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05 capture
- 1. Fundamentals of TechnologyWeek 5 What is Capture?
- 2. ‘ The Stack’Network Hardware Operating System Applications Interface Users
- 3. ‘ The Stack’Network Hardware Operating System Applications Interface Users
- 4. ‘ The Stack’Network Hardware Operating System Applications Interface Users Capture
- 5. ‘ The Stack’Network Hardware Operating System Applications Interface Users Capture
- 6. What is Capture?-1- What is Digital Sampling? -2- What is video? -3- What is Color? -4- What is Audio?
- 7. Our Heroes thisWeek
- 8. Our Heroes thisWeek Spike Lee
- 9. Our Heroes thisWeek Spike Lee Georges Seurat
- 10. Our Heroes thisWeek The CCD
- 11. Our Heroes thisWeek The CCD transducer
- 12. -1- What isDigital Sampling?
- 13. Fundamentals of TechnologyWeek 4 What is Information? What is Software?
- 14. Digital Audio Capture48 kHZ: Imagine a snapshot of a sound wave happens 48,000 times a second. Plot Points are saved as digital signals and later used to re-plot the sound wave.
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- 16. Digital Audio SamplingRates 8 kHZ = telephone 16 kZ =VoIP 32 kHz = consumer digital video 44.1 kHz = audio CD 48 kHZ = professional digital video 96 kHZ = DVD audio (surround sound) 192 kHZ = DVD audio
- 17. Digital Image CaptureThe information of light per pixel becomes a digital number through ADC These numbers indicate: Y Signal: Luminance of light / dark C signal: Chrominance of red / green/ blue
- 18. Digital vs. AnalogAnalog devices record light and sound onto tape in ways that are ANALOGOUS to the original. The original could be light reflecting off of a surface (image) or movement of particles in the air (sound) Light and sound cause analog devices to react: silver grains in film change form, diaphragms in microphones vibrate, electrical charges move particles on a tape. Analog devices make copies of the light and sound that are continuous - no breaks or pauses. Infinite grains in film, infinite iron particles on audio tape.
- 19. Digital vs. AnalogDigital devices record light and sound by sampling the original (breaking it into discrete packets or values). Sampling takes place at X times / second (area). More samples = higher resolution (quality) More pixels per image (to a point) = higher quality Too many pixels can create “noise” Fewer samples = lower resolution Resolution ≠ Quality – best resolution depends on use!
- 20. Digital Analog Duplicationof data without loss of quality Wear of tapes, Bleed through, Generation Loss Cheaper, more portable devices Larger, heavier, more expensive devices Distortion and Drop Out No Drop Out, Peaks can be controlled Sampling (makes a circle or wave into a square) Continuous copy (preserves circle/wave) Compressed information easy to share/transport Requires original tape and equipment
- 21. -2- What isVideo?
- 22. Video Basics: From Light . . . to Digital Camera . . . . . . to Image
- 23. How do LensesWork?
- 24. How do LensesWork? Iris / Aperture / F-Stops Focal Length = Distance from lens to its focal point (CCD Chip) F-stop is the focal length divided by the diameter of the lens (iris). Each F-Stop reduces or increases the amount of light by two (x 2 or ½)
- 25. How do LensesWork?
- 26. Types of LensesWide Angle Lens Focal Length: 10 mm, 12 mm Medium Lens Focal Length: 25 mm – 50 mm Telephoto Lens Focal Length: 100 mm
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- 34. Shutter For video,think of the shutter as a rotating half disc placed in front of the aperture. - every pass interrupts the flow of light - every interruption marks a new frame Shutter speed = How many times does the shutter rotate per second?
- 35. Shutter For video,think of the shutter as a rotating half disc placed in front of the aperture. - every pass interrupts the flow of light - every interruption marks a new frame Shutter speed = How many times does the shutter rotate per second? - Video = 30 frames per second - the Disc needs to rotate twice for each frame of video, so the standard shutter speed for 30fps video is 60.
- 36. Controlling Light AddLight (interior / dark situation) Reduce Light (sunlight, exteriors, very bright situation) Open iris = lower F-stop Close iris = raise F-stop Increase the Gain - adds white noise (+dB) Lower Gain/Add Filter adds black noise (-dB) Reduce shutter speed Increase shutter speed
- 37. Flow of DigitalVideo Light to Beam Splitter Beam Splitter to CCD CCD to Digital Signal (C and Y) Digital Signal to Output Digital Input to Video Image.
- 38. The Beam SplitterWhite light enters the lens and a splitter separates light into three colors: Red, Blue and Green. Prism block directs these color streams to an imaging device called a CCD.
- 39. CCD: Charge CoupledDevice The CCD is perhaps the most important element determining the ‘quality’ of a digital image. The CCD translates light into an electrical signal. A one chip camera does not separate Red/Green/ Blue. A three chip camera does (one chip per color).
- 40. CCD: Charge CoupledDevice The CCD is comprised of rows and rows of light and color sensitive pixels. Pixels sense how much light is present. The CCD records: Y Signal: Luminance of light / dark C signal: Chrominance of red / green/ blue
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- 42. From Tape toTelevision Television uses interlaced scanning: every other scan fills in an “even” or “odd” line Every scan takes 1/60th of a second so 1 full frame (= two lines) is scanned every 1/30th of a second Video frame rate is 30 fps
- 43. Types of ConnectorsComponent
- 44. Types of ConnectorsComposite Component
- 45. Types of ConnectorsComposite Component
- 46. Types of ConnectorsComposite Component
- 47. -3- What isColor?
- 48. The Beam SplitterWhite light enters the lens and a splitter separates light into three colors: Red, Blue and Green. Prism block directs these color streams to an imaging device called a CCD.
