Climatology is the science of studying the average atmospheric conditions of a region in long-term perspective. The primary goal of Climatology is to study the unique characteristics of atmosphere in controlling the global climate, origin, types of climates, causes and processes influencing the climatic variations, elements of weather and the impact of climate on humans or vice-versa.
The climate of a region is ultimately determined by the radiation energy of the sun, and its distribution and temporal fluctuations. The long-term state of the atmosphere is a function of a variety of interacting elements. They are: Solar radiation, Air masses, Pressure systems (and cyclone belts),Ocean Currents, and topography.
The climate of a region is ultimately determined by the radiation energy of the sun, and its distribution and temporal fluctuations. The long-term state of the atmosphere is a function of a variety of interacting elements. They are: Solar radiation, Air masses, Pressure systems (and cyclone belts),Ocean Currents, and topography.
Horizontal Distribution & Differences of Temperature
If the Earth was a homogeneous body without the present land/ocean distribution, its temperature distribution would be strictly latitudinal. However, the Earth is more complex than this, being composed of a mosaic of land and water. This mosaic causes latitudinal (horizontal) zonation of temperature to be disrupted spatially.
Horizontal Distribution & Differences of Temperature
If the Earth was a homogeneous body without the present land/ocean distribution, its temperature distribution would be strictly latitudinal. However, the Earth is more complex than this, being composed of a mosaic of land and water. This mosaic causes latitudinal (horizontal) zonation of temperature to be disrupted spatially.
Importance of Atmosphere –
Physical and chemical characteristics of Atmosphere –
Vertical structure of the atmosphere –
Composition of the atmosphere –
Temperature profile of the atmosphere –
Lapse rates –
Temperature inversion –
Effects of inversion on pollution dispersion.
Atmospheric stability
Earth’s atmosphere is a thin blanket of gases and tiny particles — together called air.
Atmosphere is the air surrounding the earth.
The Earth’s atmosphere is a mixture of gases and water vapour, and also of some amount of aerosols (dust, smoke, condensation products of vapor)
It contains life-giving gases like Oxygen for humans and animals and carbon dioxide for plants.
It envelops the earth all round and is held in place by the gravity of the earth.
It helps in stopping the ultraviolet rays harmful to the life and maintains the suitable temperature necessary for life.
E-content is a Comprehensive package of teaching material put into hypermedia format. Hypermedia is multimedia with internet deplorability. E-content can not be created by a teaching faculty alone . It needs the role of teacher, Video editor, production assistants, web developers (HTML 5 or Adobe captivate, etc). Analyze the learner needs and goals of the instructional material development, development of a delivery system and content, pilot study of the material developed, implementation, evaluating, refining the materials etc. In designing and development of E-content we have to adopt one of the instructional design models based on our requirements.
Pedagogy is the most commonly understood approach to teaching. It refers to the theory and practice of learning. Pedagogy is often described as the act of teaching. Pedagogy has little variations between traditional teaching and online teaching. Online teaching pedagogy is a method of effective teaching practice specifically developed for teaching via the internet. It has a set of prescribed methods, strategies, and practices for teaching academic subjects in an online (or blended) environment, where students are in a physical location separate from the faculty member.
Technology has changed the possibilities within teaching and learning. Classes, which prior to the digital era were restricted to lectures, talks, and physical objects, no longer have to be designed in that manner. Training in a synchronous virtual classroom can only be successful with the active participation and engagement of the learners. Explore the Virtual Classroom’s features and see how they can support and enhance your tutoring style.
• The monitoring and evaluation of the institutional processes require a carefully structured system of internal and external review. The NAAC expects the Institutions to undertake continuous Academic and Administrative Audits (AAA). This presentation is intended to serve as advisory to all accredited HEIs who volunteer to undertake AAA. The pros and cons of this process are also highlighted. Academic and Administrative Audit is the process of evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of the administrative procedure. It includes assessment of policies, strategies & functions of the various administrative departments, control of the overall administrative system, etc. This checklist gives an overview what the audit committee members may look into while visiting an institution for this purpose. It invariably follows the Quality Indicators Framework prescribed by Accreditation Council in India.
