Mass communication involves specialized groups using technological devices like press, radio, and TV to disseminate content to a large, heterogeneous audience. There are two major components of production - editorial aspects like script-keeping that consider ideology, and technological aspects that use techniques to make communication effective. Television production involves basic systems that convert images and sounds to electrical signals, and expanded studio systems that allow selection, recording, playback, and integration of additional video and audio sources using more complex procedures.

1. Mass communication
Itcomprises the institutions and techniques by which specialized group of people,
employee, the technological devices (press, radio and TV) to disseminate the
symbolic content to the large number and widely spread heterogeneous
audience.
OR
Transmission of messagefromsourceto the reciepients
Two major components of production:
• Editorial Aspects- Script-keeping in view the ideology of the script
• Technological Aspects- to make any communication effective by the use of
techniques.
Television Production
Types
1. Basic televisionsystem-Theequipmentwhich converts the optical images
and actual sounds into electrical energy and the people who operates it.
e.g Camera,Microphone,Taperecorder
2. The expandedstudiotelevisionsystem- Selection of various pictures and
sounds,Recording/Playback and transmission of pictures, integration of
additional video and audio sources and more complex procedures.
Sources of expanded television:
Multimedia: No of mediums in one medium is called muti media or mediums of
media is also called multi media.
Multimedia:
1. Text
2. Graphics

2. 3. Animations
4. Audio
5. Video
Mass media: Overall media( is in mass media.
Hint:
Two types of audience:
Potential/Active audience
General/Passive audience
Sourceoriented approach.
Reciever oriented approach.
Equipments of expanded TV:
Sound,Microphone,Camera,Audio Mixer(Console), Video Switcher, Video tape
recorder, Integration of additional videos and audio sources and multi media.
IDEA===> Proper useof Equipments===> Proper viewers===>Effective
communication
Radio directs the individuals and it is conversational.
Stages
In order to know the potential of medium, you mustknow whatis technically
possible, the more you know the right useof right equipments,the more
technicalities of programproducing will become sub-survientto your editorial
decisions.
• Pre-Production

3. • Production
• Post-Production
Sound
The study of sound is called Acaustics.
OR
Sound is the combination of various waves(Frequency).
Unit is HERTZ.
Major Objectives:
To maintain the originality and genuineness of sound.
To create a desireeffect in the perception of your viewers.
(Relationship of sound and video).
Importance of sound:
As a TV and film professional, oneshould know how to maintain the relation of
sound and picture.
Factors:
Sound manuplating by own wish by changing these four factors.
Frequency(HERTZ)
Amplitude(Loudness of sound)

4. Tones(Timber)
Sound envelope
Change in amplitude and frequency
TYPES OF FREQUENCY
High frequency(40-80 Hertz)
Mid-Frequency(20-50 Hertz)
Low-Frequency(10-20 HERTZ)
ProductionElements of sound:
Speech(Basic Information)
Actuallity of sound(Effects)
Music
Silence
EFFECTS:
Photochemical Effects
Photoelectrical Effects
(Human Eye looks 3D while TV is in 2D)
MICROPHONE
Microphoneis the transducer which covnverts theactual sound into electrical
energy.
Types:
ProfessionalMicrophone- 3D

5. Semi-ProfessionalMicrophone-2D
Non-ProfessionalMicrophone-Solo
Electronic characteristics of Microphones:
Sound generating of elements- there are 3 types of microphones to generate the
sound.
1) Carbon and dynamic microphone
2) Capacitor or Condensor Microphone.(Studio Productions)
3) Ribbon Microphone
Senstivity:
Senstivity of carbon and ribbon are less than capacitor microphone.
Capacitor is highly sensitive.
Carbon or dynamic are sensitive
Ribbon is more sensitivebut less than carbon.
Pick-uppatternof microphones:
A territory pattern of pic and sound relationship, there are 3 types of
microphones on the basis of Pick-up pattern.
1) Uni-directional Microphone.(Fromsingleside)
2) Bi-Directional Microphone.(2 sides)
3) Omni-Directional Microphone.(allsides)
Physical Appearance of microphones:
1)Moving microphones
2)Stationary microphones.

