
Every 1/16 inch for 1 inch
Every 1/8 inch for 1 inch
Every 1/4 inch for 2 inches
1
69.8
60.3
57.5
2
73.2
61.4
55.4
3
72.2
59.4
51.2
4
72.4
60.1
57.7
5
72.0
58.1
53.2
6
73.2
58.3
72.5
7
73.1
59.7
64.2
8
72.0
58.7
63.7
9
70.5
10
69.1
11
67.7
12
67.4
13
65.4
14
63.2
15
62.1
16
63.2
EXPERIMENT 6
HEAT TREATMENT OF STEEL
Purpose
The purposes of this experiment are to:
Investigate the processes of heat treating of steel
Study hardness testing and its limits
Examine microstructures of steel in relation to hardness
Background
To understand heat treatment of steels requires an ability to understand the Fe-C phase
diagram shown in Figure 6-1. Steel with a 0.78 wt% C is said to be a eutectoid steel. Steel
with carbon content less than 0.78 wt% C is hypoeutectoid and greater than 0.78 wt% C is
hypereutectoid. The region marked austenite is face-centered-cubic (FCC) and ferrite is
body-centered-cubic (BCC).
There are also regions that have two phases. If one cools a hypoeutectoid steel from a point in
the austenite region, reaching the A3 line, ferrite will form from the austenite. This ferrite is
called proeutectoid ferrite. When A1 is reached, a mixture of ferrite and iron carbide
(cementite) forms from the remaining austenite. The microstructure of a hypoeutectoid steel
upon cooling would contain proeutectoid ferrite plus pearlite (+ Fe3C).
The size, type and distribution of phases present can be altered by not waiting for
thermodynamic equilibrium. Steels are often cooled so rapidly that metastable phases appear.
One such phase is martensite, which is a body-centered tetragonal (BCT) phase and forms
only by very rapid cooling.
Much of the information on non-equilibrium distribution, size and type of phases has come
from experiments. The results are presented in a time-temperature-transformation (TTT)
diagram shown in Figure 6-2. As a sample is cooled, the temperature will decrease as shown
in curve #1. At point A, pearlite (a mixture of ferrite and cementite) will start to form from
austenite. At the time and temperature associated with point B, the austenite will have
completely transformed to pearlite. There are many possible paths through the pearlite
regions. Slower cooling causes coarse Pearlite, while fast cooling causes fine pearlite to form.
.
Report and Analysis: Resulting Microstructures of Cooled Carbon SteelDeAndria Hardy
Report and Analysis of experiment which tested the mechanical properties and resulting microconstituents of carbon steel under various cooling conditions
Effect of Step Quenching and Tempering on the Corrosion Behaviour of a Low Ca...inventionjournals
The trust of this research is to critically examine the effect of step quenching and tempering on the corrosion performance of a low carbon steel in 0.1M HCl aqueous solution. The steel was first normalized at 850OC for 1 hour. This was followed by step quenching heat treatment, which involved austenitizing at 850OC followed by slow cooling in the furnace to and soaking at various temperatures in the (α + γ) region of 730OC, 750OC and 770OC for 30 minutes and then quenched in water. Some set of the samples were tempered for 1 hour at 320OC and air cooled. Samples were prepared for microscopic examination and corrosion performance evaluation from all the heat treatment procedures. The weight loss method was used to evaluate the corrosion rate. Volume fraction of martensite was measured for the as-quenched step quenched samples. From the results, it was observed that martensite volume fraction increased with increase in soaking temperature. The results also revealed that step quenching increases the susceptibility of the investigated steel to corrosion, while tempering the as-quenched step quenched steel reduces corrosion susceptibility. Hence, it was recommended that for applications of this material in chloride environment, tempering should always proceed step quenching.
Hardeninig of steel (Jominy test)-CoET- udsmmusadoto
Controlling a material’s properties during processing is pivotal for any engineering field. A specific hardness for a metal is often a desirable characteristic for many applications, so controlling hardness is important during processing. To increase the hardness of steel, it is often quenched from a high temperature to form martensite, a hard yet brittle phase of iron. The extent of martensite formation, including hardness and depth of formation, is known as hardenability. This practical provides an experiment for measurement of hardenability in plain carbon steel and an alloyed steel according to, the Jominy End-Quench Test , (ASTM A255 – 10). The demonstration exercise involve quenching one end of a heated steel sample ,comparing and evaluating the hardness distribution using measurements obtained at different locations(distance interval) on the sample(specimens) surface.
Report and Analysis: Resulting Microstructures of Cooled Carbon SteelDeAndria Hardy
Report and Analysis of experiment which tested the mechanical properties and resulting microconstituents of carbon steel under various cooling conditions
Effect of Step Quenching and Tempering on the Corrosion Behaviour of a Low Ca...inventionjournals
The trust of this research is to critically examine the effect of step quenching and tempering on the corrosion performance of a low carbon steel in 0.1M HCl aqueous solution. The steel was first normalized at 850OC for 1 hour. This was followed by step quenching heat treatment, which involved austenitizing at 850OC followed by slow cooling in the furnace to and soaking at various temperatures in the (α + γ) region of 730OC, 750OC and 770OC for 30 minutes and then quenched in water. Some set of the samples were tempered for 1 hour at 320OC and air cooled. Samples were prepared for microscopic examination and corrosion performance evaluation from all the heat treatment procedures. The weight loss method was used to evaluate the corrosion rate. Volume fraction of martensite was measured for the as-quenched step quenched samples. From the results, it was observed that martensite volume fraction increased with increase in soaking temperature. The results also revealed that step quenching increases the susceptibility of the investigated steel to corrosion, while tempering the as-quenched step quenched steel reduces corrosion susceptibility. Hence, it was recommended that for applications of this material in chloride environment, tempering should always proceed step quenching.
Hardeninig of steel (Jominy test)-CoET- udsmmusadoto
Controlling a material’s properties during processing is pivotal for any engineering field. A specific hardness for a metal is often a desirable characteristic for many applications, so controlling hardness is important during processing. To increase the hardness of steel, it is often quenched from a high temperature to form martensite, a hard yet brittle phase of iron. The extent of martensite formation, including hardness and depth of formation, is known as hardenability. This practical provides an experiment for measurement of hardenability in plain carbon steel and an alloyed steel according to, the Jominy End-Quench Test , (ASTM A255 – 10). The demonstration exercise involve quenching one end of a heated steel sample ,comparing and evaluating the hardness distribution using measurements obtained at different locations(distance interval) on the sample(specimens) surface.
Optimization of spheroidized annealing process parameters on AISI 10B21 steel...Steffi Wang
Recent development in fastener industry has heightened the need for steel wire coil. The wire usually has to be annealed to improve its cold formability. The quality of spheroidizing annealed wire affects the forming quality of screws. Various parameters affect the quality of spheroidized annealing such as spheroidized annealing temperature, prolonged heating time, furnace cooling temperature. The effects of spheroidized annealing parameters affect the quality characteristics, such as tensile strength, hardness and ductility. A series of experimental tests on AISI 10B21 steel wire is carried out in a vacuum drying oven and Taguchi method is used to obtain optimum spheroidized annealing conditions to improve the mechanical properties of steel wires for cold forming. The results show experimentally that spheroidized annealing temperature is the main factor to influence the mechanical properties of AISI 10B21 steel wires.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Crystallization kinetics and phase transformation in amorphous Fe74Co10B16 an...IJERA Editor
Crystallization kinetics and phase transformation studies have been carried out on amorphous Fe74Co10B16 (S1) and Fe67Co18B14Si1 (S2) alloys using Mossbauer Spectroscopy (MS), Electrical Resistivity (ER), Differential Scanning Calorimetry(DSC), X-ray Diffraction(XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy(TEM) to determine the thermal stability. Results show that the transformation to an equilibrium crystalline state occurs through a two step process. Crystallization process is associated with precipitation of two or more phases which are magnetic in nature. From DSC curves, the activation energy of sample S2 has been calculated using Kissinger, Matusita-Sakka and Augis-Bennet methods and the average value is found to be 211 kJ/mol. The detected phases upon crystallization in the samples are α–(Fe-Co) and (Fe-Co)2B. Exact compositions of these phases in the completely crystallized sample are found to be α–(Fe0.7Co0.3) and (Fe0.3Co0.7)2B.
fatigue of 400 series martensitic stainless steel that called WELDCLAD 3HT is producing by COREIWRE have been evaluated in the temperature of 100-600 °C in comparison with ss 316L that normally use in ROT
Laboratory Experiment No. 6 & 7Heat Treatment and Hardenability .docxsmile790243
Laboratory Experiment No. 6 & 7
Heat Treatment and Hardenability of Steels
Abstract
This experiment is attempted to measure the hardenability of the steel and understand the process of heat treatment of different materials at different cooling strategies. Cooling through different procedures will cause the materials to have different properties and different microstructures. Furthermore next stage of experiment relates the cooling rate and hardness of 1045 steel and 4143 steel. This also helps in determine how alloying a material permits it to be heat treated more homogeneously. Investigated results also proven to be close enough to expected results in obtaining higher brittleness with rapid cooling in and to improve ductility the process of tempering is proven to be very efficient with increase of tempering temperature the hardness of material must be decrease. Last but not least, after finishing experiment 6 the group found out that the lower the tempering temperature the lower the hardness. Also, the results that the group found from experiment 7 after finishing it proved being inconsistent from what it should be.
Introduction
The purpose of this experiment is to determine what effect heat treating and then cooling has on the hardness and grain structure of two different types of steel. The two different types of steels were utilized are 1045 steel samples and 4143 steel sample which is considered to be a low-alloy steel.
The heat-treating process is a method to alter physical and mechanical properties of the material. The heat-treating process is consists of three crucial steps of annealing, hardening, and tempering. Annealing is primarily used to soften and to induce the ductility of the specimens by heating and holding at suitable temperature and then cooling, by instantly quenching in the water, which produces the higher brittleness with low ductility and toughness in the specimens. Moreover, tempering is a process of heat-treating, which is used to increase the toughness of metal. Tempering is important because it used to achieve desired hardness. To restore some the toughness and impact properties is obtained by tempering where specimens are reheated to a temperature between 5000 F and 10000 F for certain time which removes the internal strain caused by sudden cooling in the quenching bath without a large decrease in hardness or strength.