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- 50. Color TemperatureColor Temperature Exterior light - 5400K BLUE Interior (tungsten lights) - 3200 K ORANGE Fluorescent - green Sunset exterior - blue/orange Mid day sun exterior - bright blue
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- 56. Georges Seurat: Parade de Cirque oil on canvas, 1884–86
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- 65. -4- What isAudio?
- 66. How Does SoundWork? An object vibrates Molecules in the air move Move the molecules next to them Start a sound wave At Sea Level : 340.29 m/s (761 mph)
- 67. Frequency and AmplitudeFrequency : Repetition of event (how many) * Frequency of a sound wave is Pitch * – low frequency, low pitch – high frequency, high pitch Amplitude : Magnitude of oscillation (how much) * Amplitude of a sound wave is Volume * – low amplitude, low volume – high volume, high volume
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- 69. How Microphones WorkTransducer : Converts molecular disturbances into electrical energy. * Roughly equivalent the the CCD chip of the camera.
- 70. Dynamic Microphone Magnetand coil of wire converts sound waves into electrical energy. Extremely rugged
- 71. Condenser Microphone Twoplates with voltage between them. One plate acts like a diaphragm: when it vibrates it changes the voltage.
- 72. Condenser Microphone Canbe very small - lavaliere microphones Sensitive to high and low frequency sounds Output signal is weak! *requires amplification from an external source
- 73. Microphone Directionality Omnidirectional Unidirectional
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- 75. Types of ConnectorsBalanced
- 76. Types of ConnectorsUnbalanced Balanced
- 77. Types of ConnectorsUnbalanced Balanced
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- 79. Types of ConnectorsUnbalanced Balanced
- 80. Audio Recording ChoicesAnalog or digital? Sampling rate? Type of microphone: Dynamic or condenser? Pickup pattern for microphone? Mono or stereo channels (or more)? What cables connect the devices?
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Editor's Notes
- #2 The paper focuses on an approach to scale which treats its production as observable. I focus on the meetings in an infrastructure building project called GEON. It is their everyday concern of participants: you hear of scaling, scaling up, or scaleability. My interest then are the methods for knowing the size of geon, and how participants act on its scale.
- #8 Kizmet, Cassius
- #9 Kizmet, Cassius
- #10 Kizmet, Cassius
- #11 n 1827, Sir Charles Wheatstone was the first person to coin the phrase "microphone."In 1876, Emile Berliner invented the first microphone used as a telephone voice transmitter. At the U.S. Centennial Exposition, Emile Berliner had seen a Bell Company telephone demonstrated and was inspired to find ways to improve the newly invented telephone. The Bell Telephone Company was impressed with what the inventor came up with and bought Berliner's microphone patent for $50,000.
- #12 n 1827, Sir Charles Wheatstone was the first person to coin the phrase "microphone."In 1876, Emile Berliner invented the first microphone used as a telephone voice transmitter. At the U.S. Centennial Exposition, Emile Berliner had seen a Bell Company telephone demonstrated and was inspired to find ways to improve the newly invented telephone. The Bell Telephone Company was impressed with what the inventor came up with and bought Berliner's microphone patent for $50,000.
- #14 The paper focuses on an approach to scale which treats its production as observable. I focus on the meetings in an infrastructure building project called GEON. It is their everyday concern of participants: you hear of scaling, scaling up, or scaleability. My interest then are the methods for knowing the size of geon, and how participants act on its scale.
- #15 Translated into a digital number Sampling rate
- #27 Wide Angle Lens Focal Length: 10 mm, 12 mm Large field of view Greater depth of field size difference between near and far Medium Lens Focal Length: 25 mm – 50 mm Objects in background and foreground different sizes * But not as great as wide angle lens Focal Length: 100 mm Compresses space/ Expands time The “baseball effect” The Graduate effect (Mike Nichols, 1967)
- #28 Telephoto flatten vs wide angle distrort
- #29 Telephoto flatten vs wide angle distrort
- #30 Telephoto flatten vs wide angle distrort
- #31 Telephoto flatten vs wide angle distrort
- #32 Telephoto flatten vs wide angle distrort
- #33 Telephoto flatten vs wide angle distrort
- #43 - 525 lines -
- #55 "Revolution in the Valley" writtened by Andy Hertzfeld: The Lisa team decided to optimize their display for horizontal resolution, in order to be able to display 80 columns of text in an attractive font. The vertical resolution wasn't as important, because vertical scrolling works much better for text than horizontal scrolling. The designers decided to endow Lisa with twice as much horizontal resolution as vertical, using a 720 by 360 pixel display, with pixels that were twice as high as they were wide. This was great for text oriented applications like the word processor, but it made things somewhat awkward for the more graphical applications. When Burrell redesigned the Macintosh in December 1980 to use the same microprocessor as Lisa, the Motorola 68000, it set off shock waves within Apple. Not only was Burrell's new design much simpler than Lisa, with less than half the chip count, but it also ran almost twice as fast, using an 8 megahertz clock instead of a 5 megahertz clock. Among other advantages was the fact that the Mac's 384 by 256 pixel display had the identical horizontal and vertical resolution, a feature that we called "square dots". Square dots made it easier to write graphical applications, since you didn't have to worry about the resolution disparity.
- #57 Georges-Pierre Seurat: Study for "A Sunday on La Grande Jatte", oil on canvas, 27 3/4 x 41 in. (70.5 x 104.1 cm), 1884–85 Pointillism: points of colors so they blend in the mind of the viwer Endangered legibility of paintings The theory behind this also stresses the value of complementary colours (for example, blue and orange), which form vibrant contrasts and enhance each other, when juxtaposed Begain in black anw white?
- #78 Balanced XLR: shielded from noise, grounded X= ground, L= Lead, R= Return
- #81 Multi-channel recording? Digital or analog? Field or studio?