• The monitoring and evaluation of the institutional processes require a carefully structured system of internal and external review. The NAAC expects the Institutions to undertake continuous Academic and Administrative Audits (AAA). This presentation is intended to serve as advisory to all accredited HEIs who volunteer to undertake AAA.
Chemical analysis data of water samples can not be used directly for understanding. They are to be used for various calculations in order to determine the quality parameters that have a lot of significances. A. Balasubramanian and D. Nagaraju, of the Department of Studies in Earth Science, Centre for Advanced Studies, University of Mysore, Mysore-570006, Karnataka, India have recently brought out a software and its application manual as a good book for reference and execution. The Name of the software is WATCHIT meaning Water Chemistry Interpretation Techniques. This software computes more than 100 parameters pertaining to water quality interpretations. The software follows its own method of approach to determine the required results. Systems International Units are used. Limited input parameters are required. This is suitable for all scientific research, government water quality data interpretations and for understanding the quality of water before using it.
Water conservation refers to reducing the usage of water and recycling of waste water for different purposes like domestic usage, industries, agriculture etc. This technical article highlights most of the popular methods of water conservation. A special note on rainwater harvesting is also provided.
This module gives an overview of general applications of current hydrogeological aspects. It is for the basic understanding of students and research scholars.
Climate Extreme (extreme weather or climate event) refers to the occurrence of a value of a weather or climate variable above (or below) a threshold value near the upper (or lower) ends of the range of observed values of the variable. Extreme weather and climate events, interacting with exposed and vulnerable human and natural systems, can lead to disasters.
WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT POSSIBILITIES IN CHAMARAJANAGAR TALUK...Prof. A.Balasubramanian
Any unplanned development and utilization of water resources with result in water scarcity. In many parts of the developing world. Such a situation exists. In order to do proper planning and
management of water resources, it is necessary to conduct detailed analyses of the factors, which influence the water availability and its uses. In the present study, a comprehensive analysis have been undertaken for proper utilization of water resources in Chamarajanagar Taluk, which has been identified as one of the drought hit districts of Karnataka, in India. The factors analysed in this work are, surface and groundwater availability, land use, cropping pattern, recharge potential of soils and the rainfall pattern in typical areas of Taluk. It is observed that the problem of water scarcity is mainly due to the lack of irrigation planning and management. Hence, a
modified cropping pattern is suggested by taking into consideration of all available water resources and other conditions.
In broad terms, cultural geography examines the cultural values, practices, discursive and material expressions and artefacts of people, the cultural diversity and plurality of society.
It also emphasizes on how cultures are distributed over space, how places and identities are produced, how people make sense of places and build senses of place, and how people produce and communicate knowledge and meaning.
Minerals are formed by changes in chemical energy in systems which contain one fluid or vapor phase. In nature, minerals are formed by crystallisation or precipitation from concentrated solutions. These solutions are called as ore-bearing fluids. Ore-bearing fluids are characterised by high concentration of certain metallic or other elements.
Fluids are the most effective agents for the transport of material in the mantle and the Earth's crust.
Soils are complex mixers forming the skin of the earth's surface. Soil is a dynamic layer in which many complex chemical, physical and biological activities are going on constantly. Soils become adjusted to conditions of climate, landform and vegetation, and will change internally when those controlling conditions change. Soils are products of weathering. Soils play a dominant role in earth's geomorphic processes in a cyclic manner. The characteristics of soils are very essential for several reasons. This module highlights these characteristics.
GIS TECHNIQUES IN WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT IN CHAMARAJANAGAR ...Prof. A.Balasubramanian
The over-exploitation and contamination of groundwater continue to threaten the long-term sustainability of our precious water resources, in spite of the best efforts made by various agencies.
This has many serious implications to the economic development of a country like India. Lack of
judicious planning and integration of environmental consideration to ground water development
projects are primarily responsible for such a state of affair in the ground water sector. Geographical Information Systems could be of immense help in planning sustainable ground water management strategies, especially in hard rock areas with limited ground water potential. Data collected from
Satellite Imagery and through field investigations have been integrated, on a GIS platform, for demarcation and prioritization of areas suitable for ground water development and ground water augmentation. An attempt has also been made to assess the vulnerability of the area to ground water
contamination. This paper demonstrates the utility of GIS in planning judicious management of ground water resources in a typical hard rock area of Chamarajanagar Taluk, Karnataka, state India.