In attempting the first phase of the experiment it cannot determined why some heat-treated materials don’t reach a high hardness when cooled at certain temperature. With the hardness test the hardness of a material can be determined. The Hardenability is a property that determines the depth and distribution of hardness when steel is heated to a given temperature and then quenched to reach martensitic structure, which is obtained by performing Jominy test, where an austenitized steel bar is quenched at one end only, thus producing a range of cooling rates along the bar.
Procedure
First of all, th ...
The Elevated Temperature Deformation of G115 Steel and the Associated Deforma...IJAMSE Journal
The next Generation-IV reactors need to be stand for a very high temperature. Structural materials have to resist that temperature; otherwise, damages could appear. G115 steel is a candidate structural material which has been considered in this work. The hot deformation behavior of G115 steel was carried out at elevated temperatures 500, 550 and 600°C with different strain rates ranging from 1x10-5 to 1x10-3 s-1. To derive the hot deformation constitutive equation, the universal hyperbolic-sine Arrhenius-type equation was utilized considering the ultimate stresses values for each condition. As a result, the activation energy of G115, which will assess the high-temperature deformation mechanism, was obtained to be 331 KJ/mol.
Laboratory Experiment. Number 6 & 7Heat Treatment and Hardenabil.docxDIPESH30
Laboratory Experiment. Number 6 & 7
Heat Treatment and Hardenability of Steels
Laboratory Experiment No. 6 & 7
Heat Treatment and Hardenability of Steels
Abstract
This experiment is attempted to measure the hardenability of the steel and understand the process of heat treatment of different materials at different cooling strategies. Cooling through different procedures will cause the materials to have different properties and different microstructures. Furthermore next stage of experiment relates the cooling rate and hardness of 1045 steel and 4143 steel. This also helps in determine how alloying a material permits it to be heat treated more homogeneously. Investigated results also proven to be close enough to expected results in obtaining higher brittleness with rapid cooling in and to improve ductility the process of tempering is proven to be very efficient with increase of tempering temperature the hardness of material must be decrease. Last but not least, after finishing experiment 6 the group found out that the lower the tempering temperature the lower the hardness. Also, the results that the group found from experiment 7 after finishing it proved being inconsistent from what it should be.
Introduction
The purpose of this experiment is to determine what effect heat treating and then cooling has on the hardness and grain structure of two different types of steel. The two different types of steels were utilized are 1045 steel samples and 4143 steel sample which is considered to be a low-alloy steel.
The heat-treating process is a method to alter physical and mechanical properties of the material. The heat-treating process is consists of three crucial steps of annealing, hardening, and tempering. Annealing is primarily used to soften and to induce the ductility of the specimens by heating and holding at suitable temperature and then cooling, by instantly quenching in the water, which produces the higher brittleness with low ductility and toughness in the specimens. Moreover, tempering is a process of heat-treating, which is used to increase the toughness of metal. Tempering is important because it used to achieve desired hardness. To restore some the toughness and impact properties is obtained by tempering where specimens are reheated to a temperature between 5000 F and 10000 F for certain time which removes the internal strain caused by sudden cooling in the quenching bath without a large decrease in hardness or strength.
In attempting the first phase of the experiment it cannot determined why some heat-treated materials don’t reach a high hardness when cooled at certain temperature. With the hardness test the hardness of a material can be determined. The Hardenability is a property that determines the depth and distribution of hardness when steel is heated to a given temperature and then quenched to reach martensitic structure, which is obtained by performing Jominy test, where an austenitized steel bar is quenched at one end only, thu ...
Statistica Sinica 16(2006), 847-860
PSEUDO-R
2
IN LOGISTIC REGRESSION MODEL
Bo Hu, Jun Shao and Mari Palta
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Abstract: Logistic regression with binary and multinomial outcomes is commonly
used, and researchers have long searched for an interpretable measure of the strength
of a particular logistic model. This article describes the large sample properties
of some pseudo-R2 statistics for assessing the predictive strength of the logistic
regression model. We present theoretical results regarding the convergence and
asymptotic normality of pseudo-R2s. Simulation results and an example are also
presented. The behavior of the pseudo-R2s is investigated numerically across a
range of conditions to aid in practical interpretation.
Key words and phrases: Entropy, logistic regression, pseudo-R2
1. Introduction
Logistic regression for binary and multinomial outcomes is commonly used
in health research. Researchers often desire a statistic ranging from zero to one
to summarize the overall strength of a given model, with zero indicating a model
with no predictive value and one indicating a perfect fit. The coefficient of deter-
mination R2 for the linear regression model serves as a standard for such measures
(Draper and Smith (1998)). Statisticians have searched for a corresponding in-
dicator for models with binary/multinomial outcome. Many different R2 statis-
tics have been proposed in the past three decades (see, e.g., McFadden (1973),
McKelvey and Zavoina (1975), Maddala (1983), Agresti (1986), Nagelkerke
(1991), Cox and Wermuch (1992), Ash and Shwartz (1999), Zheng and Agresti
(2000)). These statistics, which are usually identical to the standard R2 when
applied to a linear model, generally fall into categories of entropy-based and
variance-based (Mittlböck and Schemper (1996)). Entropy-based R2 statistics,
also called pseudo-R2s, have gained some popularity in the social sciences (Mad-
dala (1983), Laitila (1993) and Long (1997)). McKelvey and Zavoina (1975)
proposed a pseudo-R2 based on a latent model structure, where the binary/
multinomial outcome results from discretizing a continuous latent variable that
is related to the predictors through a linear model. Their pseudo-R2 is defined
as the proportion of the variance of the latent variable that is explained by the
848 BO HU, JUN SHAO AND MARI PALTA
covariate. McFadden (1973) suggested an alternative, known as “likelihood-
ratio index”, comparing a model without any predictor to a model including all
predictors. It is defined as one minus the ratio of the log likelihood with inter-
cepts only, and the log likelihood with all predictors. If the slope parameters
are all 0, McFadden’s R2 is 0, but it is never 1. Maddala (1983) developed
another pseudo-R2 that can be applied to any model estimated by the maximum
likelihood method. This popular and widely used measure is expressed as
R2M = 1 −
(
L(θ̃)
L(θ̂)
)
2
n
, (1)
.
Stations yourself somewhere (library, cafeteria, etc.) and observe.docxrafaelaj1
Stations yourself somewhere (library, cafeteria, etc.) and observe the nonverbal communication that occurs.
What do people say with their bodies?
What messages are implicit in vocal expressions, clothes, make-up and so on?
Take notes on five of the most eloquent messages sent nonverbally.
*one page.
*Read the instructions then write about 5 difeerent people
.
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International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Crystallization kinetics and phase transformation in amorphous Fe74Co10B16 an...IJERA Editor
Crystallization kinetics and phase transformation studies have been carried out on amorphous Fe74Co10B16 (S1) and Fe67Co18B14Si1 (S2) alloys using Mossbauer Spectroscopy (MS), Electrical Resistivity (ER), Differential Scanning Calorimetry(DSC), X-ray Diffraction(XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy(TEM) to determine the thermal stability. Results show that the transformation to an equilibrium crystalline state occurs through a two step process. Crystallization process is associated with precipitation of two or more phases which are magnetic in nature. From DSC curves, the activation energy of sample S2 has been calculated using Kissinger, Matusita-Sakka and Augis-Bennet methods and the average value is found to be 211 kJ/mol. The detected phases upon crystallization in the samples are α–(Fe-Co) and (Fe-Co)2B. Exact compositions of these phases in the completely crystallized sample are found to be α–(Fe0.7Co0.3) and (Fe0.3Co0.7)2B.
fatigue of 400 series martensitic stainless steel that called WELDCLAD 3HT is producing by COREIWRE have been evaluated in the temperature of 100-600 °C in comparison with ss 316L that normally use in ROT
Laboratory Experiment No. 6 & 7Heat Treatment and Hardenability .docxsmile790243
Laboratory Experiment No. 6 & 7
Heat Treatment and Hardenability of Steels
Abstract
This experiment is attempted to measure the hardenability of the steel and understand the process of heat treatment of different materials at different cooling strategies. Cooling through different procedures will cause the materials to have different properties and different microstructures. Furthermore next stage of experiment relates the cooling rate and hardness of 1045 steel and 4143 steel. This also helps in determine how alloying a material permits it to be heat treated more homogeneously. Investigated results also proven to be close enough to expected results in obtaining higher brittleness with rapid cooling in and to improve ductility the process of tempering is proven to be very efficient with increase of tempering temperature the hardness of material must be decrease. Last but not least, after finishing experiment 6 the group found out that the lower the tempering temperature the lower the hardness. Also, the results that the group found from experiment 7 after finishing it proved being inconsistent from what it should be.
Introduction
The purpose of this experiment is to determine what effect heat treating and then cooling has on the hardness and grain structure of two different types of steel. The two different types of steels were utilized are 1045 steel samples and 4143 steel sample which is considered to be a low-alloy steel.
The heat-treating process is a method to alter physical and mechanical properties of the material. The heat-treating process is consists of three crucial steps of annealing, hardening, and tempering. Annealing is primarily used to soften and to induce the ductility of the specimens by heating and holding at suitable temperature and then cooling, by instantly quenching in the water, which produces the higher brittleness with low ductility and toughness in the specimens. Moreover, tempering is a process of heat-treating, which is used to increase the toughness of metal. Tempering is important because it used to achieve desired hardness. To restore some the toughness and impact properties is obtained by tempering where specimens are reheated to a temperature between 5000 F and 10000 F for certain time which removes the internal strain caused by sudden cooling in the quenching bath without a large decrease in hardness or strength.
In attempting the first phase of the experiment it cannot determined why some heat-treated materials don’t reach a high hardness when cooled at certain temperature. With the hardness test the hardness of a material can be determined. The Hardenability is a property that determines the depth and distribution of hardness when steel is heated to a given temperature and then quenched to reach martensitic structure, which is obtained by performing Jominy test, where an austenitized steel bar is quenched at one end only, thus producing a range of cooling rates along the bar.
Procedure
First of all, th ...