6. Special features of microphones:
1) Impedence-Resistance
2) Sound Quality-
3) Frequency response
4) Senstivity-Condensor
5) Pick-up pattern
6) Directions
7) Physicalfeatures of Mic
Asthetic Factors:
1) Envirnoment Factor(Surround Factor).
2) Perspective Factor-Theway we percieve the things.
3) Figure ground Factor(Fore-ground,Mid-ground,Back-ground).
4) Continuity factor-Reportis a detail analysis of news,mentalgap-advertisement.
5) Energy factor(Compositeeffect).
CAMERA
Camera is the tranducer which converts the optical images to electrical images.
TYPES:
1) Consumer Camcoder(Pictureand audio)-Used normally in home or in phones.
2)Camcoder(Semi-Professional)-Radio,Outdoorshooting and broadcasting.
3)ProfessionalCamera/Studio Camera-Used in studio with extended TV

7. Camera Functions:
Parts:
Microphone
Lens hood
Aperture ring
Focus ring
Zoom ring
Manual zoomcontrol
White balance
Gain control(View finder)
View finder(Brightness/Contrastetc)
Tele lights
Cam Connectors
Audio/Video connectors
Battery Pack
Audio input control
LED moniter/ view finder
Auto-manualON/OFF
LENS
Itcapture the light waves and projectit on imaging device
TYPES:
1)Normal Lens

8. 2)Wide angle Lens-Difference/dimensions-Cannotassumedepth
3)Narrowangle Lens-Shortens thedistances
4)MacroLens
5)Ultra-wide angle lens(Fish eye-180degree)
Hint:
Electronic zooming for mobiles and optical zooming for camera.
SDHC-(Securedigital Hard capacity)
SDXC-(Securedigital extended capacity)
Low End-NonProfessional
HighEnd-Professional
1)Low End-Non Professional: 2)HighEnd-Professional:
• Size: Small Big
• Setting: Auto setting Manual/Auto setting
• Lenses: Fix Lens Lens can be changed
• FrameSpeed: Fix Framesetting Setting can be changed
• Imagesensor: Senstivity cannot be changed Senstivity can be
changed
• Imageresolution: Fix Resolution Resolution can be changed
Pixels: Pixel stands for picture element.
Modes of highend camera:
1) Moving camera

9. 2) Still Camera
3) Playback camera
DEFINITIONS
Depthof field: A range in which a camera is capable of focusing is called depth of
field.
OR
The portion of a scene that appears to be sharp if the aperture is very small,the
depth of field is very large and the depth of field is small when the aperture is
large.
FOCAL LENGTH: Distance between lenses content "zoomin/zoomout" and image
sensor is called focal length.
SHUTTER SPEED: the length of time a shutter remain open in order to allow light
to reach at CCD or image sensing device is called shutter speed.
OR
the longer exposure(1 sec) give much more light to the film than a 1/1000 of as
sec exposure.So, even though the number may look bigger,dontbe decieved.
F-STOP:(Fixing of aperture): Before light reaches the film it mustpass through an
opening called an aperture, the aperture is like a pupil. you can control the
aperture by setting the aperture opening also known as F-STOP.
HINTS: Under-exposes---lightdim
Over exposes-----lighthighly bright
Well exposed----brightlight
Smaller F-Stop number is directionaly propotional to larger openings=More light
White Balance: colours mustbe seen in the actual form.

10. LIGHT
Light is very important for making a picture technically effective. A light is in the
formof rays.
Human EYE= Stereoscopic-Illusion of Z-Axis.
Lightning Factors:
By using techniques we haveto make camera as stereotype(2 eyes).
TYPES OF LIGHT:
1) Soft light: makes no shadow
2) Hardlight: makes shadow
3) Day light:
4) Tungstonlight:
5) Florescent light:
Properties of light:
1) Intensity of light: Refers to the amount of light or strength of light on a givenb
area (to visualisetexture,shape,size,intensity of light is directly propotional to
effect on object)
2) Colour quality: Refers to the kind of light being used to eliminate the subjector
object.
3) Dispersion: Refers to the hardness and softness to the light,we can make it soft
by using bouncer or diffuser.
4) Direction: Basically means it is the angle and hight at which the light is placed.

11. 3 Points lightening:
Key light= right or left side of camera
Fill light= Oppositeto key light
Back Light= will differentiate the difference between subjectdetached.
5) Light effect the Picture composition:
Frame:All the visualelements placed in a frame
Composition: Arrangements of all the visual elements is called picture
composition.
TYPES:
Fore-ground
Mid-Ground
Back-ground
Question: how will you create the illusion of Z-Axis by applying the techniques.
Answer:
1)Choiceof lens
2)Position of object and light
3)Depth of field-Types: Shallow(Fore-ground or background) , Greater depth of
field
4)Light-intensity of light on frontaudience and back light is dim
5)Colour- sharp colours with combination of dim colours