Nanobiomaterials are very effective components for several biomedical and pharmaceutical studies. Among the metallic, organic, ceramic and polymeric nanomaterials, metallic nanomaterials have shown certain prominent biomedical applications. Enormous works have been done to synthesize, analyse and administer the metallic nanoparticles for various kinds of medical and therapeutic applications, during the last forty years. In these analyses, the prominent biomedical applications of ten metallic nanobiomaterials have been reviewed from various sources and works. It has been found that almost nine of them are used in a very wide spectrum of medical and theranostic applications.
A variety of Nano-biomaterials are synthesised, characterised and tested to find out their potentialities by global scientific communities, during the last three decades. Among those, nanostructured ceramics, cements and coatings are being considered for major use in orthopaedic, dental and other medical applications. The development of novel biocompatible ceramic materials with improved biomedical functions is at the forefront of health-related applications, all over the world. Understanding of the potential biomedical applications of ceramic nanomaterials will provide a major insight into the future developments. This study reviews and enlists the prominent potential biomedical applications of ceramic nanomaterials, like Calcium Phosphate (CaP), Tri-Calcium Phosphate (TCP), Hydroxy-Apatite(HAP), TCP+HAP, Si substituted HAP, Calcium Sulphate and Carbonate, Bioactive Glasses, Bioactive Glass Ceramics, Titania-Based Ceramics, Zirconia Ceramics, Alumina Ceramcis and Ceramic Polymer Composites.
The present forest and tree cover of the country is 78.37 million ha in 2007 which is 23.84% of the geographical areas and it includes 2.82% tree cover. This becomes 25.25%, if the areas above tree line i.e., 4000m are excluded from the total geographical area. The forest cover is classified into 3 canopy density classes.
1. Very Dense Forest (VDF) with canopy density more than 70%
2. Moderately Dense Forest (MDF) with Canopy density between 40-70% and
3. Open Forest (OF) with Canopy density between 10-40%
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Comparative structure of adrenal gland in vertebrates
Scope and aim of studying climatology
1. 1
SCOPE AND AIM OF STUDYING
CLIMATOLOGY
By Prof. A. Balasubramanian
Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Science,
University of Mysore,
Mysore
Introduction:
The planet Earth is different from the other Planets of
the solar system. The presence of an atmosphere is a
unique feature supporting several things on earth.
2. 2
The air, sea and land constitute the major portions of
the three global spheres as Atmosphere, Hydrosphere
and Lithosphere. Climatology is one of the branches
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences.
Climatology is the science of studying the average
atmospheric conditions of a region in long-term
perspective. The primary goal of Climatology is to
study the unique characteristics of atmosphere in
controlling the global climate, origin, types of
climates, causes and processes influencing the
climatic variations, elements of weather and the
impact of climate on humans or vice-versa.
3. 3
There are several branches involved in climatology as
Physical Climatology, Regional Climatology and
Applied Climatology.
Agricultural climate aviation climate, bio climate,
medical climate, macro climate, micro climate, meso
climate, Palaeo climate, Arctic climate.
The Physical Climatology is mainly concerned with
atmospheric phenomena and climates. Regional
Climatology deals with regional variations of climatic
conditions which include Micro climate, Local
climate, Meso Climate and Macro Climate.
4. 4
Applied Climatology deals with climatic controls of
human activities and the application of climatic
knowledge in solving unique problems faced by
human population. The root for climatology lies in
meteorology.
1. Elements of Weather and Climate: The term
weather refers to the sum total of short term variations
in atmospheric conditions in terms of temperature,
pressure, wind, water vapour, clouds, precipitation
and visibility. The term climate refers to the long-
term aggregate of weather conditions of a region (or)
the globe.