The Elevated Temperature Deformation of G115 Steel and the Associated Deforma...IJAMSE Journal
The next Generation-IV reactors need to be stand for a very high temperature. Structural materials have to resist that temperature; otherwise, damages could appear. G115 steel is a candidate structural material which has been considered in this work. The hot deformation behavior of G115 steel was carried out at elevated temperatures 500, 550 and 600°C with different strain rates ranging from 1x10-5 to 1x10-3 s-1. To derive the hot deformation constitutive equation, the universal hyperbolic-sine Arrhenius-type equation was utilized considering the ultimate stresses values for each condition. As a result, the activation energy of G115, which will assess the high-temperature deformation mechanism, was obtained to be 331 KJ/mol.
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Laboratory Experiment. Number 6 & 7
Heat Treatment and Hardenability of Steels
Laboratory Experiment No. 6 & 7
Heat Treatment and Hardenability of Steels
Abstract
This experiment is attempted to measure the hardenability of the steel and understand the process of heat treatment of different materials at different cooling strategies. Cooling through different procedures will cause the materials to have different properties and different microstructures. Furthermore next stage of experiment relates the cooling rate and hardness of 1045 steel and 4143 steel. This also helps in determine how alloying a material permits it to be heat treated more homogeneously. Investigated results also proven to be close enough to expected results in obtaining higher brittleness with rapid cooling in and to improve ductility the process of tempering is proven to be very efficient with increase of tempering temperature the hardness of material must be decrease. Last but not least, after finishing experiment 6 the group found out that the lower the tempering temperature the lower the hardness. Also, the results that the group found from experiment 7 after finishing it proved being inconsistent from what it should be.
Introduction
The purpose of this experiment is to determine what effect heat treating and then cooling has on the hardness and grain structure of two different types of steel. The two different types of steels were utilized are 1045 steel samples and 4143 steel sample which is considered to be a low-alloy steel.
The heat-treating process is a method to alter physical and mechanical properties of the material. The heat-treating process is consists of three crucial steps of annealing, hardening, and tempering. Annealing is primarily used to soften and to induce the ductility of the specimens by heating and holding at suitable temperature and then cooling, by instantly quenching in the water, which produces the higher brittleness with low ductility and toughness in the specimens. Moreover, tempering is a process of heat-treating, which is used to increase the toughness of metal. Tempering is important because it used to achieve desired hardness. To restore some the toughness and impact properties is obtained by tempering where specimens are reheated to a temperature between 5000 F and 10000 F for certain time which removes the internal strain caused by sudden cooling in the quenching bath without a large decrease in hardness or strength.
In attempting the first phase of the experiment it cannot determined why some heat-treated materials don’t reach a high hardness when cooled at certain temperature. With the hardness test the hardness of a material can be determined. The Hardenability is a property that determines the depth and distribution of hardness when steel is heated to a given temperature and then quenched to reach martensitic structure, which is obtained by performing Jominy test, where an austenitized steel bar is quenched at one end only, thu ...
Statistica Sinica 16(2006), 847-860
PSEUDO-R
2
IN LOGISTIC REGRESSION MODEL
Bo Hu, Jun Shao and Mari Palta
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Abstract: Logistic regression with binary and multinomial outcomes is commonly
used, and researchers have long searched for an interpretable measure of the strength
of a particular logistic model. This article describes the large sample properties
of some pseudo-R2 statistics for assessing the predictive strength of the logistic
regression model. We present theoretical results regarding the convergence and
asymptotic normality of pseudo-R2s. Simulation results and an example are also
presented. The behavior of the pseudo-R2s is investigated numerically across a
range of conditions to aid in practical interpretation.
Key words and phrases: Entropy, logistic regression, pseudo-R2
1. Introduction
Logistic regression for binary and multinomial outcomes is commonly used
in health research. Researchers often desire a statistic ranging from zero to one
to summarize the overall strength of a given model, with zero indicating a model
with no predictive value and one indicating a perfect fit. The coefficient of deter-
mination R2 for the linear regression model serves as a standard for such measures
(Draper and Smith (1998)). Statisticians have searched for a corresponding in-
dicator for models with binary/multinomial outcome. Many different R2 statis-
tics have been proposed in the past three decades (see, e.g., McFadden (1973),
McKelvey and Zavoina (1975), Maddala (1983), Agresti (1986), Nagelkerke
(1991), Cox and Wermuch (1992), Ash and Shwartz (1999), Zheng and Agresti
(2000)). These statistics, which are usually identical to the standard R2 when
applied to a linear model, generally fall into categories of entropy-based and
variance-based (Mittlböck and Schemper (1996)). Entropy-based R2 statistics,
also called pseudo-R2s, have gained some popularity in the social sciences (Mad-
dala (1983), Laitila (1993) and Long (1997)). McKelvey and Zavoina (1975)
proposed a pseudo-R2 based on a latent model structure, where the binary/
multinomial outcome results from discretizing a continuous latent variable that
is related to the predictors through a linear model. Their pseudo-R2 is defined
as the proportion of the variance of the latent variable that is explained by the
848 BO HU, JUN SHAO AND MARI PALTA
covariate. McFadden (1973) suggested an alternative, known as “likelihood-
ratio index”, comparing a model without any predictor to a model including all
predictors. It is defined as one minus the ratio of the log likelihood with inter-
cepts only, and the log likelihood with all predictors. If the slope parameters
are all 0, McFadden’s R2 is 0, but it is never 1. Maddala (1983) developed
another pseudo-R2 that can be applied to any model estimated by the maximum
likelihood method. This popular and widely used measure is expressed as
R2M = 1 −
(
L(θ̃)
L(θ̂)
)
2
n
, (1)
.
Stations yourself somewhere (library, cafeteria, etc.) and observe.docxrafaelaj1
Stations yourself somewhere (library, cafeteria, etc.) and observe the nonverbal communication that occurs.
What do people say with their bodies?
What messages are implicit in vocal expressions, clothes, make-up and so on?
Take notes on five of the most eloquent messages sent nonverbally.
*one page.
*Read the instructions then write about 5 difeerent people
.
StatementState legislatures continue to advance policy proposals.docxrafaelaj1
Statement
State legislatures continue to advance policy proposals to address cyber threats directed at governments and private businesses. As threats continue to evolve and expand and as the pace of new technologies accelerates, legislatures are making cybersecurity measures a higher priority.
Assignment
You are to author a 2-page (maximum) paper about the “failed” amendments proposed by the Kentucky legislature in 2019 with respect to Cyber Policy. APA format – 1 cover page, 2 content pages, and 1 reference page.
You are to answer two questions in your individual papers.
Brief background of the proposed amendment and “researched” speculation as to why it failed?
What would you propose for them to pass in 2020?
Remember to cite your sources appropriately and turn in original work!
Section 54
KY S 14
Status: Failed - Adjourned
Provides definitions relating to personal information, provides certain personal information that shall be protected from disclosure by a public agency or third-party contractor through redaction or other means, provides a list of covered persons, provides guidelines for contracts between a public agency and a third-party contractor.
.
StatementState legislatures continue to advance policy propo.docxrafaelaj1
Statement
State legislatures continue to advance policy proposals to address cyber threats directed at governments and private businesses. As threats continue to evolve and expand and as the pace of new technologies accelerates, legislatures are making cybersecurity measures a higher priority.
Assignment
You are to author a 2-page (maximum) paper about the “failed” amendments proposed by the Kentucky legislature in 2019 with respect to Cyber Policy. APA format – 1 cover page, 2 content pages, and 1 reference page.
You are to answer two questions in your individual papers.
Brief background of the proposed amendment and “researched” speculation as to why it failed?
What would you propose for them to pass in 2020?
Remember to cite your sources appropriately and turn in original work!
KY S 14
Status: Failed - Adjourned
Provides definitions relating to personal information, provides certain personal information that shall be protected from disclosure by a public agency or third-party contractor through redaction or other means, provides a list of covered persons, provides guidelines for contracts between a public agency and a third-party contractor.
.
Statement of PurposeProvide a statement of your educational .docxrafaelaj1
Statement of Purpose
Provide a statement of your educational background, experience, and preparation relevant to a graduate program in computer science, and specify your research and career goals.
The statement of purpose is a short essay introducing the applicant and his or her
interests, goals, and reasons for pursuing graduate study in history. Applicants may wish
to share a draft of their statement with the individuals writing their letters of
recommendation. While every statement, like every prospective student, will be different,
applicants should devote special attention to the following items:
• Academic/Professional Background: Please give your academic credentials, with
degrees, dates, and relevant employment experience. You do not need to list every
job you have had, only those that bear directly on your desire to enter graduate
school.
• Motivations and Aims: Explain what motivates you to do graduate work in history
and what your goals are, both within the graduate program and after the
completion of your degree.
• Existing Expertise and Accomplishments in History: Discuss any areas of
expertise you may already have in your proposed area of interest. If you have
experience doing research, please describe the project and your work on it. If you
have any special talents or skills, such as a foreign language, please describe
them.
• Proposed Course of Study: Please identify planned major field and minor fields of
study.
• Other Relevant Experiences or Personal Qualities: Discuss any experiences or
personal attributes that may illuminate your commitment to the study of history
and to the successful completion of the graduate program.
Format: Your statement of purpose should be limited to no more than 750 words
(between 2 and 3 pages).
.
States and the federal government should not use private prisons for.docxrafaelaj1
States and the federal government should not use private prisons for various reasons. First, most of the private prisons are for-profit facilities. Therefore, they cut on expenses such as lacking enough staffing and resources, which is likely to affect inmates' safety and quality of life. Further, while pro-private prisons note that private prisons save taxpayers' money, studies indicate that they do not reduce costs. For instance, the day to day cost of housing an inmate in 2010 was $53.02 for private prisons compared to $48.42 for a medium-security public prison (Pedowitz, 2012). Also, prisoners do not receive similar kinds of treatment in private facilities. While they may be suitable for the local economy, such as offering job opportunities, lowering costs by private facilities leaves inmates sick and not well cared for (NPR Staff, 2011).
.
StatementState legislatures continue to advance policy proposa.docxrafaelaj1
Statement
State legislatures continue to advance policy proposals to address cyber threats directed at governments and private businesses. As threats continue to evolve and expand and as the pace of new technologies accelerates, legislatures are making cybersecurity measures a higher priority.
Assignment
You are to author a 2-page (maximum) paper about the “failed” amendments proposed by the Kentucky legislature in 2019 with respect to Cyber Policy. APA format – 1 cover page, 2 content pages, and 1 reference page.
You are to answer two questions in your individual papers.
1. Brief background of the proposed amendment and “researched” speculation as to why it failed?
2. What would you propose for them to pass in 2020?
Remember to cite your sources appropriately and turn in original work!
KY S 14
Status: Failed - Adjourned
Provides definitions relating to personal information, provides certain personal information that shall be protected from disclosure by a public agency or third-party contractor through redaction or other means, provides a list of covered persons, provides guidelines for contracts between a public agency and a third-party contractor.
.
Statement of Interest (This is used to apply for Graduate Schoo.docxrafaelaj1
Statement of Interest: (This is used to apply for Graduate School, digital media program)
Length: 2 pages. (500-750 words)
Area of interest in digital media.
-computational arts.
I did a mix media group exhibition in Feb. 2018 called What Makes You You. Half of my show is a sculpture-based installation. The other half is an interactive digital programed art(using Processing software). The visual of human evolution ties these two park together. See details at https://dongpu.weebly.com/what-makes-you-you.html
-short videos (documentary production).
I love shooting short videos. I formed a Youtube team called 2037 Club last year. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmtUQfDMvL9iE8IOy9oshSA
The latest documentary I did is called Liang(Grain). Video Statement:This documentary discovers the Chinese planned economy history period, which starts at the 1950s. People were given a certain amount of coupons to buy food and daily needs because of the limitation of products. Since this is a historical theme, reference images are included to support the concept of buying food today and before 1990. Other than that, the visuals are mainly about common people’s daily routine nowadays. Along with the visual, the most artistic part in this video is Shanghainese dialogue, which explained food coupons in the way of storytelling. “I accidentally found many food coupons in my grandparents’ house this summer, so I went to ask them about the experiences they had with these coupons. My curiosity leads me to the theme.” said by the producer.
This particular video also has a different meaning to me. My Grandmother passed away one week before the video published at the film festival (at Scottsdale Museum of Commemoratory Art). This piece becomes memorable to me, sadly, my grandmother never had a chance to see the whole piece.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fD0Y-BXDfnY
-3D animation for games
I learned Maya in an animation course. Like editing videos, I soon full in love with 3D modeling.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nGIRxaUdYiY
Business idea, if an applicant has one. It is fine if an applicant is unsure when applying to the program. It is also fine if an applicant is interested in the artistic aspect of digital media and not the entrepreneurial aspect.
I would like to complete a mobile game project in my Graduate studies period and start a game company after graduation. Meanwhile, still active in the art field being an intermedia artist.
Goals or expectations upon completion of the digital media program.
-I want to learn more about computer technologies to create artistic works. Focusing on the field of game development.
-Do more social, get to know people in my field
-Get professional advices of my projects
Here is my cover letter, you can utilize this for the statement of interest.
As a creative and passionate professional with a rich history of developing creative materials, I am eager to submit my resume for consideration for the (Position Title) position .
StatementState legislatures continue to advance policy prop.docxrafaelaj1
Statement
State legislatures continue to advance policy proposals to address cyber threats directed at governments and private businesses. As threats continue to evolve and expand and as the pace of new technologies accelerates, legislatures are making cybersecurity measures a higher priority.
Assignment
You are page amendments to author a 2-page (maximum) paper about the “failed” amendments proposed by the Kentucky legislature in 2019 with respect to Cyber Policy. APA format – 1 cover page, 2 content pages, and 1 reference pageamendments proposed.
You are to answer two questions in your individual papers.
Brief background of the proposed amendment and “researched” speculation as to why it failed?
What would you propose for them to pass in 2020?
.
Statement of cash flows (indirect method) Cash flows from ope.docxrafaelaj1
Statement of cash flows (indirect method)
Cash flows from operating activities
Net income
72,600
adjustments to net income
depreciation
4,000
Gan on sale of investments
-7,000
Increase in AR
-36,000
Decrease in inventory
40,000
Increased in Accounts payable
13,000
Decrease in Accrued liabilities
-3,100
net cash provided by operating activities
83,500
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchase of Plant assets
-16,000
Sale of long-term investments
20,000
net cash provided by investing activities
4,000
Cash flows from financing activities
retiement of bonds
-31,000
payment of dividend
-32,500
sale of common stock
6,000
net cash provided by financing activities
-57,500
net increase in cash
30,000
Cash balance, beginning
230,000
cash balance, ending
260,000
Statement of Cash flows (direct method)
Cash flows from operating activities
cash received from customers
714,000
(sales - increase in AR)
cash paid for merchandise
477,000
(cogs - decrease in invnetory - increase in AP)
cash paid for other operating expenes
105,100
(selling & admin exp + decrease in accrued liab - depreciation)
cash paid for income taxes
48,400
net cash provided b oeprating activities
83,500
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchase of Plant assets
-16,000
Sale of long-term investments
20,000
net cash provided by investing activities
4,000
Cash flows from financing activities
retiement of bonds
-31,000
payment of dividend
-32,500
sale of common stock
6,000
net cash provided by financing activities
-57,500
net increase in cash
30,000
Cash balance, beginning
230,000
cash balance, ending
260,000
.
Stateline Shipping and Transport CompanyRachel Sundusky is the m.docxrafaelaj1
Stateline Shipping and Transport Company
Rachel Sundusky is the manager of the South-Atlantic office of the Stateline Shipping and Transport Company. She is in the process of negotiating a new shipping contract with Polychem, a company that manufactures chemicals for industrial use. Polychem want Stateline to pick up and transport waste products from its six plants to three waste disposal sites. Rachel is very concerned about this proposed arrangement. The chemical wastes that will be hauled can be hazardous to humans and the environment if they leak. In addition, a number of towns and communities in the region where the plants are located prohibit hazardous materials from being shipped through their municipal limits. Thus, not only will the shipments have to be handled carefully and transported at reduced speeds, they will also have to traverse circuitous routes in many cases. Rachel has estimated the cost of shipping a barrel of waste from each of the six plants to each of the three waste disposal sites as shown in the following table:
Waste Disposal Site
Plant
Whitewater
Los Canos
Duras
Kingsport
$12
$15
$17
Danville
14
9
10
Macon
13
20
11
Selma
17
16
19
Columbus
7
14
12
Allentown
22
16
18
The plants generate the following amounts of waste products each week:
Plant
Waste per Week (bbl)
Kingsport
35
Danville
26
Macon
42
Selma
53
Columbus
29
Allentown
38
The three waste disposal sites at Whitewater, Los Canos, and Duras can accommodate a maximum of 65, 80, and 105 barrels per week respectively. In addition to shipping directly from each of the six plants to one of the three waste disposal sites, Rachel is also considering using each of the plants and waste disposal sites as intermediate shipping points. Trucks would be able to drop a load at a plant or disposal site to be picked up and carried on to the final destination by another truck, and vice versa. Stateline would not incur any handling costs because Polychem has agreed to take care of all local handling of the waste materials at the plants and the waste disposal sites. In other words, the only cost Stateline incurs is the actual transportation cost. So Rachel wants to be able to consider the possibility that it may be cheaper to drop and pick up loads at intermediate points rather than ship them directly. Rachel estimates the shipping costs per barrel between each of the six plants to be as follows:
Plant
Plant
Kingsport
Danville
Macon
Selma
Columbus
Allentown
Kingsport
$ __
$6
$4
$9
$7
$8
Danville
6
__
11
10
12
7
Macon
5
11
__
3
7
15
Selma
9
10
3
__
3
16
Columbus
7
12
7
3
__
14
Allentown
8
7
15
16
14
__
The e.
State Two ways in which Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons differed. .docxrafaelaj1
State Two ways in which Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons differed.
List an important achievement for each of these scientist. Aristarchus, Euclid, Archimedes, and Herophilus
"Civilizations" is defined as the stage of development in which people have developed :
1. large, permanet communites.
2. a system of writing
3. divirsion
4. trade
5. a srtong central goverment
.
STAT 3300 Homework #6Due Thursday, 03282019Note Answe.docxrafaelaj1
STAT 3300 Homework #6
Due Thursday, 03/28/2019
Note: Answer these questions on a separate piece of paper. In the top right corner, include
your name, SMU ID, and course number. Please include a title for the assignment so that
it is clear to the graders. If you miss class the day the assignment is turned in, submit this
before class in order to receive credit.
Question 1 (25 points total)
Kiplinger’s “Best Values in Public Colleges” provides a ranking of U.S. public colleges based on a combination
of various measures of academics and affordability. The dataset “EX11-18BESTVAL.csv” includes a sample of
25 colleges from Kiplinger’s 2015 report. Let’s focus on the relationship between the average debt in dollars at
graduation (AveDebt, the response variable) and the explanatory variables Admit (admission rate), GradRate
(graduation rate), InCostAid (in-state cost per year after need-based aid), and OutCostAid (out-state cost
per year after need-based aid).
a) (2 points) Write out the statistical model for this analysis, making sure to specify all assumptions.
b) (3 points) Run the multiple regression model in R and report the fitted regression equation.
c) (5 points) State the null and alternative hypothesis for the overall F test, report the overall F statistic,
its degrees of freedom, and the p-value. What do you conclude based on this test result?
d) (2 points) Obtain the residuals from part (b), construct a residual plot of residuals against the predicted
outcome ŷ, and check assumptions. Is Baruch College an unusual case? Provide a brief summary.
e) (3 points) Run the same multiple regression model but this time without Baruch College, and specify the
fitted regression equation. Again comment on the residuals (i.e., construct a residual plot of residuals
against the predicted outcome ŷ and check assumptions).
f) (5 points) For the model in part (e) (i.e., the multiple regression model without Baruch College), report
the overall F statistic, its degrees of freedom, and the p-value. What do you conclude based on this
test result?
g) (5 points) For the model in part (e) that included all p = 4 explanatory variables, only InCostAid is
found significant using the individual parameter t tests. This raises the question whether these other
three variables further contribute to the prediction of average debt given in-state cost is in the model.
Conduct a partial F test to answer this question.
1
Question 1 (25 points total)
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to accomplish the following objectives:
▪ Describe the philosophical shift that has occurred in reducing juvenile delinquency.
▪ Summarize the importance of prevention and treatment.