5. 5
The following are the elements of weather and
climate: Temperature, Air Pressure, Wind ,Humidity,
Precipitation, Cloudiness. These elements are
controlled by various factors like latitude, altitudes,
unequal distribution of land and water, air-sea
interface, ocean water circulation and
geomorphological conditions.
2. Structure and Composition of the Atmosphere:
The multilayered gaseous envelope attached to the
planet earth is the atmosphere. It is a unique sphere
of air, gases and water vapour.
6. 6
Under the umbrella of Climatology, the structure and
composition of the atmosphere are studied first. An
understanding of the thickness and disposition of
different layers like troposphere, stratosphere and
mesosphere are needed. The vertical variation in
temperature and concentration of gases have a
significant impact on global scales. The layer
concerning with weather and climate, is trophosphere.
Atmosphere is composed of three major constituents
as gases, water vapor and aerosols.
7. 7
Some are permanent (or) constant gases and some are
variable gases. They obey Boyle’s gas Law, Lussac’s
Law, Charle’s Law and combined gas law.
3. Insolation and Energy Balance : The Energy
system of the Earth involves, Solar Radiation, gravity
and geothermal sources. The Solar energy plays a
very significant role in heating the earth’s surface, and
the atmosphere. Because of these, it is responsible for
the movement of air and oceanic currents. The
radiant energy is the driving force for the global water
cycle, rock and the biogeochemical cycles.
8. 8
Without Sunlight, there is no photosynthesis in plants,
and there may not be any food for the other life.
Climatology involves the study of Insolation, Flow of
Energy, Absorption of radiation Emission of
Radiation , Distribution of Radiation, Heat Budget
(or) Energy balance, and Human influence on
radiation balance.
4. Atmospheric Temperature: Sun is the major
source of temperature in the atmosphere and also in
the oceans. Heating and Cooling of the atmosphere is
controlled by direct Sunlight.
9. 9
There is also a transfer of energy from the earth
through convection, conduction and re-radiation.
The processes of heating of the atmosphere are:
Convection -upward movement of air;
Conduction-High Temperature-Low temperature;
Radiation -a body emits radiant energy in the form of
heat. Re-radiation also heats the air.
Climatology involves the study of Transfer of heat
energy, Heating and Cooling of the atmosphere,
Mean Temperatures, Distribution of Temperature,
10. 10
Inversion of Temperature and Role of temperature in
other environmental segments like Hydrosphere and
biosphere.
5. Atmospheric Pressure and Motion: Air is
mixture of gases and hence has its own weight. Air
exerts pressure. Atmospheric pressure is maximum at
sea level. It decreases with increasing altitudes. Air
pressure varies vertically and horizontally. The
distribution of atmospheric pressure is controlled by
altitude, temperature, air circulation, earth’s rotation,
water vapour and other factors.
11. 11
Climatology studies the Pressure Gradient, Pressure
Types, Variations in atmospheric pressure.
Horizontal distribution of air pressure, Pressure belts
and shifting of Pressure belts, Atmospheric motion
and air circulation , Geotropic wind and Gradient
Wind , Wind direction and speed and Classification of
Wind.
6. Atmospheric circulation: The movement of air in
the atmosphere is known as atmosphere circulation.
Atmospheric circulation denotes the motion of air due
to pressure gradient from local to global scales.
12. 12
It has spatial and temporal patterns of circulation
components. Atmospheric circulation, speed and
direction of winds are controlled by Gravitational
force, Pressure gravitational force, Coriolis force,and
Friction force.
7. Local and Seasonal Winds: Wind is the
circulation of air relative to the surface of the earth.
Climatology analyses the local and seasonal winds in
detail. The periodic local winds include the breezes
between land and sea and the breezes from mountains
and valleys.
13. 13
The non-periodic local winds include the hot local
winds and Cold Local winds.Monsoon refers to the
annual cycle of dryness and wetness, with seasonally
shifting winds produced by changing atmosphere,
pressure systems. The study of Seasonal Winds
provides detailed large-scale information on
Monsoons. Seasonal characteristics of Monsoons
need to be analysed.
8. Atmospheric Humidity and Condensation: The
term Humidity refers to the amount of water vapour
present in a parcel of air having a unit volume and
temperature.
14. 14
Water Vapour is released during the process of
evaporation from water bodies of land and oceans.
Since water vapour is very important constituent of
the atmosphere, it plays a significant role in
controlling the climate.
It is present upto a height of 5 Km from the earth’s
surface.
Condensation is the process of converting Water
Vapour into liquid and solid forms.Atmospheric water
under goes phase changes through the exchange (or)
transfer of heat energy.
15. 15
9. Fogs, their origin and Types: Fogs are special
types of clouds consisting minute water droplets
existing in suspension in the air near the ground
surface. Fogs generally reduce the horizontal
visibility. Fog is formed when the moist air becomes
saturated and reaches its due point. Further cooling of
this mass make the water vapour to condense around
the dust particles and create the dense smoky Fog.
There are a dozen bases of classification available in
climatology to study the types of Fogs. The major
types of Fogs are also studied. Fogs are distributed in
different parts of the world.
16. 16
Climatology also analyses the effects of Fogs, and the
natural (or) Man induced dispersal of Fogs.
10. Clouds their origin and Types: Clouds are the
aggregates of innumerable tiny water droplets in the
atmosphere above the ground surface. Clouds are
formed due to condensation of water vapour. Global
patterns of precipitation depend on the clouds.
Clouds play a significant role in controlling the heat
budget of the earth’s surface.
17. 17
The study of clouds involved the Classification of
clouds and the Characteristic features of clouds. The
structure, altitude, occurrence and appearance of the
various types of clouds are studied in climatology.
11. Precipitation & its Distribution: The term
precipitation refers to the fall of atmospheric moisture
either in the form of liquids or solids. Climatology
includes the study of precipitation, its measurement
over space and time.
18. 18
The forms of precipitation includes rain, drizzle,
snow, ice pellets, hail, and sleet. Among these, rain is
the most wide spread form of precipitation.
12. Air Masses: The term Air Mass is used to
denote a large body of air whose dominant Physical
properties are more or less uniform horizontally and
vertically for hundreds of Km. Temperature and
moisture are the two major properties. Air mass
controls the weather conditions of an area. It plays a
major role in the transfer of energy in the atmosphere
through its movement.
19. 19
Air Masses are subjected to Thermodynamic and
Mechanical Modification. Due to these, air masses
are divided into cold air and warm air masses.
Climatology attempts to classify the air masses, based
on thermodynamic and geographical factors.
13. Atmospheric Disturbances: The term Air
Front is used to denote the sloping boundary between
two opposing air masses having contrasting physical
properties. These properties are temperature,
humidity, pressure and wind direction. Air fronts
differ from each other in terms of their location and
spread.
20. 20
The term Frontgenesis is used to describe the
processes of formation of new fronts, and decaying
old fronts. The conditions responsible for
frontgenesis are:
Temperature difference and Opposite directions of air
masses.
Air fronts are classified based on their characteristics
as Warm Front, Cold Front, Occluded Front and
Stationary Front.
Weather associated with warm and cold fronts are
also studied in Climatology.
21. 21
14. Extreme Events in Atmosphere: Extreme
events are those which are originated by natural or
human factors causing severe impact on the
environment like a hazard. These events exceed the
tolerable magnitude in the atmosphere causing
irreparable loss to life and properties. Atmospheric
extreme events include. Severe Storms, lighting,
hailstorm and thunderstorms. Cyclones are the
centres of low atmospheric pressure in which air
blows inwards in anticlockwise direction in the
northern hemisphere and clockwise direction in the
Southern hemisphere.
22. 22
Cycles are considered to be the major atmospheric
disturbances. Anticyclones are opposite in character
to those of cyclones. Tropical cyclones are low
pressure systems having a diameter of 650 Km
moving with an energy equivalent to 10000 atomic
bombs.
They are called as hurricanes in the North Atlantic
Ocean and as Typhoons in the North Pacific Ocean.
Climatology also includes the impacts of hazards and
their side effects like floods.
15. Classification of Climates: The world is rich
in holding many endless variety of climatic type.
23. 23
The factors that produce the climate in any given
place are called as climatic controls.