▪ Explain the principles of effective intervention.
▪ Explain how need factors contribute to risk for delinquent behavior.
▪ Describe each generation of risk and need assessment tools.
▪ Explain the significance of responsivity factors with regard to treatment..
State Standard by Content AreaLiteracy State Standard to Integra.docxrafaelaj1
State Standard by Content Area
Literacy State Standard to Integrate into Another Content Area
Use a different literacy standard for each content standard.
Standards-based Learning Objective
Aligned to content standards
Instructional Strategy to Integrate Literacy
Resources
Provide links to websites, PDFs, and any other documents used or referenced for strategy
Rationale
How the strategy will promote balanced literacy curriculum
State Content Standard 1:
State Content Standard 2:
State Content Standard 3:
.
STAT200: Assignment #2 - Descriptive Statistics Analysis and Writeup - Instructions
Page 1 of 3
STAT200 Introduction to Statistics
Assignment #2: Descriptive Statistics Analysis and Writeup
Assignment #2: Descriptive Statistics Analysis and Writeup
In the first assignment (Assignment #1: Descriptive Statistics Analysis Data Plan), you developed a
scenario about annual household expenditures and a plan for analyzing the data using descriptive
statistic methods. The purpose of this assignment is to carry out the descriptive statistics analysis plan
and write up the results. The expected outcome of this assignment is a two to three page write-up of
the findings from your analysis as well as a recommendation.
Assignment Steps:
Step #1: Review Feedback from Your Instructor
Before performing any analysis, please make sure to review your instructor’s feedback on Assignment
#1: Descriptive Statistics Data Analysis Plan. Based on the feedback, modify variables, tables, and
selected statistics, graphs, and tables, if needed.
Step #2: Perform Descriptive Statistic Analysis
Task 1: Look at the dataset.
• (Re)Familiarize yourself with the variables. Review Table 1: Variables Selected for the
Analysis you generated for the first assignment as well as your instructor’s feedback. In
addition, look at the data dictionary contained in the data set for information about the
variables.
• Select the variables you need for the analysis.
Task 2: Complete your data analysis, as outlined in your first assignment, with any needed
modifications, based on your instructor’s feedback.
• Calculate Measures of Central Tendency and Variability. Use the information from
Assignment #1 - Table 2. Numerical Summaries of the Selected Variables. Here again,
be sure to see your instructor’s feedback and incorporate into the analysis.
• Prepare Graphs and/or Tables. Use the information from Assignment #1 - Table 3.
Type of Graphs and/or Tables for Selected Variables. Here again, be sure to see your
instructor’s feedback and incorporate into the analysis.
STAT200: Assignment #2 - Descriptive Statistics Analysis and Writeup - Instructions
Page 2 of 3
Step #3: Write-up findings using the Provided Template
For this part of the assignment, write a short 2-3 page write-up of the process you followed and the
findings from your analysis. You will describe, in words, the statistical analysis used and present the
results in both statistical/text and graphic formats.
Here are the main sections for this assignment:
✓ Identifying Information. Fill in information on name, class, instructor, and date.
✓ Introduction. For this section, use the same scenario you submitted for the first assignment and
modified using your instructor’s feedback, if needed. Include Table 1 (Table 1: Variables
Selected for the Analysis) you used in Assignment #1 to show the variables you selected for the
analysis.
✓ Data .
STAT200: Assignment #2 - Descriptive Statistics Analysis Writeup - Template
Page 3 of 3
University of Maryland University College
STAT200 - Assignment #2: Descriptive Statistics Analysis and Writeup
Identifying Information
Student (Full Name):
Class:
Instructor:
Date:
Introduction:
Use the same scenario you submitted for the first assignment with modifications using your instructor’s feedback, if needed. Include Table 1: Variables Selected for the Analysis you used in Assignment #1 to show the variables you selected for analysis.
Table 1. Variables Selected for the Analysis
Variable Name in data set
Description
Type of Variable (Qualitative or Quantitative)
Variable 1: “Income”
Annual household income in USD.
Quantitative
Variable 2:
Variable 3:
Variable 4:
Variable 5:
Data Set Description and Method Used for Analysis:
Results:
Variable 1: Income
Numerical Summary.
Table 2. Descriptive Analysis for Variable 1
Variable
n
Measure(s) of Central Tendency
Measure(s) of Dispersion
Variable: Income
Median=
SD =
Graph and/or Table: Histogram of Income
(Place Histogram here)
Description of Findings.
Variable 2: (Fill in name of variable)
Numerical Summary.
Table 3. Descriptive Analysis for Variable 2
Variable
n
Measure(s) of Central Tendency
Measure(s) of Dispersion
Variable:
Graph and/or Table.
(Place Graph or Table Here)
Description of Findings.
Variable 3: (Fill in name of variable)
Numerical Summary.
Table 4. Descriptive Analysis for Variable 3
Variable
n
Measure(s) of Central Tendency
Measure(s) of Dispersion
Variable:
Graph and/or Table.
(Place Graph or Table Here)
Description of Findings.
Variable 4: (Fill in name of variable)
Numerical Summary.
Table 5. Descriptive Analysis for Variable 4
Variable
N
Mean/Median
St. Dev.
Variable 4:
Graph and/or Table.
(Place Graph or Table Here)
Description of Findings.
Variable 5: (Fill in name of variable)
Numerical Summary.
Table 6. Descriptive Analysis for Variable 5
Variable
n
Measure(s) of Central Tendency
Measure(s) of Dispersion
Variable:
Graph and/or Table.
(Place Graph or Table Here)
Description of Findings.
Discussion and Conclusion.
Briefly discuss each variable in the same sequence as presented in the results. What has the highest expenditure? What variable has the lowest expenditure? If you were to recommend a place to save money, which expenditure would it be and why? Note: The section should be no more than 2 paragraphs.
STAT200 Introduction to Statistics
Dataset for Written Assignments
Description of Dataset:
The data is a random sample from the US Department of Labor’s 2016 Consumer Expenditure Surveys (CE) and provides information about the composition of households and their annual expenditures (https://www.bls.gov/cex/). It contains information from 30 households, where a survey responder provided the requested information; it is all self-reported information. This dataset contains four socioeconomic variables (whose names.
State legislatures continue to advance policy proposals to address c.docxrafaelaj1
State legislatures continue to advance policy proposals to address cyber threats directed at governments and private businesses. As threats continue to evolve and expand and as the pace of new technologies accelerates, legislatures are making cybersecurity measures a higher priority.
Assignment
You are to author a 2-page (maximum) paper about the “failed” amendments proposed by the Kentucky legislature in 2019 with respect to Cyber Policy. APA format – 1 cover page, 2 content pages, and 1 reference page.
You are to answer two questions in your individual papers.
Brief background of the proposed amendment and “researched” speculation as to why it failed?
What would you propose for them to pass in 2020?
Remember to cite your sources appropriately and turn in original work!
Section 54
KY S 14
Status: Failed - Adjourned
Provides definitions relating to personal information, provides certain personal information that shall be protected from disclosure by a public agency or third-party contractor through redaction or other means, provides a list of covered persons, provides guidelines for contracts between a public agency and a third-party contractor.
.
State FLORIDAInstructionsThis written assignment requ.docxrafaelaj1
State: FLORIDA
Instructions
This written assignment requires the student to investigate his/her local, state and federal legislators and explore their assigned committees and legislative commitments. The student is expected to investigate current and actual legislative initiatives that have either passed or pending approval by the house, senate or Governor’s office. The student will draft a letter to a specific legislator and offer support or constructive argument against pending policy or legislation. The letter must be supported with a minimum of 3 evidence based primary citations. (See Rubric)
Submission Details:
Support your responses with examples.
Cite any sources in APA format.
Submit your document to the
Submissions Area
by
the due date assigned.
.
State of the Science Quality ImprovementNameInst.docxrafaelaj1
State of the Science Quality ImprovementNameInstitutionsDate
Abstract
The condition of chronic heart failure sometimes is referred to as congestive heart failure (CHF), which is recognized as an acute life-threatening disease that majorly affects millions of American citizens annually. The condition of the chronic heart failure results when the heart is incapable of sufficient pump the blood throughout the body tissues due to the weak heart muscles (January et al., 2019). Certain conditions, such as narrowed arteries in the heart (CAD) or high blood pressure, gradually leave the heart too weak or stiff to fill and pump efficiently. Moreover, there are some of the several conditions such as coronary artery diseases and hypertension that leads to acute and chronic heart failure in the body system. More importantly, to avoid the possibility of this dangerous condition as well as the ever-increasing of the re-admitted hospital continue, collectively, the patient must be able to control the earlier stated conditions along with diabetes as well as obesity at home-based care and with their primary healthcare providers as well. According to Santesmases-Masana et al. (2019), "Primary health care planned care has been shown to reduce heart failure re-hospitalizations and maintain the patient quality of life." With this known knowledge, it is important to continue care at home and with their primary care provider to monitor and detect worsening of their condition sooner rather than later with evidence-based treatment practices. There are many evidence-based treatments for chronic heart failure that includes monitoring of vital signs, weight, and diet along with medications. In this paper, chronic heart failure, problem discussion, PICO question, and theoretical framework will be presented.
Problem Discussion
Chronic heart failure is a chief public health care concern linked with the high degree of mortality and morbidity in the U.S. Heart failure usually results in adverse outcomes, and the most costly is the issues of hospital readmissions. Currently, the heart failure management clinical procedures and pieces of evidence emphasizes the significance and the function of the care interventions a mid preventing the heart failure readmissions in the hospital set up. The current literature review is meant to evaluate and assess the effectiveness of transitional care interventions that intend to minimize hospital readmissions. Increase hospital readmission and worsening chronic heart failure complications are due to lack of following of a primary care provider and home monitoring of vital signs, weight, diet, energy level, and breathing patterns by the patient. There are many evidence-based practices and comprehensive guidelines for chronic heart failure treatment with side effects of some medications about individual races. For instance, losartan has little to adverse impact on blacks. Furthermore, according to Hadidi et al. (2018), "It has been.
State Data_1986-2015YearGross state product per capitaEducation sp.docxrafaelaj1
State Data_1986-2015YearGross state product per capitaEducation spending per studentUnemployment ratesHigh school graduation rate198614,0402,565.009.168.50198715,0902,573.007.673.90198816,2612,717.666.975.00198916,8423,197.006.672.10199017,5523,327.186.369.50199118,3683,626.566.969.80199219,3673,615.986.970.40199319,8033,761.136.666.10199420,7934,036.535.464.30199521,8824,404.775.264.80199622,6134,716.174.562.70199723,4744,903.294.462.40199824,2145,165.563.964.40199925,2645,511.624.361.30200025,7345,758.434.164.10200126,5716,052.014.763.70200227,6506,327.235.462.10200328,9676,642.065.464.70200431,3686,812.245.065.00200533,2747,308.933.865.90200634,9147,979.703.566.20200732,4048,390.623.567.10200833,6439,103.365.269.00200933,0968,870.0010.169.90201033,9459,001.009.188.00201134,6509,224.009.772.00201235,6258,705.008.075.00201336,5018,755.007.280.00201437,5938,821.006.886.30201536,7509,611.026.189.30201637,4029,642.136.087.10
APA Basics Checklist: Citations, Reference List, and Style
By the Walden University Writing Center
Writing Center staff created this APA checklist to help students remember the basics of APA citations,
reference lists, and style. It is not meant to be comprehensive, but students should use it as a reminder
of the various APA rules that academic papers follow. If students are not sure what a particular item in
the checklist refers to or entails, they should follow the link for more information. Additionally, the
Writing Center can always help with APA questions at [email protected]
Citations
Citations are included in each sentence a source is used
Sources used and cited in the paper are included in the reference list
The abbreviation “et al.” is punctuated appropriately
Parenthetical citations:
Author(s) and publication year are always included
Page or paragraph number is included for all quoted material, using the appropriate
abbreviation: (p. xx) or (para. xx)
Citation is included within the ending punctuation for the sentence
In-text citations
Author(s) is included within the sentence
Publication year is included in parentheses immediately after the author(s)’ name
Publication rule is followed: publication years are included the first time a source is used
in a paragraph; all subsequent uses of that same source does not include the publication
year (Note: Rule starts over with a new paragraph)
Reference List
Title of the list is centered but not bolded
Sources listed in the reference list are used at least once in the paper
Reference entries:
Each entry has an automatically formatted hanging indent
Each entry has the basic information (as available): author(s), publication year,
title, and retrieval information
Each entry has been compared against the common reference entries and
reference entries FAQs on the Writing Center website, checking for:
Punctuation: periods and commas
Formatting: italics is used only when needed
Parenthese.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. Steel 1410 Rockwell A (HRA) Measurements
Every 1/16 inch for 1 inch
Every 1/8 inch for 1 inch
Every 1/4 inch for 2 inches
1
23.0
45.9
41.9
2
45.7
47.1
42.0
3
47.8
46.6
40.9
4
46.0
44.9
29.5
5
46.0
46.7
32.7
6
45.1
47.5
42.5
7
47.1
45.3
43.0
8
46.9
4. Steel 4140 Rockwell A (HRA) Measurements
Every 1/16 inch for 1 inch
Every 1/8 inch for 1 inch
Every 1/4 inch for 2 inches
1
69.8
60.3
57.5
2
73.2
61.4
55.4
3
72.2
59.4
51.2
4
72.4
60.1
57.7
5
72.0
58.1
53.2
6
73.2
58.3
72.5
7
6. 63.2
EXPERIMENT 6
HEAT TREATMENT OF STEEL
Purpose
The purposes of this experiment are to:
Background
To understand heat treatment of steels requires an ability to
understand the Fe-C phase
diagram shown in Figure 6-1. Steel with a 0.78 wt% C is said
to be a eutectoid steel. Steel
with carbon content less than 0.78 wt% C is hypoeutectoid and
greater than 0.78 wt% C is
hypereutectoid. The region marked austenite is face-centered-
cubic (FCC) and ferrite is
7. body-centered-cubic (BCC).
There are also regions that have two phases. If one cools a
hypoeutectoid steel from a point in
the austenite region, reaching the A3 line, ferrite will form from
the austenite. This ferrite is
called proeutectoid ferrite. When A1 is reached, a mixture of
ferrite and iron carbide
(cementite) forms from the remaining austenite. The
microstructure of a hypoeutectoid steel
upon cooling would contain proeutectoid ferrite plus pearlite
The size, type and distribution of phases present can be altered
by not waiting for
thermodynamic equilibrium. Steels are often cooled so rapidly
that metastable phases appear.
One such phase is martensite, which is a body-centered
tetragonal (BCT) phase and forms
only by very rapid cooling.
Much of the information on non-equilibrium distribution, size
and type of phases has come
from experiments. The results are presented in a time-
temperature-transformation (TTT)
8. diagram shown in Figure 6-2. As a sample is cooled, the
temperature will decrease as shown
in curve #1. At point A, pearlite (a mixture of ferrite and
cementite) will start to form from
austenite. At the time and temperature associated with point B,
the austenite will have
completely transformed to pearlite. There are many possible
paths through the pearlite
regions. Slower cooling causes coarse Pearlite, while fast
cooling causes fine pearlite to form.
Cooling can produce other phases. If a specimen were cooled at
a rate corresponding to curve
#2 in Figure 6-3, martensite, instead of Pearlite, would begin to
form at Ms temperature (point
C), and the pearlite would be completely transformed to
martensite at temperature Ms.
Martensite causes increased hardness in steels.
9. Unfortunately, hardness in steels also produces brittleness. The
brittleness is usually
associated with low impact energy and low toughness. To
restore some of the toughness and
impact properties it is frequently necessary to "temper" or
"draw" the steels. This is
accomplished by heating the steel to a temperature between
500ºF (260ºC) and 1000ºF (540ºC).
Tempering removes some of the internal stresses and introduces
recovery processes in the
steel without a large decrease in hardness or strength.
To obtain the desired mechanical properties it is necessary to
cool steel from the proper
temperature at the proper rates and temper them at the proper
temperature and time.
Isothermal transformation diagrams for SAE 1045 steel are
shown in Figure 6-4.
Heat Treatment of Steels
10. Common steels, which are really solid solutions of carbon in
iron, are body-centered-cubic.
However, the carbon has a low solubility in bcc iron and
precipitates as iron carbide when
steel is cooled from 1600ºF (870ºC). The processes of
precipitation can be altered by adjusting
the cooling rate. This changes the distribution and size of the
carbide which forms a laminar
structure called pearlite during slow cooling processes.
If a steel is quenched into water or oil from 1600ºF (870ºC) a
metastable phase called
martensite forms, which is body-centered-tetragonal. This
phase sets up large internal stresses
and prevents carbide from forming. The internal stresses
produce a high hardness and
unfortunately, low toughness. After cooling, to restore
toughness, steels are tempered by
reheating them to a lower temperature around 800ºF (426ºC)
and cooling. The tempering
relieves the internal stresses and also allows some iron carbide
to form. It also restores
ductility.
11. Procedure
You are provided with 6 specimens of SAE 1045 steel for your
study. Measure the
hardness of all specimens using the RA scale.
1. Heat four specimens in one furnace at 1600 + 25ºF (870 +
15ºC) for 1/2 hour.
2. Put the other 2 specimens in a separate furnace at the same
temperature for 1/2 hour.
3. Remove one specimen from the furnace with 2 specimens and
cool it in air on a brick.
4. Turn off the furnace with the one remaining specimen. Allow
the sample to remain in
the furnace for one hour. The air-cooled and furnace-cooled
specimens can be cooled
in water after one hour. Why? (Answer this in your write up).
5. Remove the four specimens and quickly drop them into
water; the transfer should take
less than one second. A little rehearsal could help. Be careful
not to touch the
specimens before they are cooled in water.
12. 6. Measure Rockwell hardness of the quenched specimens
before the next step.
7. Temper 1 each of the quenched specimens for 30 minutes at
600ºF (315ºC), 800ºF
(430ºC), and 1000ºF (540ºC). After tempering, the specimens
can be cooled in water.
8. Measure hardness of all 6 samples using the Brinell (3000
kg) and Rockwell A or C
scales.
Data Analysis
1. If more than one impression is made per sample, average the
Brinell diameters for each
specimen.
2. Compute the Brinell hardness numbers and compare with the
numbers read from a
conversion chart for Rockwell A or C to Brinell.
3. Graph BHN (x-axis) versus Rockwell Hardness numbers (y-
axis).
4. Graph Rockwell A or C hardness vs. tempering temperature
(oC).
5. Compute the ultimate tensile strength (psi) of all specimens
from the average BHN for
13. each specimen using:
Write Up
Prepare a single memo report in conjunction with experiment #7
(Hardenability of
Steels). The report should combine both experiments in one
report. Do not write this up
as a two part report. (The hardness and hardenability concepts
from the experiments are
related). Within this report you should discuss the data
referenced in the "Data Analysis" as
well as the following:
1. What is the purpose of quenching and tempering steel?
2. Discuss the sources of error for the various hardness testers,
the relative ease with which
they may be used, and the comparative consistency of test
results.
3. What factors probably contributed to the scatter in the
hardness data?
4. Which hardness test appears to be most accurate?
5. Using the inverse lever law, estimate the amount of carbide
(Fe3C) present at 1338
14. oF
(just below the eutectoid temperature) for SAE 1045.
6. What are (or should be) the differences in the microstructure
for each heat treatment
process and how do these differences correlate with hardness?
7. Discuss errors in this experiment and their sources.
MSE 227L Name ________________________
Heat Treatment of steel & Hardenability
Poor Fair Average Good Excellent
Memorandum Format Used 1 2 3 4 5
Spelling, grammar & punctuation correct 1 2 3 4 5
Report includes: Poor Fair Average Good Excellent
Discuss why the air-cooled and furnace-cooled specimens
can be quenched in water after one hour.
1 2 3 4 5
Compare Brinell numbers (BHN) found from measured
diameters with a conversion chart for Rockwell A or C
15. (6 specimens). Go to website or reference book to find
this information; include this data in your tables.
1 2 3 4 5
Include tables (results and data measured) for BHN and
RA. Be sure to include measured values from computer.
1 2 3 4 5
Graph BHN (x-axis) vs. Rockwell A or C (y-axis). 2 4 6 8 10
Graph Rockwell A or C (y-axis) hardness vs. tempering
temp.