They are: Intensity of sunshine and its variation with
latitude, Distribution of land and water. Ocean
currents, Prevailing winds, Positions of high and low
pressure areas , Mountain barriers and Altitude. Both
Vertical and horizontal variation of climate are
analysed in Climatology.
World climates depend on the nature of parameters
like temperature and precipitation and their influence
over fauna and flora of ecosystems. Several climatic
zones have been identified so far.
24. 24
They are also classified based on empirical, numerical
and genetic approaches.
The important schemes are: Koppen’s multitiered
classification system, Thornthwaite’s Classification,
Genetic Classification and Composite Classification.
16. Climatic Types and Biomes: In the past,
climates were determined based on travel, regional
knowledge and latitude. An early attempt to classify
Earth’s climates was Aristotle’s temperature, torrid
and Frigid Zones. Today, climate classifications are
based on the causes and effects of climate.
25. 25
The World’s climate belongs to 3 major groups as
Tropical Climates, Middle Latitude Climates and
Polar and Highland Climates. There are several sub
climates identified based on location, temperature, air
pressure, winds, precipitation and effects of climate
on vegetation.
A biome is a large natural identical ecosystem having
unique assemblage of plant and animal communities
having a definite distributional patterns in terms of
climatic and soil conditions.
26. 26
17. Climatic Change: The climate is always
changing. Evidence shows that climate has changed
in the past And there is also evidences that It will also
change in future. Variation in Earth’s climatic
conditions are seen in both space and time. The
reason behind this variation is the dynamic nature of
atmosphere. Global climate may change due to
natural caused and man-made activities. The
changes may be cyclic and rhythmic.
27. 27
Climate change can adversely affect the lives of
millions.
The climatic controls interact to produce a wide
variety of different climates.
The indicators of climatic changes are Biological
Indicators (Floral, Faunal remain in fossils),
Geological Indicators (Sedimentary deposits),
Cryogenic Indicators (ice ages, glaciers, ice sheets),
Tectonic Indicators (Sea floor spreading and sea level
changes), Geomorphological Indicators , Historical
records of droughts and floods and migration of man
and animals.
28. 28
Dendrochronology is one aspect coming under these
analyses.
There are several theories and causes of climatic
changes. In Climatology all of them are studied to
understand the past and predict the future.
18. Global Warming and Atmospheric
Chemistry: The Global Warming refers to increase
in global surface and atmospheric temperature
affecting the global radiation balance. It comes due to
many anthropogenic activities leading to climatic
changes at local, regional and global levels.
29. 29
The increase in air-temperature and melting of ice
sheets and Glaciers are inter-related global
phenomena.
Ozone depletion due to various environmental factors
including the release of green house gases is the
causative mechanisms of Global Warming.
Emissions of carbon-di-oxide due to burning of fire
woods and fossil fuels increase in nitrous oxides and
methane due to various landuse changes and
agricultural practices affected the climatic parameters
of the atmosphere.
30. 30
The Global mean surface air temperature has
increased up to 0.60
C since the last century.
Global sea level has risen by 25 cm over the past 100
years. All of these have modified some portions of
atmospheric chemistry, which have shown several
environmental effects as a consequence.
19. Weather Forecasting: Weather Forecasting is
a major field of predicting the weather conditions
comprising the temperature of atmospheric air,
movement of wind, humidity, sunshine hours,
cloudiness, precipitation and atmospheric
31. 31
disturbances over a place or region, well in advance.
Different sources of weather and climatological data
are collected on daily, weekly, monthly and annual
bases from global network of observatories and used
to forecast.
Global life is fully dependent on the knowledge of
weather for carrying out various domestic and
industrial activities.
Weather watch is a forecast indicating that
atmospheric conditions are favourable for hazardous
weather to occur over a particular region during a
specified time period.
32. 32
20. Climatologists evaluate
1) long-term weather conditions of a vast region over
a long period of time.
2) Climate and its distribution on the earth’s surface,
horizontally and vertically
3) The effects of human activities on different
components of the atmospheric conditions including
weather and climate, and
4) The role of climate and weather on the biosphere
and hydrosphere.