2 4 6 8 10
pecimens from the average BHN
for each specimen.
1 2 3 4 5
Discuss the purpose of quenching and tempering steel. 1 2 3 4 5
Discuss the sources of error for the various hardness
testers; compare consistency of test results and accuracy
(Rockwell vs Brinell).
1 2 3 4 5
Discuss factors that probably contributed to the scatter in
16. the hardness data and errors in the experiment (their
sources)
1 2 3 4 5
Calculate amount of carbide (Fe3C) present at 1338
o
F for
SAE 1045. Use the phase diagram included in the lab
description and show calculations.
1 2 3 4 5
Discuss the expected microstructure for each heat
treatment process (specifically for the 6 samples).
1 2 3 4 5
Discuss the correlation between microstructure and
hardness.
1 2 3 4 5
Graph hardness as a function of distance from the
quenched end (show both alloys on the same graph).
3 6 9 12 15
Discuss the effects of alloying on hardenability and the
shift in the TTT curve due to alloying.
1 2 3 4 5
17. Poor Fair Average Good Excellent
Overall level of effort apparent 1 2 3 4 5
Quality of graphs 1 2 3 4 5
Quality of Abstract 1 2 3 4 5
Quality of work description 1 2 3 4 5
Quality of conclusions 1 2 3 4 5
Glossary of Terms
Understanding the following terms will aid in understanding
this experiment.
Austenite. Face-
Austenitizing. Temperature where homogeneous austenite can
form. Austenitizing is the first step in
most of the heat treatments for steel and cast irons.
Annealing (steel). A heat treatment used to produce a soft,
18. coarse pearlite in a steel by austenitizing,
then furnace cooling.
Bainite. A two-phase micro-constituent, containing a fine
needle-like microstructure of ferrite and
cementite that forms in steels that are isothermally transformed
at relatively low temperatures.
Body-centered cubic. Common atomic arrangement for metals
consisting of eight atoms sitting on
the corners of a cube and a ninth atom at the cubes center.
Cementite. The hard brittle intermetallic compound Fe3C that
when properly dispersed provides the
strengthening in steels.
Eutectoid. A three-phase reaction in which one solid phase
transforms to two different solid phases.
Face-centered cubic. Common atomic arrangement for metals
consisting of eight atoms sitting on
the corners of a cube and six additional atoms sitting in the
center of each face of the cube.
Ferrite. Ferrous alloy based on the bcc structure of pure iron at
19. room temperature.
Hypereutectoid. Composition greater than that of the eutectoid.
Hypoeutectoid. Composition less than that of the eutectoid.
Martensite. The metastable iron-carbon solid solution phase
with an acicular, or needle like,
microstructure produced by a diffusionless transformation
associated with the quenching of austenite.
Normalizing. A simple heat treatment obtained by austenitizing
and air cooling to produce a fine
pearlite structure.
Pearlite. A two-phase lamellar micro-constituent, containing
ferrite and cementite, that forms in steels
that are cooled in a normal fashion or are isothermally
transformed at relatively high temperatures.
Tempered martensite. The mixture of ferrite and cementite
formed when martensite is tempered.
Tempering. A low-temperature heat treatment used to reduce
the hardness of martensite by permitting
20. the martensite to begin to decompose to the equilibrium phases.
References
D. Callister Jr, Fundamentals of Materials Science and
Engineering, J. Wiley & Sons, NY, 3rd Ed. 2008,
Flinn and Trojan, Engineering Materials and Their Applications,
Chapter 6
Deiter, Mechanical Metallurgy
ASM Handbook on Heat Treatment, Vol. 2
MAE 2165: Materials Science Lab
Spring 2017
ENGR 116
Prerequisites: MAE 2160 (may be take concurrently)
Textbook: Required: Lab Instructions; The theoretical
foundation for the lab will be covered in MAE 2160 text.
Course Fee: $50 (Course fee used to purchase materials,
supplies, equipment, and fund teaching assistants)
Professor: Jackson Graham
21. Office: EL 286
Office Hours: W 11:00 AM – 12:00 PM or by appointment
E-mail: [email protected]
Course Description: This lab will allow engineering students to
study the mechanical and thermal properties of metals,
polymers, ceramics, and composite materials. Emphasis is upon
laboratory technique, presentation of experimental
results, evaluation of experimental results, and observation of
the physical phenomena.
Course Objectives: Upon completion of this course, students
should be able to:
1. Execute laboratory techniques and procedures
2. Evaluate experimental results, and
3. Professionally present experimental results.
Topics Covered:
1. General Lab Safety
2. Computational Material Science
3. Tensile Testing
4. Glass Fracture
5. Phase Diagrams
22. 6. Age-Hardening of Aluminum
7. Hardenability of Steels
8. Mechanical Properties of Polymeric Materials
9. Composites
Attendance and Communication Policy: Attendance is required
during the assigned lab period. You are responsible for
any and all information contained in or communicated through
Canvas. You are expected to ensure that you will receive
any communications sent to you though Canvas in a timely
manner. To make up an assignment, or exam, a student will
need a physicians’s note attesting to the illness. No other
excuses will be accepted for making up late work (i.e. vacation,
leisure, community service, oversleeping, forgot to come to
class, getting married, car broke down, research, work, family
time, etc…).
Pre-Labs and Lab Reports: You are required to read the lab and
complete the prelab material PRIOR to the lab period.
Lab reports, including text, figures, tables, and any other
elements, are to be completed INDIVIDUALLY. Lab reports are
required for each lab session. The lab reports will be turned in
at the beginning of the following lab session or via
Canvas prior to the start of the following lab session. Lab
reports will be graded based on the guidelines specified for
the lab and any rubrics provided. A 25% reduction in credit will
be given for assignments up to 24 hours late. No credit
will be given for home works and projects that are more than 24
hours late. You may receive help from others when
doing in-class assignments and homework but you must only
turn in your own work. All work will be completed or
23. submitted on Canvas.
Grading: The lab reports will be graded according to the
requirements included with each lab. Each lab report will be
due at the time of your arrival to complete the next lab
experiment. Grades will be assigned based on the quality of
your work. NOT the effort you put into it. All requests for
regrading assignments must be made within 7 calendar days
mailto:[email protected]
of the return of the assignment.
The following grading scale will be used in this course:
100 to 94 A
< 94 to 90 A-
< 90 to 87 B+
< 87 to 84 B
< 84 to 80 B-
< 80 to 77 C+
< 77 to 74 C
< 74 to 70 C-
< 70 to 67 D+
24. < 67 to 64 D
< 64 to 61 D-
< 61 to 0 F
Academic Standards: Cheating and plagiarism are serious
academic offences and will be handled by following the
University policy. At a minimum, a grade of zero will be assign
for the entire assignment or exam. A description of the
USU academic honor system can be found at the following
website:
https://studentconduct.usu.edu/studentcode/article6
The College of Engineering has an Engineering Tutoring
Center. Tutoring services are available free of charge to all
College of Engineering students. You can find help for any
engineering required course, i.e. math, chemistry, physics, and
all engineering classes. The Tutoring Center is located in
ENGR 322 and 324. Hours are Monday through Friday 8:00
AM
to 5:00 PM with extended hours on Tuesday and Thursday until
7:00 PM.
https://studentconduct.usu.edu/studentcode/article6
25. Tentative Schedule: The weekly experiments are subject to
change based on the availability of equipment and materials.
After the microscopy lab, each lab time
will be split into two groups (“A” and “B”). These two groups
will alternate weeks as shown for the remainder of the semester.
As a reminder, lab reports are due
at the beginning of the next session assigned to your section
AND group.
Lab Week/Dates Group(s) Prelab Lab Assignment Report Due
1: Safety 1: Jan 9 - 13 All Safety N/A N/A
2: Computational Materials 2: Jan 16 - 20 All N/A
Computational Materials N/A
3: Microscopy 3: Jan 23 - 27 All Microscopy Microscopy
Computational Materials
4: Tensile Test and Torsion Fatigue 4: Jan 30 - Feb 3 A Tensile
Test and Torsion Fatigue Tensile Test and Torsion Fatigue N/A
4: Tensile Test and Torsion Fatigue 5: Feb 6 - 10 B Tensile Test
and Torsion Fatigue Tensile Test and Torsion Fatigue N/A
5: Phase Transformation 6: Feb 13 - 17 A Phase Transformation
Phase Transformation Tensile Test and Torsion Fatigue
No Lab 7: Feb 20 - 24 All N/A N/A N/A
5: Phase Transformation 8: Feb 27 - Mar 3 B Phase
Transformation Phase Transformation Tensile Test and Torsion
Fatigue
Spring Break 9: Mar 6 - 10 All N/A N/A N/A
6: Hardenability and Composite
Fabrication
10: Mar 13 - 17 A
26. Hardenability and Composite
Fabrication
Hardenability and Composite
Fabrication
Phase Transformation
6: Hardenability and Composite
Fabrication
11: Mar 20 - 24 B
Hardenability and Composite
Fabrication
Hardenability and Composite
Fabrication
Phase Transformation
7: Age Hardening and Glass
Fracture
12: Mar 27 - 31 A
Age Hardening and Glass
Fracture
Age Hardening and Glass
Fracture
Hardenability and Composite
Fabrication
7: Age Hardening and Glass
Fracture
27. 13: Apr 3 - 7 B
Age Hardening and Glass
Fracture
Age Hardening and Glass
Fracture
Hardenability and Composite
Fabrication
8: Polymers and Composite Testing 14: Apr 10 - 14 A N/A
Polymers and Composite Testing
Age Hardening and Glass
Fracture
8: Polymers and Composite Testing 15: Apr 17 - 21 B N/A
Polymers and Composite Testing
Age Hardening and Glass
Fracture
16: Apr 24 - 28 All N/A N/A Polymers and Composite Testing
The Memorandum Report
1. Name
Lab Time: (for example, Tuesday or Wednesday 2:00 PM)
Lab Group (1-4)
MSE 227 Lab # (2, 4, 6 & 7, 8, 9) – Title of report
2. Abstract
Similar to a summary, helps a busy reader decide whether to
28. read the whole report. Since the abstract
gives a thumbnail sketch of the report, an abstract of a memo-
report should run no longer than half a
page; frequently one paragraph describing the entire report (100
words or less) will suffice. Also the
abstract should indicate the conclusions (results) of the work so
that the reader will be able to evaluate the
relevance of the work.
3. Description of Work (Procedure)
A brief description of the actual work performed to explain
where and how the data in the report was
obtained. Do not copy the manual word for word; you should
remember what you did in lab.
4. Results and Discussion
May include answers to specific questions and outcome of lab in
this section. If required, should include
the data (preferably in a tabulated form) and graphs
Tables
always referred to in the
results and discussion section.
Figures
axis (abscissa) while the vertical axis is
only used for the dependent variables.
29. a convenient scale on each axis in
such a way that the plot will fill roughly half the page.
more than one plot is included in the
figure.
bottom.
in Excel.
Sample calculations
Include a sample calculation for each nontrivial type of
calculation.
Additional info
1. Typewritten, single spaced on 8 ½ x 11 paper.
2. Attach appropriate rubric to front of Memo report.
3. Reference sources only if they are used
The following is an example of a memorandum report.
Hardness and tensile strength of a cartridge brass sample were
measured as a function of percent cold
work (0-60%CW). Both properties increased with the increased
percentage of cold work. Recovery,
recrystallization, and grain growth characteristics of a 50%CW
30. brass was also investigated by measuring
Rockwell Hardness (B Scale) of specimens annealed for 1/2
hour in the temperature range of 200- 700°C.
A typical curve with the three distinct regions was obtained.
The grain size was also determined for the
three highest annealing temperatures and a dramatic increase in
the average grain size with temperature
was observed.
Procedure
The initial hardness and tensile strength of 70/30 cartridge brass
were measured using the Rockwell
hardness tester (B scale) and the Instron machine, respectively.
The thickness of the samples was
successively reduced by rolling up to 60%, while hardness and
ultimate tensile strength (UTS)
measurements were determined at the different stages of cold
work. A 50% CW brass strip was then cut
into eight pieces, each was annealed at 200, 250, 300, 350, 400,
500, 600, and 700 °C for 1/2 hr, followed
by water quench. The hardness of each sample was finally
measured using the Rockwell tester.
Samples for the metallographic observation were polished,
etched and observed in a light optical
microscope at magnification x 100. The ASTM grain size
number, n was determined by comparing the
microstructure with a standard ASTM grid, and consequently
the average grain size was computed.
Results and Discussion
The data on hardness and tensile strength as a function of the
degree of cold work are shown in Table 1.
Figures 1 and 2 show the reduction in hardness in terms of
inches and percentage of original thickness.
The hardness has increased from about 15 to 78 on the Rockwell
31. B scale as a result of 60% CW. The
tensile strength has also varied in a similar trend with the
increased amount of cold work. The scatter of
the data is very small since both properties were taken as the
average of several readings under the same
test conditions. Furthermore, the data obtained was in rather
good agreement with those published in the
literature. Process annealing of the cold worked samples below
250 °C reduced the hardness very slightly.
An abrupt decrease in hardness was observed in the temperature
range 250-500°C. Above 500°C the
hardness continued to decrease at a very small rate until 700oC
has been reached. The three stages of the
annealing process, namely recovery, recrystallization, and grain
growth, have been established
accordingly. This is shown clearly by plotting the data in Table
2. The hardness values at high
temperatures exhibited greater scatter as is expected when
approaching the lower limit of the B scale on
the hardness tester. Minor scatter in the values is observed as a
result of the statistical errors involved in
such measurements. However, the results in general are in good
agreement with the literature.
Table 1: Rockwell Hardness and Tensile Strength of Cartridge
Brass at Different Percentages of
Cold Work
% CW RB* UTSx10
-7 (N/m2)
0
10
20
30
32. 40
50
60
15
50
65
70
73
75
78
34
38
43
48
54
60
65
* Average of four hardness readings on Rockwell B scale.
Table 2: Hardness and Grain Size of 50% CW Cartridge Brass
as a Function of Annealing
Temperature.
Temperature oC <RB>* Grain size (mm)
25
200
250
300
34. 100.0
0.1000 0.1200 0.1400 0.1600 0.1800 0.2000 0.2200 0.2400
0.2600
Thickness, inches
H
a
rd
n
e
s
s
,
R
B
brass
Figure 1: Cold Worked Brass showing reduction in thickness
versus RB hardness.
C old Working
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
35. 60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
P ercentage reduction in thickness
H
a
rd
n
e
s
s
,
R
B
Figure 2: Cold worked brass percent reduction in thickness
versus RB hardness.
References
1. L. H. Van V lack, "Elements of Materials Science and
Engineering," Addison Wesley, Inc., 1975.
2. R. A. and P. K. Trojan, "Engineering Materials and Their
Applications," Houghton Mifflin Co., 1975.
3. A. G. Guy, “Introduction to Materials Science,” McGraw
Hill Book Co., 1972.
4. Metals Handbook, ASM, edited by T. Lyman, 1948.
36. EXPERIMENT 7
HARDENABILITY OF STEELS
Purpose
This experiment is aimed at understanding the effect of cooling
rate on the hardness of two
steels. The experiment also shows why adding alloying
elements other than carbon enables a
part to be heat-treated more uniformly and to a greater depth.
Background
The background for Experiment #6 describes why the rate of
cooling affects hardness but it
does not explain why some parts that are heat-treated do not
reach a high hardness. This
problem, which is very real, is not well understood by the
average engineer.
In a practical sense it is not possible to heat-treat all parts to the
same degree. The difference
is due to the thickness or volume effect. Basically, when a part
is quenched in water or some
other fluid, the heat must be conducted out through the surface.
This leads to a temperature
gradient dt/dx between the surface and the center of the part
being heat-treated. The
temperature gradient varies with time.
The temperature gradient is less steep between the center and
the edge at later times.
Therefore, the temperature of the center lags in time behind the
temperature of the surface. If
we were to plot a time profile of the center and the edge
temperatures as shown in Figure 7-1,
37. the time to reach a given temperature T2 is definitely longer in
the center than at the edge.
This means that cooling rate varies as a function of depth. The
greater the depth the slower
the cooling rate.
The situation with respect to the cooling rate can lead to a
different hardness in the center
than at the edge. The edge could transform to martensite and
the center to pearlite or bainite.
In selecting a steel, the ability to cool the center depends upon
the thickness of the part. The
thicker the part, the slower the cooling rate at the center. For a
given thickness, one must
select a steel that can be hardened in the center if that is
desired. The cooling rate in this case
is fixed. The center part of steel can be hardened by shifting the
time-temperature-
transformation diagram through alloying. Figure 7-2 shows that
alloying elements added to
plain carbon steel can shift the nose of the TTT curve to longer
times and raise the Ms
temperature. This means a slower cooling rate can be used to
reach the martensitic state. A
slower cooling rate means a thicker part can be heat-treated.
38. To obtain standardized data on the hardness of steels as
functions of cooling rates, the Jominy
End Quench test was developed. In the test, water is sprayed on
one end of a bar of steel
while it is hot. This leads to a one dimensional heat transfer
cooling. Except near the surface
of the bar the temperature is controlled by heat flow along the
length of the bar (like
thickness in the part).
Moving axially away from the quenched end of the bar, the
temperature and the rate of
change of temperature are changing. The temperature is higher
and the cooling rate is lower.
If surface hardness is measured as a function of distance from
the end, a hardness profile can
be obtained which applies to any part made from the same steel,
as shown in Figure 7-3.
Procedure
You will be given two steels: (type 1045) and a low-alloy steel
(type 4143). Before heating
the specimens, practice mounting the specimens in the rack and
adjusting the water flow to
spray the end of the specimens.
Stamp each specimen for identification and measure the
hardness on the Rockwell A scale.
Check to make sure the fork is secure and put the specimen in
the furnace at 1600 + 25oF
(870 + 45oC) for 45 minutes. While you are waiting for the
specimens, examine the
microstructure of the alloy steel and carbon steel specimens
provided by your instructor. At
39. the end of the austenitizing treatment above remove one
specimen and carefully, but rapidly,
place the specimen in the holder with the water turned on.
Methods of Test
The standard method for the Jominy test is ASTM - A255. The
test consists of austenitizing
at 50°F (90°C) above the solvus line on the Fe-C phase diagram
that separates γ from γ + α.
The specimen is then removed from the furnace and is placed in
the cooling tower. The time
spent transferring the specimen from the furnace to the fixture
should not be more than 5 sec.
The fixture is constructed so that the specimen is held 1/2 inch
above the water opening with
the column of water directed only at the bottom of the bar. The
water opening is 1/2 inch in
diameter and the flow adjusted to cause the column to rise 2-1/2
inches without the specimen
in place. The test piece is held in the fixture for 10 minutes
before quenching in cold water.
After cooling, one flat surface 0.025 inches deep is ground
along the length of the bar.
Rockwell A hardness measurements are taken every 1/16 inch
for the first inch and every
1/8 for the next inch and 1/4 for the next 2 inches. After
hardness measurements are
completed, the results should be compared to the New Metals
Handbook (Vol. 1)
40. Glossary of Terms
Understanding the following terms will aid in understanding
this experiment.
Hardenability. The ease with which a steel can be quenched to
form martensite. Steels with high
hardenability form martensite even on slow cooling.
Hardenability curves. Graphs showing the effect of cooling rate
on the hardness of a steel.
Jominy test. The test used to evaluate hardenability. An
austenitized steel bar is quenched at one
end only, thus producing a range of cooling rates along the bar.
Quenching. Rapidly cooling a material to some lower
temperature by immersion in a liquid bath or
gaseous stream. For example quenching steel in a pail of water.
Temperature gradient. A difference in temperature across some
distance, for example between one
end of the Jominy bar and the other.
Write Up
Prepare a memo report, in conjunction with Experiment #6
(Heat treatment of steels). Plot
the hardness as a function of distance from the quenched end
with plots for both samples
on the same graph. Discuss the effects of alloying on
hardenability. Discuss the shift in the
TTT curve due to alloying.
41. References
ASM Vol. 1, Properties of Iron and Steel, 1977.
D. Callister Jr, Fundamentals of Materials Science and
Engineering, J. Wiley & Sons, NY, 2nd Ed.
2005, Chapter 5
Flinn and Trojan, Engineering Materials and Their Applications,
Chapter 6